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January 2009
INTERNATIONAL ROAD FEDERATION
Better Roads, Better World 
IRF Examiner 
CONTENTSWelcome Letter 1IRF–A Roundabout Way 2Motorcycle Guardrail Crashes 3Proposed Policy for HighwayDesign and Maintenancefor the Reduction of TreeCrashes 7Using Traffic Forecast toAlleviate MunicipalCongestion 10Variable Speed Limits and Automated Enforcement 13Road Safety Matters– Motorcycle Safety 16
WELCOME TO IRF’S NEWEST PUBLICATION – AN OPINION JOURNALFOR THE ROAD PROFESSIONAL
IRF has developed this new publication in which its members anduniversities publish papers which examine and opine on road-relatedissues. The IRF Examiner is NOT a technical journal with peer review.Rather, it is an opinion journal with references and supporting informationdesigned to foster discussion and exchange ideas.This new publication taps into IRF’s worldwide network of engineers,graduate students, professors, researchers, and practioners who have their  fingers on the pulse of the road development industry. Issues regardingroad safety, financing, latest technologies, environment, and pavementperformance will all be examined in upcoming issues. This inaugural issue focuses on some very pertinent road safety topics.If you wish to respond to a specific article or claim, please write us here atthe IRF Examiner and have your voice heard.Thank you.Please send all inquiries, questions, article ideas, and responses to articles to:IRF Examiner 500 Montgomery StreetSuite 525 Alexandria, VA 22314USAEmail: IRF-Examiner@irfnews.org
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At present, the USA epitomizes those developed countrieswhere roundabouts are increasingly being introduced inorder to significantly reduce road casualties. America alsohas the advantage of having engineers capable of designingexcellent roundabouts in which all safety aspects have beenaccurately accounted for.At the other extreme, however, grossly inadequatedriver education and even the application of “best practice”techniques, in relation to the use of roundabouts, are twofactors that are sadly lacking. This tends to bring roundaboutsthemselves into totally unwarranted disrepute.With any traffic situation, it is clearly important tominimize and preferably eliminate uncertainty on the partof drivers, and here the USA faces at least two challengesrather than one.The primary challenge that all countries or regionstypically experience when installing proper roundaboutsfor the first time comes from their unfamiliarity to drivers.This creates both confusion and collisions, albeit generallywithout serious injuries. This common problem could,however, largely be reduced by means of adequate, targeted educational campaigns in the countries, states, regions or local areas in question, but this appears to be a rare courseof action. It should be added that any such program of education must emphatically include suitable training for all relevant law enforcement officers as well. This should  be done with a view to generating ample enforcementmeasures, after construction of the roundabouts iscomplete, in order to encourage drivers to negotiate themlawfully and in accurate compliance with the educationthey should by then have received themselves. Without suchactions and accurate, good example from law enforcementofficers, roundabouts and many other excellent engineeringinterventions are frequently doomed to inefficiency,although this is an area where friendly advice is often far more effective than a ticket.
YIELD LINES
In most American states, however, one feature whichis commonly but inexcusably absent at roundabouts is“yield lines” (known in some other countries as “give waylines”). In some states they are at least occasionally used,including – for example – Indiana and Washington State.But for the sake of uniformity, clarity and maximum safetythese lines need to be used at
all 
roundabouts. (It is equallyarguable that “stop” lines and “yield lines” should be used at
all 
applicable intersections, not just roundabouts, yetcommonly there are none. The additional cost for the paintis minimal when compared to the lives that this one actionalone could help save.)
THE REDUCTION OF CONFUSION
Bearing in mind that roundabouts have been inwidespread use in several European countries for more than70 years, it could be said that best practice methodologieshave long-since been established and that there is little purpose in trying to re-invent the wheel. On this basis,what follows is an explanation of how uncertainty may bereduced for all road users if drivers employ good signalingtechniques, correct lane choice and good positioning whennegotiating any roundabout. No matter how many exits a roundabout may have,there are only three general directions a vehicle may go.These are: (a) less than half way around, (b) straight ahead  – which by definition is precisely half way around – and (c) more than half way around. These three possibilitiescoincide closely, though not quite perfectly, with best- practice signaling techniques.It is – where appropriate – a good thing to signal onthe approach to a roundabout, despite the seemingly un-researched and ill-informed advice to the contrary that isgiven in several American state drivers’ manuals. In drive-
A ROUNDABOUT WAY
By: Eddie Wren – 
 Advanced Drivers of America, Inc.
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THE PROBLEM
Motorcyclist fatalities can occur from a variety of accidents. In the United States in 2005, motorcyclistscomprised 42% of fatalities due to guardrail collisions,whereas only 3% of vehicles on the roads were motorcycles(Gabler, 2007). More motorcyclists were killed in guardrailcollisions than passengers of any other vehicle type in 2005(Gabler, 2007). Guardrails are designed to retain cars and other large vehicles such as vans and trucks. However,motorcycles also share the road with these vehicles.Motorcyclists are usually thrown from their motorcycle inthe event of a collision, leaving them at the mercy of thesurrounding environment, including roadside barriers, asthey come to a stop. Guardrails have been very effective insaving the lives of occupants of cars and trucks, and cannotsimply be removed to protect motorcyclists. However,improvements need to be made in several areas in order to keep motorcyclists, as well as car occupants, safe inguardrail collisions.The injuries sustained in a motorcyclist-guardrailcollision are dependent on the design of the barrier (Ouellet, 1982). Steel guardrails are designed to absorbthe energy from an impact through deformation. With lessenergy present, the chances of the colliding object beingredirected into oncoming traffic is significantly reduced.However, barriers are designed to retain large vehicles suchas cars and trucks—not motorcycles. The posts supportingthe W-beam of the guardrail are one of the most seriousdangers to motorcyclists. They generally have narrow facesand sharp edges, causing the force to be highly concentrated on the motorcyclist as he/she collides with it. These postsare unforgiving to the tumbling cyclists (Domhan, 1987).Research has been conducted in Europe and Australiato reduce the number and severity of injuries and fatalitiesincurred from collisions with roadside barriers. Severaldifferent modifications to roadside barriers have beendesigned to reduce the severity of the injuries inflicted oncolliding motorcyclists. Some of these redesigns have beeninstalled in Europe and Australia based on these findingsin order to make the roads more motorcycle friendly.However, to date, little has been done to address the issuein the United States.on-the-right countries, such as the USA, this means that adriver taking the first exit after entering a roundabout, canand should signal right
on the approach
to the roundaboutand should keep the signal on until after they have taken therequired exit. For any subsequent exit, up to and includingstraight ahead, there must be no signal on the approach because that would indeed be confusing, but – as with allsubsequent exits – a right-turn signal should always becommenced as the vehicle passes the middle of the lastexit prior to the one the driver actually wants. This meansthat a signal can and should always be given for as long assafely possible, to show that the vehicle is indeed exiting,without any risk of confusion about which exit will actually be taken.When a driver is approaching a roundabout and intendsto go more than half way around (which, in drive-on-the-right countries may loosely be termed a left turn) thedriver should approach the roundabout exactly as thoughapproaching an ordinary left turn. In other words, a driver going more than half way around a roundabout should bekeeping to the left (and always in the left-hand lane if oneexists) and should be signaling left during that approach.The left signal should remain on until – as above – thevehicle reaches the middle of the last exit prior to theone the driver actually wants, at which point it should beimmediately changed to a right-turn signal for the desired exit.If all of that sounds confusing, just draw two concentriccircles to approximate a roundabout, then draw some exitsanywhere you wish, around the ring you have created. For the purpose of routing signs, on the approach to actualroundabouts, it is always depicted that a vehicle is enteringat the “six o’clock position” – the bottom of the circle – sothis means that straight ahead may always be taken to meanthe “twelve o’clock position” on your drawing.This signaling methodology works every single time,without fail, because it engenders accuracy, encouragesdrivers to be observant and removes all uncertainty. Naturally, though, it cannot possibly work if it isn’t actuallytaught to drivers, and that is where the biggest problem lies.How often have millions of dollars been spent on installingroundabouts in an area where they were previously non-existent, while not a single cent has been spent on giving people best-practice advice on how to negotiate thisnew road geometry that is commonly confusing or evenintimidating to untrained individuals? Local or regionalmedia commercials are one obvious solution.
MOTORCYCLE-GUARDRAIL CRASHES:HOW CAN THE RISK OF SEVERE INJURY AND FATALITY BE REDUCED?
By: Allison Daniello
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