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ISSN: 0975-5462
548
Outline of the Wind tracking system The distinguishing factor of wind tracking system is the usage of a wind sensor that identifies the direction along which the maximum intensity of the wind flows. The sensor itself is a small windmill whose output is in terms of milli volts. The maximum output value of the sensor is considered as the point of higher intensity of wind flow by the microcontroller and the wind mill is shifted toward the required direction. Thus the wind mill is rotated along the direction where maximum wind flows. A model of wind turbine is chosen, the model is an upwind and three blades turbine. The turbines pole is 3 m high and blades diameter is 35mm. The Generator used in this turbine is a 40 W wound-rotor induction machine. Wind Sensor The Model 50.5 Solid State wind Sensor is used in our system. This sensor series has offered high quality performance. This gives a 4 bit output to a microcontroller that could be controlled through manual and auto modes. No moving parts Digital and Analog outputs Time-proven design Sensor emulation 16-point wind tunnel calibration Microcontroller The ATmega162 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR Enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, The ATmega162 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The ATmega162 provides the following features: 16K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes EEPROM, 1K bytes SRAM, An external memory interface, 35 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, A JTAG interface for Boundary-scan, On-chip Debugging support and programming, four flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, Two serial programmable USARTs,
ISSN: 0975-5462
549
ISSN: 0975-5462
550
TIME 11 AM 12 NOON 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 PM
WITH REFLECTOR AND TRACKING (Watts) 36.68 38.98 39.32 36.86 18.43 25.80
TIME
WITH WIND SENSOR AND TRACKING MECHANISM (Watts) 1.452 0.992 4.148 3.705
Courtesy: http://www.kea.metsite.com/ http://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/chennai Economics of the system By using reflectors combined with tracking, the collection efficiency of the solar panel increases substantially. Even if we include the cost of tracking arrangement, there is still considerable overall saving as brought out in the calculation below, The cost of electrical energy per unit will come down and the subsidy also can be reduced leading to wider deployment for the same funds. Cost of Panel: With Reflectors and Tracking Cost of the Solar Panel (40Watts) Cost of DC Motor worm gear Cost for stand and Miscellaneous Cost of Circuit and Driver Arrangement Total Cost = Rs. 8000 = Rs. 1500 = Rs. 4500 = Rs. 2000 = Rs. 16000
ISSN: 0975-5462
551
Saving in investment = Rs (20500-16000) = 4500 An investment of Rs.16000 gives the benefit of additional equivalent investment of Rs.4500. If more panels are connected together then the saving in capital will be higher because much of the drive arrangement can be made common for a group of panels. 2.8 APPLICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE APPLICATIONS Islanded system (remote areas) Hybrid vehicle (fuel less) Industrial power saver Distributed power generation ADVANTAGES Green, environment friendly Efficiency improvement Higher output power Economical benifits User friendly control Less interrupted continuous power
FUTURE EXTENSION Our system can be extended futher to an integrated solar wind system which can be used to power a vehicle. The vehicle can be started by means of solar power, and when it gains momentum, it can obtain sufficient wind energy to satisfy its fuel demands. CONLUSION In this work the collection of the solar panel was enhanced by 68.5% from that of the single panel with the help of reflectors and tracking. Further energy obtained using the windmill with addition of dedicated wind sensor and altered design together adds to an increase in the efficiency by an overall margin of above 50%. The working model of the hybrid system was successfully implemented and demonstrated. It is shown to be highly attractive economically. There is a strong case for providing new solar panel installations with reflectors and tracking arrangement along with the windmill with sensors in view of the above advantage. REFERNCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Solero, L.; Caricchi, F.; Crescimbini, F.Honorati, O.; Mezzetti, F.O.: Performance of a 10 kW power electronic interface for combined wind/PV isolated generating systems. Proc. of 27th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., vol. 2, 23-27 June 1996, pp. 1027-1032J.Rizk and M H Nagrial. Implementation on solar energy Systemsproceeing of world academy of science, Engineering and Technology Volume 31, July 2008. Page 131. Piao, Z.G.Park, J.M.Kim, J.H.Cho, G.B.Baek, H.L.,(2500) A study on the tracking photovoltaic system by program type, page(s):971-973 Vol.2 Pritchard,D., Sun tracking by peak power positioning for photovoltaic concentrator arrays,IEEE Control Systems Magazine, Volume 3, Issue 3, August 1983, pp.2-8. Wanzeller M.G.; Alves R.N.C.; Neto J.V.F.; Fonseca W.A.S.: Current Control Loop for Tracking of Maximum Power Point Supplied for Photovoltaic Array. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 53, August 2004, pp. 1304-1310. Hepbasli, A.; Ozgener, O.: A review on the development of wind energy in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 8, 2004, pp. 257-276
ISSN: 0975-5462
552