Drinking Water Bacteriology (Arabic Edition)

1
Tomei_abdu@yahoo.com Saad_micro@yahoo.com
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,+ 8 9$< = 9 (/ 1919 $ .+ 9$P '( = $@ commune
64 / ./ G ! , :22@ .$
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(H antigen) !$ ./ H/ % 50 @ G!@ + ,;
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/ ?) 3@ ./ ' + , 4< W
=&+@ ./ ; =P 3@ ./ ?& $ (4
#$ / 3@ 4< =/6 $ #
A & 1@ ./ K .Triple Sugar Iron Agar(TSI) -')
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Enteropathogenic % 0< 22@ *+ %
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Haemolytic uraemic Syndrom
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Salmonella )#

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2 * : '( ./ 0+ Activated sludge effluents
+#$ * 8 +8 G8
15

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= ( + : L? 2 &$ ,/ 16 M +
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:
64 + , ./ &$ G

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=$ ./ (?6+ 9 ? ,/ # - ,/
Selenite :Tetrathionate broth : = =$< -2 ') - -'A #$
,$ ' 0(W =2 .Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium broth
K "#$ ,' - ,$ H A 8 -') #$ ./
$ G+ $ A =2 +#$ ,$ ; $ G+
=? / 1 - 37 + '( =!6
F ,$ 9 0') -P -') #$ =$ -
Urea broth Triple sugar iron agar -') #$ &$
16

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8 , 4< =$ 6 9 + &$
=$ Vi-antisera polyvalent H group polyvalent O group
.phage-typing ,$6 ,;< % $+ G8
1) =+ 9 - , L = +

2 ) - , H ; / '( HW (
; 64 - GW ! H F ; (+8 G8
-') #$ = 0') #$ / =!
N 6F ST -& <
/$ 24 – 18 Lactose broth Buffered peptone Water
( - 43 + ,W ,$
- 37 +
9 Tetrathionate broth &
H -< -') #$ .@ =F 9 :=!
Lysine deoxycholate xylose = -'A #$ ./ 0+ 5 # +
#$ .Brilliant green agar -') #$ Deoxycholate citrate
Ambach agar ( &$ =? Q- ,W -')
.@ =8 ; 3+ / =+ ( XLT4agar -') #$
, $$ =/6 # %$ # ./ *+ 9?$ 9 5
.(PCR)
: ?
# ./ $P 8P *+P 9?& &$ /
'@ 8Y
U42 +8 8Y
U42
+ 0 < 8P ,+- A M4

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17

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18

Shigella )#
+ A 9A ) 8 $ =2 8/ &4 / / (

- / (? 0< 22@ ,68 S 2 ; (
?) 3@ ,$ 4 ./ ; 9/ ( Enterobacteriaceae
Mac Conkey agar -') #$ ?& $ 4 ./ ; A
=P 3@ < /$ 24 !+ / Desoxycholate citrate agar
.
:? >
' $ =- $P # '( <
$
+ # O ,&!6 /
L $ '( . ' - * + " (+?)
9 46 – 5 ^ 1 ./ #
' ) + / 9 12 .@ 9 W
./ ; <@ 8; 6 K !64 ,< =+ ./
. # / 0 #$ 9 1
&2 % Shigella sonnei $ &2

Shigella 0$ &2 H $ A - GW H
Shigella flexneri 0$ &2 dysenteriae
; 6 L 8 ./ ,/$ 3 ./ ? 1 ./ $ &2
/ &2 2 ; 24
+ ./ 9 17 .@ =8
1 0 ,W =&4
+ G#2 1 ; 0' '' 5#
4 1010 ./ 0+ 0 5 d =&4 *+ d
1 3 / 4 39 + ./ 0+ '' E' / Q $ &2
19

+ ,$ =&4 9 4 1 ./ % ' 0
9 6 K6 '( U4 ,
200 – 10 + 9?$ S 9 .0< 22@ U4
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$ = +#$ &2
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=<
$ -') M4 / $
20 + 9 14 =; # 1 L#$ +
.- , 10 + L $ 1 ./ -
9 21 .@ =8 ; 1 ./ 0$ &2 ,$
9 47 + - 24 – 19 + / 8
1 ./ O 9 9 .@ =8 ; ( )
9 6 .@ =8 1 ./ ( ) 8 9 44
0$ &2 ,W ,$
. O
? 2 29 – 2.5 ^ 6 1 ./
, ' 8P ,<+ 2 # .- 21 + /
.94 ,$ E' + # * *+
:
L Blood agar 9 -') #$ ./ &2
=+ ( H)8 + ; 9 , =&+@ ./ ; 9/
+ ,$ f &2 % A <@ 0$ &2
24 – 18 - 37 + !+ 2 – 1 +
/ .$ G+ L $ &2 ,$ /$
20

Salmonella- Leifson’s deoxycholate citrate agar -') #$

Mac- -') #$ Xylose-lysinedeoxycholate agar Shigella agar
1 + + 1$ 62 ,$ =2 Conkey agar
- 37 + / !+ /$ 24 – 18 + 2 –
$ 4 (4 0 =2 W $ &2 ,$
.?$ $ ?&
: ?
A &2 8P ,+- 8 9
+ 10648 + 8 9 , E$ # =
– 1961 $ 6 =&4 E' ,$
F +- 72 =&4 8@
#$ - ] $- $ 0$ &2 1975
=2 H2 $ &2 . 52 d&)
.0$ &2 E'
)#
&#
?+@ 9
21

$ ,<+ / <@ 8@ + 17000 / =$ 9 1992 $
F +- 1995 $ + 4550 .@ ,<+ ,8 .+ E'
64
,$
=# $ &2 + 2000 / 8 $ 1966 $
38 8 9 1975 – 1961 $ 6 =&4 : #+
. * +-
22

Vibrio cholerae
+ g 8; =2 8/ &4 / /

) 8 $ ( 3.0 – 1.3 +
<
H # 0.5 +
< '( =2 + -( ./ &4 H A 9A
4< =/6 # H 4 -(< W+ < H A
4 #; + ./ + #$ #$ E+ *+ + 4 ?<
-6 , -( ./ + ? =-$ -'A #$ /
, =?4 ./ ?$ 4< =/6 / A
., .@
/A 9 B# $5 ) $5 -@ "
0 &
K 9( V. cholerae K

– 1.5 + <
H # 0.8 Z 0.5 $ 9+ ^
.@ 68 9 !+ ; .+ .
$ ( H !/ 1.8
$ 9 (O serogroup) 8 / $+ E' % 206 +
( M4 &$ H + E( (non O1) &$ (O1) &$ ( &$ .@
.(O139)
23

(classical) % (biotypes) / (O1) &$

% *& .@ $ 9 *+ / ' 4 9$ E( (El Tor) %
* % '( Hikojima Ogawa :Inaba ` G (serotypes) 8
. ,$ - / =-$ classical biotype % '
.El Tor biotype % S $ L $ # 1 9 #
non-O1 / $ - F 1 .26 1993 $
.O139 / S ,W ,$ <@
O1 &$ '‫ا ﻡ‬$‫ آ‬$‫ﻡات ای

ی‬ !"#
K( = M4 % E(

# = / 8P *+@ / >$ V. parahaemolyticus
$P 8 ; M4 % . H 84 $ 52 –
G + + ( V. alginolyticus K G
V. K6 K( biotype 2 %
2 ' U42 ?/ 9 H A ?A vulnificus
. + # 9 8 H A / ? =4
V. damsela &$ := M4 % E(
24

=$Y $ V. hollisae $( ^ $

1 / >$ V. mimicus K
..+ =$P *+@ / -$ V. fluvialis K
:? >
,<&$ % $+ $ =8 =&4 ( + G4
,- ,$ 1 ./ (Cholera toxin) 6' ?6 (O1)
A (O1) ,<&$ (Biofilm) 0+ 12) E' -
- ,- 8 6' ?6
-') 8 U = -& A - GW $ + O1
L ( W+ +
64 #$ + ? %6
., +# = - ,-
26 H ( H8 A # A
/ - =# ,6 1 ./ ' , 8P
'( 1 ./ F +#$ ?/ 9 #-)
/ H 84 # + - 1 ./ 9 13 GW
.?& -') 8 + %6
:
./ -+ E2F - , = 9
=+ 9 9 1/ - , 10 – 4 +
-') #$ =$ =?/ < ,/$ 6 !A
'( 9 / H 84 - , L =
#$ E( 1AP
) E' Alkaline peptone water -') #$
#$ Blood–alkaline peptone water :=
) ' $F ; M4
25

" 9 1AP + .Egg –alkaline peptone water -')
0' Thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar (TCBS) -') #$
K$ 9A ) 8 # H- H-'A H#$
-') #$ =$ K@ E'
– 18 - 37 + / Taurocholate-tellurite gelatin agar
:= M4 6 - -'A #$ =$ E' .@ !< /$ 24
Polymyxin mannose -') #$ Thiosulphate chloride iodide agar
.tellurite agar
./ G (TCBS) -') #$ =$ !+ 1!
168 ,$ W ?$ $ 4 T ,<&$
K + ./ =
9/ !4 H # ,$ V. fluvialis K
K( ; ?$ $ 4 ./ ;
G + , 4< 1@ 9 K K6
1@ 0! ./ G / ? ./
.O139 % O1 % , '@ + Agglutination test # 4

0
>
,

,
TCBS ?+" B# TCBS ?+" B#

26

,$ A T 9 -') #$ =$ /
E' =!6 ( =&+@) % 1+ 9 , =&+@ W $
% *+ O1 / ? G4 9 =$
El Tor % 1+ 9 , =&+@ ./ S K Classic biotype
non O1 E' 1+ 9 , =&+@ ./ ; biotype
$$ =/6 =$ 1+ 9 , =&+@ ./
. ./ G (PCR) ,
Classic biotype = # -
El Tor biotype = #
# < ((&A)

(B#A)
: ?
+- *+P $$ $ #
+ # = *+ ' 8P ,<+ A
+ G8 = # # 9 9 '
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=+ U42
8 U42 ? -

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G8 , 2 $+ T ( +8 , 9? 9/
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H 2 +8 , ( +8 / +8 G8
.
26 + H(
1971 D 1961

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28

Campylobacter #

,$) 9A ) 8 $ + ,8/ / / (

$] ! E' , -( ./ (&4 A
0.4 – 0.2 + ^ ( < ,$ '(
H # 5 – 0.5 H !/
4< =/6 ( X ] A :<
+ ( ? 4< =/6 $ ?< 4 ?$<
K G&4 4 #; & + ./ #$ #$
?$ 4< =/6 $ 0' Campylobacter gracilis ?$
.#$ E<
#
) $5 -@ "
‘microaerophilic’ H-? 1 +
%5 – 3 + .@ ( / 3+ $ ; $ =+ ./
+ $ ?A %15 – 3 + $ ?A
.- 42 + !6
0< C. jejuni 0 0 K F
2 $Y ! ( '( % 9( C. coli
'( G8 C. upsaliensis ?$$ 0 K !<
.thermophilic + + ./ /
29

:? >
64 - ,- ?/ 9 *+ # -2 '(
/ ( +8 G8 / (+ '/ )
+8 G8 (/ H +#$ ;
F - , 4 + / L $ 1 ./ '
% H - ,- H 9( 0 0 K
.C. lari 0< 0< M4
2 / , 8P *+ '( O .+ GF<

, 9 H! $Y # 9 HW (
'( ; ,$
,W *+ :,- G4 - M =+
) H E' -& A - GW ,/$ # 1 ./
# ,6 1 ./ ; ,$ =&4 :+ ,
, 4 + /) 9 9 ; !64 + ,
12) G M4 K ? ( (-
1 ./ ,W *+
:0+
=; + / 2 / .@ L $ / ^ # ,6 - ,-
( + 9 '@ ( 9/ - 15
/ 16 9/ # / * ./ = '
.
:
9A '( =? $ -') #$ E(
! , =&4 . =+ $ / 0 < A
0+ 0' Preston broth $ 1$+ -') #$ =$ ./ /< 9
30

0+ ! Ttimethoprim 9 0+ ! =+ 9 ./

E' Polymyxin B $ 0+ ! Rifampicin $ 6
FBP ` G ! L Amphoteracin B $6 0+ !
Sodium Sodium metabisulphite :Ferrous sulphat)
.(pyruvate

#

,

#

,
Blood agar ?+" B# Brucella agar ?+" B#
0< 0 =?/ 9
# ,$ 0' -2A "2 / "2 # - ,-
=-$ -'A #$ ./ -2) "2 L! "2 / 9 0.22
S!+ + ,! / S@ H! FBP ` ./ 0+ - A
$ ,8 ,$
,/$ 4 - 42 +
-') #$ =-$ -') #$ " E' 9 M4 /$ 24 !+
E' /$ 48 !+ - ; - GW $ 8
.?& , 4< 1@ 9
31

: ?
,64 *
- '( -& - GW .6$
, # +
A = = '( ,+- 2 = ?
= 1N ,+- $- 8 '( # 6
0 # A
84 ,@ =$ ,+- $- $ HS50 PT35
< $- $ ?/ 9 H (
H( H K = A .1
,W ,+- M+@ 6 = / , 8P *+@ $$
1 8 / F U42 6000 8 $
=$ # $ = U42 100000/+ 100 – 60 +
<@ H $ + 2.4 + =$ ' 8@ + 550000
. 2 , 2 '( @ M +F 9 O .+ S
32

Helicobacter pylori ;# # >
K ^ -( ./ 08/ 0 + @ &4 =2
=+ ; -& A GW 6 =2 U & G+ -( ./
S 0' =2 ( 0 =2 .@ 08 0 =2 &4 =2
H A < ; ,- 1 $ ( <
+ ^ :0+ #2 - GW $+
H # 5 – 2 H !/ 0.6
+ 9A ) 8 $ ( <
.4 #; + ./ #$ 6 – 5 ./ -+< HW
$/9 9 B# A $5E ;# # > )
E' ? 4< =/6 0 ( #
` =+ indoxyl acetate ` =+ 4< =/6 $ ?$ 4
12) # ! / G hippurate
.2 %50 + #4
:? >
#4 12) #$ (+@ / .@ '( 9$
<@ + $P =
i 1] #4 12) #$ M4 /
33

#4 12) ./ 1 #$ %

.
+ ?@ &
H 4 E( /
-, ;# # > < "
'( , M # ' ) L?
E' 1994 1971 $ , + +- 272 =8 %30 + $
L? 2 .@ '( =4 ; ' E&$
8 ,/ 1 # ,&8 $ < =&4
9W A #)! W+ ! * ; ,#+ ./<
@ %20Z 10 + $ $ L? , 2
G8 W * *+@ 2 =4 .@ =8 ' "$
8 2 @ , 2 8 18 ./ +8
'( ./ 0+ 0' #-) =&4 2
./ ; W+ *+ 1 ./ '( ; H H +
+ , E' 9 30 .@ Z2 /$ 48 ^ # ,6 1
34

/ U4 @ ,+- *+@ ./ ; !64
./ ; 9 L /< ,/
,$ M+@ =&4 *+ 0 0< 22@
E' ; + 9) 0.2 ? ./ ;
=$ / =+ E' 0 0< 22@
A , 2 '( @ ( ? ?A
4 , 4< S W 0' ,; #
=$ 9 9 H '( 8 HW #-) * ./
$ = *+ $- $ ,<+
12) #$ 0 ( G ,+- *+
L T E' ' 4R =-/ G< $ / G8 + #4
,
E( <@ # P + 9 , $ ,$
< 9 L U4 5# - ,- ( =+ +
/ 1 ./ ; <@ M4 K 8
= +- *+P 6 '( /$ 12 -& - GW
12) =4 1 ./ '( ; *+ ,W :U84 S ./
0+ 12) = S ( .9 8 .@ =8 0+
.$P 9$ 34 ' %$
:
$ P , '( =?/ 6 ./ # ? 9
=+ , E' - , 5# 9 9 1 < $-
=? Gastric biopsy /?4 - (
/? /$ =&4 9 *+ 8 U42 0 (
= $ ./ = $ -') #$ $ -') #$ ./
35

Stuart’s :Milk :Glucose :Normal saline :Cysteine brucella broth =

brain-heart :Brain-heart infusion broth :Semi-solid agar :medium
Cysteine-Albimi medium -') #$ =$ 9 H + infusion broth
-'A #$ =$ '( =? .=$ %20 ./ 0+ 0'
H! Brucella agar :Brain-heart infusion :Chocolate agar = - A
:Dent’s = - -'A #$ =$ 8+ 9 %7 – 5 S
Skirrow’s campylobacter :Glupczynski’s Brussels charcoal medium
37 – 35 + $< ; - GW L medium
? HW .!+ 9 5 – 3 ,$ W -
#$ + , 4 1@ 9A ) 8 ) 8 9 ,$ 0(W =2
#$ ( ? 4 E' ?$ 4 ?< 4
. =/6
36

Aeromonas: 0
'
$ ( 1.0 – 0.3 + ^ ,8/ / / (
?$ 4 1@ / # X ] A 9A ) 8
' ,?4 8 4 (
/ .@ 0 K '( 9$ .+ - !
M4 / E$] ! ( + + /
+ , =!6 ( + + + A
0 K &( K@ 0 K = - 38 Z 15
! K '( $ K@ 0 K E' K@
.-') ,/8 ( $Y
) > 0
'
:? >
=86 =&4 6 :- ,- 8 '(
- =86 =&4 8 (/ ? H $ ; / $
= G4 $ ./ / +8 G8 $
'( /< - GW 6 :- ,) $+ (
102 Z 1 = + = ,$ + 108 =
107 Z 102 = ,?4 E = ,$ +
37

,$ + 104 = +8 G8 ,$ +
= ,$ + 102 Z 1 = =
= ,$ + 10 Z 1 = 2
+8 G8 H/2 9( K@ 0 K
+ 68 9 /? =8+ 0 =$ H A '(
+8 G8 2 * M $ 6 =
$ K@ K &( K@ 0 K W+&
. K@ K F$
K@ K &( K@ 0 K

( :+#$ ,- H/2 '( %
. 100 = ,$ + 35 + ; /
'( T / 8
0 K ; "! , ,$ =&4 : -
= 9) 0.3 ? ./ 0+ 12) &( K@
9) 0.6 1 ./ S; 0+ =+
.0+ =+
:$ *
'( + ; =-< < !+ ,; .+

84 ; =-< /@ 6 H4> ;
+ 20 (/ ? < *+ 2 K@ 0 K
/ ?< / E' 100 = ,$
.L? 2 100 = ,$ + 200
38

#$ =$ E' '( [ -2) "2 # 94$
-') #$ =$ Ampicillin–dextrin agar (ADA) -')
L2 ./ -') #$ '( 0+ *+ Aeromonas medium Ryan’s
? H $ '( *+ ; / , @ '(
Sodium ) ! S/ K+ /9) 10
100 = 9) 50 (EDTA Na2 ethylenediamine tetraacetate
( P $+ =$F 8 / /
Alkaline peptone water =$ ?6+ , $ =+
/ G2 .#/ 04< -') #$ = ;
$ -') #$ E( '(
Starch-: m- Aeromonas agar-') #$ = - ,- / G2
GAP-10C -') #$ :Pril–xylose–ampicillin agar :ampicillin agar
'( =?/ P ST A $$ , # *+ .agar
0 K '( ,<&$ A ; G :64 -'A #$ =$
=$ / G 8 = ?& $ ?$ $ 4 ./
Xylose-lysin :Hektoen enteric :Mac-Conkey -') #$
S 2 ,$ '( =2 *+ desoxycholate agar
.! A
: ?
S '( $ $P ,W - ,$
L d ; =? , 8P *+@ '( A
*+@ $- - ,- =2 =? '( 9
,' ,6' ?6 '( ,<&$ A 9 L ,<+ =$P
.$ U-84
39

Pseudomonas 0

X ] A 9A ) 8 $ -( 8/ / / (

#$) #$ #$ + ( ?< ?$ 4< =/6
?@ K$ K 4 #; ./ (
E' +8 + K 9( Pseudomonas aeruginosa
) 8 ( ' ; ) 8 K '( ?6F '( % 200 =8
Pyoverdin ) 8 = / 5? $F 0' Pyocyanin
0' -') #$ ?6 ) 8 '( !4 68 $ 0'
K 9(?6 ,) 8 4R / E( + =; ./ 0+
+ $F 0' Pyorubrin ) 8 ( ?@ K$ 0
./ '( ; G $ 0' Melanin ) 8
.+ ,!
6 ' 0
)
:? >
M/ , 8@ %10 + / -$ ( HW

.@ !< K$ % =?/ 9 *+ ,62$
K$ K$ 0 K := ?@ K$ 0 K
40

? K$ 0 K Pseudomonas fluorescens

K$ 0 K Pseudomonas alcaligenes
K$ 0 K Pseudomonas mendocina $
Pseudomonas 2 $ K$ 0 K Pseudomonas putida
0 K Pseudomonas allei R K$ 0 K cepacia
K$ 0 K Pseudomonas maltophila & K$
K$ 0 K Pseudomonas testosteroni $$
& K$ 0 K Pseudomonas vescularis K<$
Pseudomonas &$ K$ 0 K Pseudomonas flava
:Pseudomonas palleroni K$ 0 K pseudoflava
K@ K$ 0 K Pseudomonas rhodos K K$
radiora K$ 0 K Pseudomonas echinoids
Pseudomonas ? K$ 0 K E' Pseudomonas
, 8P *+@ H H K$ .mesophilica
?@ K$ H A S
O ,&!6 / *+ +#$ = #-) ,
. / 16 9/ ./ = ( 1+8 ) U42]
6 ' 0
# !A #
41

:
-') #$ ./ ?@ K$
=$ 9 ,/ ? , 4< =$
=$ 9 8 acetamide ` ./ 0+ - -'A #$
? ?@ K$ ./ G + , 4<
,$ 24 )8 ,/ ? $ 9+
.1$ H A $ , ?
42

Staphylococcus 0#
./ (&4 9A ) 8 =2 / / (

-( ./ / -( ./ ,- 6 , -(
?< =/6 4< # + A / A 8; =$&$
K 9( % 32 + E( ? $ 4 ./
0' Staphylococcus aureus K K$ 0 K
,$ W Coagulase test # =/6 4< #F
,<&$
:!+ 9 3Z 2 ! 68
A ,! ./ (/$ ? # W+ ./
' - GW =!6 ,<&$ A <@ :H 4 -(< /
? ./ 2 ./
+ , G&4< 9 98 %10
;# ./ =8+ ( 4 ./ K$
$ ? $ ? $ := = $ ./ ,$ '(
Z = $ ?< $ ?& $ ?6 $ ?
.,$<
K$ 0 K K K$ K J

S. K $ K$ 0 K S. epidermidis K @
$ A ( ! ?< K 9( saprophyticus
0 =$) , +8 , < ,
1 S +8 0' G =$P / >$ K K$
9$ GF ( 9# / ?6 0' enterotoxin 0 6'
S = 8 2 ;&/ K K$ -')
$ 1 # E' 3& -84 $) L = ;&/
43

+ = G K K$ %50 + =+

8P *+T =6 ,- / /4 400 – 200
.9 ./ d4 ^ / L U42
0 0# )
:? >
*+ 1+8 U42 %59 – 31 + ? '(

1 O ,4P 9A / 104 – 102 .@ =8 ?
; / ' =- $ ? E'
8 "#$ ./ E' .@ !< E' ) 1
' # , , ,2+
1N 8P *+@ 9+$P 1N ' , 8@ *+@
) K .,!4 =$) # /P =$
*+ + $
+ + $ (2 /
400 + .@ =8 / ,? 84 8 K K$
K F : 8P *+@ H ( H '( T :/4
+- 0 =$ 9 9 ! ? K K$ 0
,<+ E( <@ K K$ 0 K 8P
9 30 – 20 1 K$ 9 8P
44

- <@ ! ; - 20 +
.- 20 =; + , H-# F -
:
2 =+ 5 # / # =$ K$ =?/

S <@ ? S$ "8F + -'A #$ E( K L?
/ Q- .#/ 0' M-Staphylococcus broth -') #$ =$
/ W ./ 9 N + <
H + # =$
Lipoviettin- -') #$ K$ ./ 0+ ./
=$ / Baird-Parker agar -') #$ =$ salt mannitol agar
:G ?& + , 4< 1@ E' 9 -2) "2 #
-') #$ = = $ ./ '( =? -') #$
#$ Mannitol-salt agar -') #$ Lipoviettin-salt mannitol agar
Phenylethyl alcohol agar -') #$ Lipase-salt-mannitol agar -')
-') #$ Columbia colistin-nalidixic acid (CNA) agar -') #$
*+ Egg yolk tellurite enrichment S@ G! Baird-Parker agar base
# "$ 9A ) 8 $ # -') #$ '( 9
9 9A ) 8 M4 %
K$
[ / =? - -'A #$ Schleifer-Krämer agar -') #$ =$
!+ / M4 , 'A ,/ K$
/$ 72 – 48 - 37 – 35 + -') #$ '(
./ K$ % / E( : ,$ W
Brewer’s 8 S 2 -') #$ ./ -(& - GW
Z 35 + / /$ 72 – 24 =&4 E' thioglycollate medium
./ =2 K$ % L 9 L - 37
45

-') #$ 9 ! ! Tryptic soy agar -') #$
./ /$ Nutrient agar -') #$ Brain-heart infusion agar
.K$
46

Klebsiella )# #
/ / ( % 9( + 0 K '( F
-(& - GW ./ K H 4 -(< 8/ &4
: 0.8 – 0.5 + !/ 2Z1 + # ^
'( ,<&$ / E( :+ A ( ?& $ 4 ./
6 + , ./ ' '( ./ 0+
/ # + ! / - 43 – 12 ^
-& - GW / ; 30 - 55 +
.Klebsiella pneumoniae &$ ,68 '( & W+
: 9( $Y +8 + ( '( K % 5 E(
K. oxytoca $ &$ 0 K &$ 0 K
0 K K. rhinoscleromatis K$ &$ 0 K
K. ozaenae -? &$ K E' K. planticola<& &$
.! A - (8 '( ,<&$ A

)# #
:? >
H 8 H / 72 + % 7 ./ &$ 0 K !
.$ ,+ 8 Friedlander’s bacillus 9$T G , ;
47

./ :; A ,&/6 W ,<&$
&$
$ 4 ./ E' - , 5 + ? $ 4
#-) 8 H A ( :- 44.5 + / ?&
$ ( #-A 8 &$ 0 K %85 – 60 +
0 K + 9 ,' ,+ 1 %40 – 30 +
K. terrigena &$ K K. planticola <& &$
4 $ + , ,!4 S6 - 8
.# E' d ' 2] 4
0 K ./ + A +#$ 0+
# H E' #-A - 8 H A &$
+ ,$ M+@ '( #;$
.H 20 .@ =8 1 ./ '
: ?
/@ / =$) / L = =&4 '( = H A
84 842 W 9(< 9/ / 4O U42 = 9#
( $ * 1 '' 52$@ ? / ? ,62$
,@ '( $ +- 0 =$ 9 '( =<
,' $ 9 ,j
k$
F ! ,<+ A 2
, - ? ! / ^ #-) 8
100 = T /4 105 X 7.9 10 X 3.5 P
10 X 3.5 ./ 0+ (1 = )
a = &$
U4 ! U42]
*+P G
48

./ ; W+ E K <@ # '(
.# ,/
:
'( =? M-Endo agar -') #$ =$ 9
=$F 0' M-Kleb agar -') #$ = M4 -'A #$ =$
5? ^ ,$ W *+ -2) "2 #
. 0 .@
49

Serratia
9A ) 8 $ 9+ )8 Z 8/ / / (

=/6 4< # H 4 -(< -( ; +
=/6 4< $ # ONPG E' VP` ,$ ?<
W+ # GW W+ < '( ?$
/ ,6$6 ./ 0+ -'A #$ 9 / W+
$ = ,( 4 ./ ' - GW
0 K Q H?A H trehalose ? $ mannitol =
– 25 + S / Serratia marcescens ?$$$ $
'( ./ = 2& ; A 1+ ) 8 - 30
% $ - , ) 8 ' A ,<&$ =?/ L-2
K$6 $ 0 K - , ?/ M4
. S. odorifera6 $ 0 K S. Liquefaciens
@
> )
,
: ?
6 $ 0 K ?$$$ $ K
$ 0 K S. rubidaea - $ 0 K
.,62$ M/ $ ; ! ?< K K$6
50

:? >
*+ 8 - '(
+ E' + 9+ ,2+ + , +#$
' U42 2 K& #$ = $6

' 0 =$) ? E' # ,+ Q L8 ,<R
O 9 100 .+ =8 8 ./
+ .@ ./ # E' =#
=; ( = ) + E' 9 48
.0+ 12) f 9/ E' 1 = $ 100
:
30 – 20 + / R2A agar-') #$ =$

5 # ./ L? # -2) "2 # =$ E' -
=2 + $ " 8 9 = 9 =&4 $ $
$ W A , L $ #$ 9 L
.Prodigiosin ) 8 $ +
51

Flavobacterium - )
+ A ( 9A ) 8 $ -( 8/ / / (

,( 4 ./ K ?$ 4< =/6
W - 37 + / ? $ $><
9 & K + 68 ,$
K '( :$ 9( Flavobacterium meningosepticum 9 $
E( 1 '' ?/ L-2 S H 84 # ,-
L *& .@ 9$ K '( @ '( H / 70 – 40 +
,$ $ ./ % . / = #
./ A % = / =P 4< =/6
/ $ =P 4< =/6 ,$ $
. $ =P 4< =/6 ,$ $ ./
-
- )
:? >
, +8 G8 2 '(
L '( ,- 9( + ,
./ %
9
52

'( 58< ./ '( /$ $
2 .@ '( =8 ,62$ L? , 2 L-2
' = $ T ( : @ 2 ,&8
=8 =&4
4O U42 , 9$ K& 96 / =&
+ + 9/ ,$ =&4 ,62$
, $ -') 8 9 - 15 / ?
. 2 '( / ./ /$ E'
:
5 # ./ L? # #$ '( / G2

- 28 22 + 5 # !+ E' R2A spread plates
.9 7 / =<
53

Cyanobacteria #
1;? +# G , 9A ) 8 $ / / (

1! A , ./ Blue green algae !4
&4 ,' %] 30 + &4 1 + ^
G8 =8 H 84 $ - 2 =&4 (/ =8 ;
$ +# ,& '( 9 = 4 500 .@
/ ./ G8 ,?4 E H 84 Algal blooms
.lithoautotrophic H-! ') '
#
&#
%9 # )
54

:? >
; = = :9 = A '(
# +# ,& '( %75 :$ $
+ 8 ./ (/ 9/ ( ,- G4 ./ (/$ $
' - ,- 8 E' ./ =8+
./ / A G8< ./ +
E' Anabaena - = d %
<@ !
` G 9$ 6' 3@ ./ Microcystis K$$
./ > < 6 ,+ 8 ? ./ 6' '( > saxitoxin like
.$P
?9 0
0! A ? + %6 @

, ./ ; ./ '( L2 6$6
6' (#4 U4 8 = # ,6 1 ./ ;
&4 U4 .+ 9 S ./ W+ ?6 0'
55

, + =$ 6' U4 :K+ ,

.(GAC) #2
:
2 0 U+6 '( 64 % ./ G

% $ % ? ) +# ,& MF 0'
9 '( -! =$ (N/ $ A
E' 8 5 , =$ ? , + =$ / 3?
E( -') #$ ./ = ; #4 #4 $
-') #$ D-medium -') #$ = $ -') #$
25 + !+ 9 WC -') #$ E' BG-11 :ASM-1
5# / E(
$6 1! 2 2
L -
(HPLC) A =$ '( 6' +
.(GC)
: ?
A 6 ,+ 2 #; 9$ W E(
S 2 ,<+ =$ 9 9 +# ,& 1 6
) U42 10 =6# 139 + 8 0 +- =$ 9 $P
+# ,& , ./ 0+ 8 H ( 9 $
1! K+ , =$ 9 $4 +- '( ,W
=$) .! ,+- 6 / E( +# ./
1+< . =$A + +- 8 9 = = $ . 0
Q endotoxin 4 6' =
i / ? ./ 2 8
8 9 1@ = ; 8 +# ,& -( ,
56

8 1996 $ =? #$ . =$A ,+ M+@ +-
=26 8 H 842 50 9 . + '( ./
130 +
K$$ =?/ 9 +- '( U42 116 +8 ,/ 0
8 .! ,/ ?/ 9 :. =$A $ ,/
. 9 9 *+
K$$ ./ H+ +8 W ,+
# "$ ,68 T = = 9A 1 2
. = 9A 0.5
57

Legionella )#
g H A f< 9) ) 8 $ -( ,8/ / / (

H A 2.0 – 1.5 + # 0.9 Z 0.3 + !/
2 0 U+6 / ,8/ -( ./ 0 % '( K
; $ -') #$ + =# 6 $ ,
+ =$ ) 8 9 . 20 .@ # =8 ; # #4
G2 .Gram-Weigert Giemsa Diff-Quik : 5#
'( / *+ 9/ , + ,# &
+< 0> ; 2 # $P = - -
56 ,62$ .26 ; 0' . +
G 1 26
; G2 5# / ! # (A ,
I ! / G2 /$ *+ 5# $$+
.S+6$ = ;
26 ./ #$
. + / #$ 0- < 1 2 1976 $
1 '( .$ 6& < 9 =6+

182 8 ,<+ / g *+ Legionnaires (56
) . +
L G? %#$ 1977 9/ L + 29 9 . +
-/ ,6! E' $ - =?/ CDC $
+ ?
1 / 9; 1979 $ Legionellaceae -/ ( 9
- '( ,+ G8 K G8 L! 9
$ Legionella pneumophila & & 0 K 9
+ - '( ,+ ,6F8 K / g H+ ' G$ 1
./ ' *+ - ,/ @ ,/ 9?/ 9 K 41
58

63 Z 0) 64 + , # ,- - ,-

.(8.5 – 5) K = =!6 (-
)# )
)# B# 8F ! (

+ ./ 0+ -'A #$ H '( 3+
Buffered charcoal -') #$ '( + ^& L-Cysteine
59

0 9 -') #$ ./ < yeast extract agar (BCYEa)
$ =? =$ -') #$ 4R %
.$6 ?
B.A * B#

-, BCYEa * B# ;

5 # ./ ( 9/ L (BCYEa) 5 # ./ ,$

,<+ /$ & % + ./ ! #F 9
&$2 84 '( 2 0- < 8P U42
?& $ 4 ./ & 9 56 <@ Francisella
% ./ ! .#F ; 98 , ( =+ 4
M4 % / (?F '( P , & &
.K K6
<
/ / W ' 8P ,<+ % 50 +
Pontiac fever .$ ?6 8P S 2 .+ 8 4O
0-
0' - #$ M4 ; ,- ./ ( '(
# ,6 . % '( ,$ ,W *+ S
/ G/! W+ H/ G/! /
'( T +# '( U4 / 6/! G; +#
0' 0+ 12) 9 ./ (/T - -
,/ E' 4 GW + ?& -') 8
60

, 4< < '( / G2 , 4 *+ #

@ , 8P W # + H A ( T
G2 , 4 / 0 A = # 6 L-2 &
+ ! .< *+ ( + 4 /
,1@ '4 E' / Q$ j!
f $ T 8P *+
4 ! .< ! $ + 6 ++8
: + O .@ M> ; T * '(
'(
% / W< ; ' ,$
.S/ G -') #$
.,
/ E' + ' ; + 9/ !
A 9 '( *+ & &
'' 52$ / - 55 Z 25 + / 6W
.#4 56
.@ E' M> ; '(
: ?
$ =2 ' , 8@ + 9
=2 2 '( 9A : E' = 9W ?
= / G2 (+ 9 , 8P '( A <@ H )
61

=2 (recirculating water system) W *+
= '( =+ , E' ; =
.= '( , /; 9 E'
.@ M> ; % ' 8 H 2 $P

@

H , ,W
.26 ,<+ 8P *+
5# / 3 L? 2 , 0 3
, 8@ *+ E' / Q *+ , 8P *+ 8 9( 1 G W
8P *+ ' 8; ? +
. ,&A L? , 2

/ GO / L 9 1988 $ , ,$ M+@
: , '( % '( $ , 64 8
% 6.26 1G9
% 7.01
I 6
% 12.03
GG )@
:)# 8#

,
*
: ( L? , 2 '( U4 5# / E(
: Thermal Disinfection $ D
56 ,62$ <

H $ 5# # '(
9 - 70 + .@ 4$ &4 9 *+ M
# '( ; 30 8 E' L? 2 , L 4$
.- 8 * ./ .!< ,;> =+ .(
.26 / =$
62

: Hyperchlorination #
(J 6 ,
D
? ^ *+ =

i / ? =$ ./ # '(
=l M> + 6 # ( ; 120 – 60

m6 G; H ! # '( / ? L
.@ 0f> / '( / .@ 0> #$ ? 6
%6< H A ) (Trihalomethanes) , ? %6
.E$ +8 =2 *+ .@ 0>$ /9) 4 / ?
: Copper-Silver Ionization !& 0 (

, F D
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65

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73

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The coliform group

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,
(

.++8 =4 0 ! E( K O E&$& +8 9
.#$ $ #4
$ ; O E&$& +8
. ,

./ 0+ ; O E&$& +8 G
. ++8 ,1P '4 . A ; #4 $
.++8 ,1P .8; '4 . A #4 $ G>
102

>\ & :# B# ]
=+ 9 &

H ; / L;
5# / E( '( / / G2 86 1#/@ )
4 Multiple Tube Test 4 = '( ./ G2
9// 4 Membrane filtration test -2) "2
.(P/A test) Presence/Absence test
/ ./ S/ 0' 4< / 4P $ '4
S . , / 0 / W
) =+ 1@ 9?& ; , /
.@ =8 + ? ./ ,+@ '@ , 4< 1T "8F<
=; K = NTU 1 + / 9) 0.5 +
, 4 ! 6 GW '( *+ 8
.5 =2 $ '4@ =$$
Presence/Absence test (P/A test ) : -/
(4 F *+ ,' U+6 =$ #$ 4< '(
9 #$ # 9 # '( * 2>
,$ 4 M + 4< '( 6 1968 $ Clark E&
A 4< '( <@ :, / =+ + / =$F
A +#$ =2 =+F =+ 6
.
103
‫
‬
‫ه‪ A‬ا! ﻡ@ ﻡ"ر یُ‪ 7‬أﻥ= ﻡ<‪$‬ث ﺏ‪89‬ت‬

‫ا‪D‬دﻡ أو ا‪$C‬اﻥ؟‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻥ‪4‬‬
‫&! اﻡ‪ A‬ﻡ‪ !& G‬ﻡ‪$-J‬ذة ﻡ@ ‪ I‬ا‪$‬زی‪ G‬ی'‪ 2‬أ‪
F-‬ا‪&1‬ر‬
‫ﻡی< ‪:‬‬
‫ه‪# A‬آ‪ M‬ا<‪$‬ر ا‪ C‬أآ‪ L‬ﻡ@ ‪ 0.5‬ﻡ<‪/O‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ه‪ A‬ﻡل ا‪S‬س ا‪6‬روﺝ! أ‪ A.‬ﻡ@ ‪8‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ه‪ A‬ارة أ‪ A.‬ﻡ@ ‪NTU 5‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ه‪ A‬ی'‪ 2‬إﺝاء ا‪-1‬ر‬ ‫ﻥ‪4‬‬

‫&<‪ U‬أي ﺡل؟‬
‫‪ 1‬یُ‪ 7‬اﺡ‪$‬اء ا! &<‪U‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻥ‪4‬‬ ‫ﺏی ‪ .XY‬ه‪ A‬ی'‪ 2‬إﺝاء‬
‫ا‪-1‬ر &<‪ U‬أي ﺡل؟‬
‫ﻥ‪6‬ی‬ ‫ه‪& A‬رة ا! &؟‬
‫ا‪7‬ار‬
‫ﻥ‪4‬‬ ‫ﻥ‪4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ A7!ُ#‬ا! إ‪ U‬ا ‪ A‬ﺡ‪ 2‬ا_وط‬ ‫ه‪ A‬ﺏ]ﻡن ﻥ‪ A7‬ا!‬ ‫ﻥ‪6‬ی‬
‫ا‪7‬ار‬
‫ا‪8‬زﻡ ‪8-‬ل ‪ 24‬ﺱ& ﻡ‪ G‬اﺽ
‬ ‫إ‪ U‬ا ‪ A‬ﺡ‪2‬‬
‫ﻡ‪$<C‬ل ا"‪$‬دی‪$‬م ﺙ‪$‬ﺱ<‪9‬ت ‪1‬ﺝاء‬ ‫ا_وط ا‪8‬زﻡ ‪8-‬ل‬
‫ا‪ A<C‬ﺏی‪ 7‬اد ا‪S‬آ‪ L‬اﺡ ً‪1‬‬ ‫‪ 24‬ﺱ&؟‬
‫ﻥ‪4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ A7!ُ#‬ا! إ‪ U‬ا ‪ A‬ﺡ‪ 2‬ا_وط ا‪8‬زﻡ ‪8-‬ل ‪24‬‬ ‫ی‪ 4‬إﺝاء‬
‫ﺱ& ﻡ‪ G‬اﺽ
ﻡ‪$<C‬ل ا"‪$‬دی‪$‬م ﺙ‪$‬ﺱ<‪9‬ت ‪1‬ﺝاء‬ ‫ا‪-1‬ر ا‪ <7C‬‬
‫ا‪ A<C‬ﺏی‪ 7‬اد ا‪S‬آ‪ L‬اﺡ ً‪ 1‬أو ‪e‬ی‪ 7‬ا‪dI‬‬ ‫
‪`7‬‬
‫ا‪ X_g‬‬
‫‪$-‬ات ا‪0#‬ذ ‪.‬ار ا‪-‬ر ا‪-1‬ر ا !ﺱ‪2‬‬
‫‪104‬‬

# # : <$ ( 5# '( 9(
.-2) "2
,
<
(<W
8< , )
:64 8 9 # '( =$ 9 1914 $
+ 4 W< ./ 4< '(
G # '( , = 10 ./ 0+ 4 5 =8
( <
H + # G ,+ 8 4 #
- ./ =8+ &
H # H ; 5)$ <@ 5 # $ #
# '( 9$ .Q- ; ./ > ; $ -') #$ H! /
4< H1 0 4< 9 !< 4< 1T ,#4 *& .@
=-$ -') #$ ) ./ # '(
K = ) H E' 0< 22@
?& $ 4
+ ./ = 0' G2
=8+ Q- E' 9 ?) ( ?+$ 9(
. =+ -8+P = /
1$+ -') #$ = = $ ./ $ -') #$
.@ -') #$ )$ 0' Bromocresol Purple G2 ./ 0+ 0'
=$ .0< 22@ / 68
) 9/ L ?) W$ 0' Lauryl Tryptose 1$+ -') #$
= G2 ! @ " K ) G2 9
#$ $ "8F -') #$ .0< 22@ G
=! Q- .# S , 0' Minerals Modified Glutamate 1$+ -')
' 6$ M4 -') #$ 0< 22@ ./ G2
105

+ / ./ 4< + 9 9+
/ = 4 *& ./ 0+ # =$ :
( E' U4 = L / =8+ Q- # ! ./ L
: = "!

L+ , - ! (
( # #
) , -
,
0.01 0.1 1.0 10 50
5 1 ,

5 5 5 W ?6 ,

5 5 5 Q
5 5 5

5 5 5

106
‫
‬
‫ﺝول ی‪$‬ﺽ‪ d‬اد ا‪S‬آ‪ L‬اﺡ ً‪ < 1‬ات ای ‪ 100 A‬ﻡ<< ﻡ@ ا!‬
‫ﺏﺱ ل ‪ 3‬أﻥﺏ‪ 2‬ذات ﺡ'‪ 0.1 ، 1 ، 10 4‬ﻡ<< ﻡ@ ا! ا اد ‪.6<<C#‬‬
‫اد‬ ‫&د ا‪S‬ﻥﺏ‪ 2‬ا أ‪6i‬ت ﻥ' ﻡ‪$‬ﺝ أ‪!#‬ء ا‪-1‬ر‬
‫ا‪S‬آ‪L‬‬
‫اﺡ ً‪1‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪ 0.1‬ﻡ<<‬ ‫‪ 3‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪ 1.0‬ﻡ<<‬ ‫‪ 3‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪ 10‬ﻡ<<‬
‫أ ‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪6.1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪9.4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪7.2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪7.4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪9.2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪107‬‬
‫
‬
‫ی‪ - G‬ﺝول ی‪$‬ﺽ‪ d‬اد ا‪S‬آ‪ L‬اﺡ ً‪ < 1‬ات ای ‪ 100 A‬ﻡ<< ﻡ@‬
‫ا! ﺏﺱ ل ‪ 3‬أﻥﺏ‪ 2‬ذات ﺡ'‪ 0.1 ، 1 ، 10 4‬ﻡ<< ﻡ@ ا! ا اد ‪.6<<C#‬‬
‫اﺡ ً‪1‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪ 0.1‬ﻡ<<‬ ‫‪ 3‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪ 1.0‬ﻡ<<‬ ‫‪ 3‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪ 10‬ﻡ<<‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪160‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪210‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪290‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪240‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪460‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1100‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫أآ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1100‬‬
‫‪108‬‬

(
, ,
# #
100 (
,
# <W
8A , ! (
.6<<C#
,
# #
10 ( 9 5) ^ # #
50 - +

$59 A

8 % 95 8A ,
< 7 9
<W

B/A BA # #
10 x 5 # #
50 x 1
1 =; 0 0
4 0.5 1 1 0
6 0.5 2 2 0
11 0.5 4 3 0
13 1 5 4 0
17 2 7 5 0
6 0.5 2 0 1
9 0.5 3 1 1
15 1 6 2 1
21 2 9 3 1
40 4 16 4 1
109

! < < o
M+ -') #$ 5 9+ ./ M+ 4 10 / ?
G/! -') #$ 10 9+ ./ M+ 4 5 / ?
. 9( ./ 9-+@ L ?
: 9+ 8 =$ = 9 , H 3 D1

-') #$ ./ M+ 4< .@ 0.1 1.0 10
? 10 ./ M+ 4< $+ E'
.0+ ? M4 5 0+ ? 5 :G/!
48 .@ 24 - 37 + !+ 9! D2

.1 ,/ 9( 4 E' -( GW /$
[ / $ ,#/ U+ D3

= =+ / .# -8+P = '(
/$ 48 =/6 0 W 9 100
. $
; F < o
1@ / jI! @ .# ; X ] K

ST S/ =+ 1@ / 84 !< 4<
( , '@ + ( '( 0!
4@ 4 9$T G 0' 4< 1T E' 0< 22@
.(Eijkmam Test)
1$+ -') #$ 10 Z 5 ./ M+ 4 ? D1

Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Salt 1$+ -') #$ Lauryl Tryptose
110

10 Z 5 ./ M+ M4 4 . 9( ./ M+

. 1
- 44 + - 9+ '( !+ 9; D2

.+ = ; E'
,W #; = '( + 9; D3

37 + - 9+ '( + L! !< 4<
1 ./ M+ L! - 44 + / M4 -
! L + E' - 44 + !
.1 ,/ 9( 4
4< .@ = G2 #; ! 9; /$ 24 D4

./ 1+ + W+< 9 1 ./ M+
!+ 9 ) ?) W+< 0< 22@
= / =8+ $ Q- ; 9 - 44 +
. 100 0< 22@ / -8+P
!+ 9 ) ?) W+< /$ 48 D5

.- 37 +
/ -8+P = / =8+ Q- ;
. 100
./ H1 E' 100 / "! =
./ =8+ Q-
(8
: / =8+ Q- , '@
111

. , 10 ./ M+ $4 Z
. + , 1 ./ M+ $4 Z
. $ , 0.1 ./ M+ $4 Z
./ M+ -8+P = .(5 Z 1 Z 0)
. 100 = $ 33
112

<W
' 8A ,
113
‫
‬
‫‪ 5‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪0.1‬‬
‫اﺡ ً‪1‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪ 10‬ﻡ<<‬ ‫‪ 5‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪ 1.0‬ﻡ<<‬
‫ﻡ<<‬
‫أ ‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪1.8‬‬
‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪3.7‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪5.5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪5.6‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪6.1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪8.1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪6.1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪8.2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪8.3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪6.8‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪9.1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪6.8‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪9.2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪9.3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪114‬‬
‫
‬
‫( ‪ ,
# #
10 1.0 ^0.1 (
, (
100 ( <W
' 8A ,‬‬
‫‪ 5‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪0.1‬‬
‫ﻡ<<‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪7.8‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪115‬‬
‫
‬
‫‪ 5‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪0.1‬‬
‫ﻡ<<‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪84‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪116‬‬
‫
‬
‫&د ا‪S‬ﻥﺏ‪ 2‬ا أ‪6i‬ت ﻥ' ﻡ‪$‬ﺝ أ‪!#‬ء ا‪-1‬ر‬

‫اد ا‪S‬آ‪L‬‬
‫اﺡ ً‪1‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪0.1‬‬
‫‪ 5‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪10‬‬
‫‪ 5‬أﻥﺏ‪ 4'C 2‬ا! ‪ 1.0‬ﻡ<<‬
‫ﻡ<<‬ ‫ﻡ<<‬
‫‪94‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪79‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪140‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪210‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪130‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪170‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪220‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪280‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪350‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪430‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪240‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪350‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪540‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪920‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪1600‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫أآ ‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪1600‬‬
‫‪117‬‬

?" 0 \
!< 4< 1@ / !F ./ =8+ P 9 '@
4< !< 4< 0
/ G2 4 1@ T $ 0< 22@ 0
.+ R ,64 * 8 ./ = F$ #-) K $
0 ? 0
1$+ -') #$ 5 ./ M+ L! D1

.- 45 Z 44 + / - 9+ (Glucose Azide)
,W 9+ - D2

45 Z 44 + 9!+ / 9 !< 4<
.-
(
+ 0)68 .@ ) W+< /$ 48 D3
.#-) K $ ./ M+
-') #$ ./ /? / 68 .@ ) , D4
- 45 Z 44 + !+ 9 Bile Aesculin Azide Agar
.#-) K $ ,/$
118

` =+ Q ,$ =+ 5A . W W+< D5

.K- K $ ./ = Aesculin
100 ,$ / ./ =8+ -8+P = L D6

.
119

0 ? 0 (6
120

6 - # \
22@ / =; / 1 H / '(
&4 =# ,6 1 ./ '( X 0<
,64 *+ 2 *+ A * ./ = ( :!4
-& A - GW ( , !4
.
6 - #
U4 5-; 10 - 75 + / r4$ D1

.!4
50 ./ M+ 1/ .@ 4$ 50 G! D2

Differential reinforced clostridial medium -') #$ G/! ?
= M+ / 5 .@ 4$ 1/ = 10 G! (DRCM)
1 G! :G/! ? DRCM -') #$ 10 ./
#$ 25 ./ = M+ / 5 .@ 4
o $ 1/ =
9 H - ,' L = =+ .M+ ? DRCM -')
1/ .@ 100 1 G64 10 1 G64 1 ! G64
121

9+@ L DRCM -') #$ 0+ ? 25 ./ M+
! 9 9?$ @ = H - 1/ / 5A
./ 1 =+ =+ ? M+ DRCM -') #$
! 1 $& K A / L! D3

+< H E' /$ 48 - 37 + / !+
.(6
$ .@ -') #$ ) W+< !+ 1! D4
.9$ ./ = 0'
100 = ,$ / -8+P = L D5

.
-') #$ /? / 9$ G D6

4$ + #; S@ H! H + 4$F Litmus milk medium
-') #$ 5/ =< . 4< 1@ = ; H 2 +
- 37 + / -( GW !+ 9 9 70 /
./$ 48
(Stormy Clot) G8 4 G W+< /$ 48 D7

.? 9$ ./ = ( ?& $ 4 Q
. 100 ,$ / -8+P = L D8
122

6 - # (6
123

?"
-2 <
H + # =$ ! G8 .+
[ ./ ( 0< 22@ [ =$<
$ :-8+P = Q- =-$ -') #$ ?)
+
( U4 -'A #$ 84 2A =$ Mueller 9 9; 1943
S/ M *+ 2 9 Endo-broth
,$4 # # # '( /@ 9
?6+< ; -@ ./ 0+ ?& 1$+ -') #$ !
G .k F H A *+ - ?
# =; =?/ ./ /#8P -') #$
0+ = - ./ 0+< -'A #$ =$ 9 (%1 –0.01)
= = $ . ?/ ./ G @ +P 84 ,?@ ./
+ ' 0< 22@ =?/ 9 ST
9($ -') #$ =$ # '( Colilert® technique =$ 9
*+ 0< 22@ G W /@
9?@ E - 37 + ./
-+@ 9/ 9?P '( ./ -+T 0< 22@ ? ?$<
.Urease ? 9?@ ./
GW '( m ?$ , $ 2A
4@ 9 .2A '( / E( ,$ -&
.(/ ,$ L; $+ $ 12)
9 E' "2 =+ ./ "2 ; L! # '( 9
,$ ?+ 9$ *+ 9 "2
124

9 $ -') #$ ./ L! "2 ; = 9 "2 ; "#$ ./
L! "2 ; ,$ / ! , 9 ?& -') =
. 8 + !+
/ ./ +2 9 , / 9+
:
$ - , -
# #
, -
,
1,2 1,2 1,2 1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
X ,

X X W ?6 ,

X X Q
X X

X X

X X X

X X X

,
X X X $A L
X X X -
9 1 G64 =+ 9 ! 9 ; 9+ L = / D1
'( ّ/ =$ .+ "2 12A "#$ ./ ,$ L? !
.,$
.G64 / M +2 9 ? '( D2
125

+> 6
.; Q- ./ =8+ S/ 8 " 9+ =+ •
./ =8+ Q- 5 "2 5 W6+ •
. ,$ [ / 5# =! # '( •
. 4< '( 1P + -2) "2 + =$ P

L ,+ '6o U 9/ /; "2 ? Z
/ 9 ? %; L! ? 9 9 3
.2 4$ #$
,' :9 47 (#;) -& ,68 ,' "2 ; L! 9 Z
L! ./ ##4 "#$ *+ / ./ ( 0.45 9+ ,$
.9+T =6 L /
( $ #!) #62 / L 9 j $F Z

,$ . $ -') #$ ./ "2 12) L!
,$ / + 9 $+ 9 1
."2 ; ./
L; *+ L L!$ 0' 9+ 4@ 9 Z
= / $ 80 – 20 "2 12) ./ ,$
L = / E' G&4 100 "2 9 L
10 =+ 9 - ,' 8 A ,/
126

2< ! G64 =+ 20 ./ =< @ H!
."2 12) "#$ ./ ,$
9 0! A ST K6 64 9+ "2 9 / Z
"2 9 #2 ? /; 9 0! A S / = L
.H 664 =; .@ H 664 ,
= ? 9 H 0! 8 64 ,/ L = / Z
A M4 , = ; ,/ =+ 9 L /
.- ,' L;
'( G@ ! ( $ #)!) #62 / 1@ / Z
0' 1 =4 +< H L =4 1 = ; 2
.Q- ; ./ >$
S! 9 ./ ##4 S+#$ *+ 12) = L %? Z
#$ 12) 1 ,/ 9/ L $ -') #$ ./
. ?& -') = ! E' -')
/ !+ +I2 2A ./ M+ 5 # L! 9; Z

.-& +
12) ./ ,$ [ H 2 9; !+ 1 Z

100 = ,$ / $+ Q- 9 E'
.
(8
10 ,$ / 100 + / 4 /
9 '@ 100 = ,$ 10 . ' ,$
127

. ' 1 ,$ / 10 + 4 1@
. 100 = ,$ 10
128

$
,
?+" A
%9 # ?" 6$
129

#
,
?" < #
,
130

# ?" < #

, D1
131

132

# ?" < #

, D3
133

?" (
,
,
# ! < ,
#$ ./ "2 / 1@ 12) L! 4< '( 1@ 9
Lauryl Sulphate -') #$ (5 = ) $ -')
= ./ M+ A # ./ M+ 0' Broth
. / 68 .@ -') #$ ) G2
.++8 # "2 9; D1
/ !+ U84 [ -') #$ ./ 12) L! D2

- 37 + / !+ 9 ,/$ 4 - 30 +
./$ 14
+ / W
) 168 ,$ = [ 9; D3
= ,$ / !+ 5 # 34@ 2
. 100
;< '

,

,
# ; F ,
?" (
,
Q A %

<
H +@ 4
?) @ 9/ L ?& $ ./ M+ -'A #$ / H !+
4< / G2 9 ,$ L = 0! ST
?) T E' / ; !<
#$ 9 0< 22@ - 37 +
W+& - 44 + / ?& $ ./ M+ -'A
K6 / =] @ @ ?)
+
.+
134

.#$ K@ $ 9 ?$ 4 1T

.0< 22@ ./ r!
# 12) ./ 168 ,$

0' ?$ 4 1@ 9 0< 22@ -2) "2
?< 1 -') #$ ,$ '( + =/6 $ #F $
3@ / G2 9 - 44 + !+ 1
1 ./ 0+ 4< P = 4 1@ E' :?)
+
.
135

?" (
, ;< ' (6
136

?" 0

,
\
Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride ./ 0+ -'A #$ =$ 9

+ ; H 0@ ,$
. A -$ , % A # '( 6 Formazan
(/ ,$ QJ $ F ,664 4@ 9
4@ 9 =+ = = $ . : $ 80 – 20
664 )8 9+ 4@ 9 $ 100 9+
."2 / 1@ = ; Ringer,s Solution =$
%? 9 $ #)! ? 8 -2) "2 ? 9
./ ##4F 1? *+ "2 U; /; ./ "2 12) L! L
=; ( / =+ / S+ 8F S L , E'
8 = ; L G64 =+ 20 – 10 + 8 9 10
( =+F ,$ L? ./ /$
$ #)! ? ; ?< "8F : 4< 1@ / 12) "#$ ./
9 / L 5 -? 500 + 0$ ( (65 kPa)
#62 / 1 / 4 1 +$ 9< .+ 1# 1 +$
+ S$T E' 9 # =$ "2 12) # L %? 9
! L Enterococcus agar -') #$ "#$ ./ S! S#
'( 06 "2 12) -') #$ "#$ 1 ,/ 9/
5 # L! E' -') #$ "#$ ./ "2 12) () 9 ,/6
M< /$ 24 - 37 + / !+ ?
*+ /$ !+ 5 # L! "2 / 86 ? 6
-') #$ ./ K
E(
137

K = ) 0@ ,68 K6 Enterococcus agar

0 K E' Aerococcus 0 K Staphylococcus 0
.- 44 + / 0 4< 1@ 9 (Bacillus
!+ 9 "8F ST 2 ,/ L = /
!+ 9 A ,/ /$ 48 - 37 +
44 + !+ E' :,/$ 4 - 37 +
,$ = ّ/ 9 ?& !+ 1! :/$ 44 -
/ ./ (*( ;) ,$ 1+
0 4< 1@ 9 ! 4 ( #-) K $
,$ 10 =; (/ '@) ,$ '( /T
1@ 9 (# ,$ 10 4@ 9 ,$ 10 '@
/@ 9 : 4< ' =/6 $ $ *+ ?< =/6 4
#$ Bile aesculin azide agar -') #$ ./ ,$
44 + !+ Kanamycin aesculin azide agar -')
#+ 0@ ,$ $ (/ :/$ 18 -
/ (? '( / $ $ =+ E' 1$
./ < Bacillus K$ 0 K ,$
4< 1@ / ,$ / $+ 9
: ! = 100 ,$ ./ !<
100 X "2 ; ./ ,$ /

= 100/!<
S+2 9 0' 9+
138

4< 1@ / ,$ / $+ 9
: ! = 100 ,$ ./ 0
W ,$ $ X !< = 100/ 0

.$ =&+ ./ ?< 4< $
. 100/ ,$ + Q / F
139

6 - #

,
\
#$ ./ 0+ 0' 5 # "2 / 1@ 12) L! 9
- 44 + !+ L ?+ , ./ 0+ -'A
H$ , ?4 9$ ,$ $ (/ /$ 24
.?+ L =/6 0' .@ =+ , ?4< H
- 75 + 4$ 9 # '( X +
' !4 &4 U4 E' "2 / 1@ = ; 5-; 10
.
"2 12A L! 9 ( $ #)!) 1 +$ / 1@

Tryptose sulphite cycloserine ) $ -') #$ ./ 0+ 0' 5 #
! - 44 + !+ 9 (Egg yolk agar
?A %90 ./ 0+ -(< - GW Anaerobic jar
5 # U+ 9 $ ?A %10
#F$ E' T "2 12A ./ O 8 9 '@ S /$ 24
/ 1! 9 -') #$ "#$ ./ "2 12A L! =!
/@ 9 0 4< 1P : ,$ / !+
4 (# ,$ 10 /) $ ,' ,$
- GW !+ 9 buffered nitrate-motility -') #$ ./ 0+
'( ; 4< /$ 24 - 37 + / -(<
1 () , G2 1 ! 9 , =?4 ./ ,$
=?4 ./ &
H +< W : 4 @ = ( ) , G2
-') #$ ./ 0+ 4 + 9 E' .@ !< , . ,
37 + -(< - GW !+ Lactose gelatin
=< & L! 9 !+ 1! /$ 48 -
140

,$ ( :& 1@ ./ ; U+ = ; /$ /
: 68 $ 9$
.buffered nitrate-motility -') #$ + A D
1 ! / + W , =?4 ./ ; D
.( ) , G2 1 () , G2
-') #$ 68 W) ?& $ 4 ./ ; D
.(Lactose gelatin
.Lactose gelatin -') #$ & 1@ ./ ; D
? 9$ ,$ !< / FJ

: !
100 X ,$ /

=!<
S+2 9 0' 9+
: 0 $+ 9
A ,$ $ X ,$ !< =0

.& 1@ ./ ?& $ I4F , ?4 +
. 100/ ,$ + Q / F
141

,
# ;>5 ( %
(
, <

?+"
0< 22@
.# / G2 -@ -'A #$
L 5A + ,$ Endo
=6$ A 1+ .0< 22@
.12)
.#
: 1+ ,$
0< 22@
?@ @ / G2
Tergitol TTC
68 ,$ .# .0< 22@
'( .168 ( L
G+? -') #$
.K
168 ,$ W
/ G2
9 2Z1 + (#; Teepol
.0< 22@
. 168 ( #+

H W 0< 22@ / G2
M-FC
2Z1 ^ # 5? .0< 22@
.9
5 2] ! /
/ G2 .-@ -'A #$
" 5? .# $6 ECD
.0< 22@ G
.L<
W 0< 22@ - ./ G2 Mac Conkey
142

+ ,$ Enterobacteria

.1+ S 2
,$ W
.? +
4 < - '(
W T ?& $
. / ,$
,$ W '(
+ + 0@ / G2 Azide
./ #
&$ % A
^ L H+ W
G8 $ .@
/ G2 .-@ -'A #$ Bismuth-
#+ $
.1 &$ Sulfite
.%N 12) 1$

W &$ %
.$ .@ 5A H
?@ K$
5? ,$ W
2Z1 ^ #; ,'
. 1;? ( L 9 K$ [ / G2
,$ +
?@ Cetrimide
68 :5? !4 ,'
% . / 5?
K$ M4
.
H W
143

S? ' & \

_
"2 12A /$ ,$

+ $+ Q- ./ 5 9 :$ 200 .@ 20 ^
# ! ./ Colony Forming Units (CFU) ,$
.S$ 9 0' -') #$ % E' !+ ? / 9
:(8
( B#
m-TGE 1$+ :/$ 24 :- 37 :/,$ + 89
I
(
,
2 9 1 *
9 $+ "2 12A ./ ,$ = [ 9;

.=$ 9+ ./ ,$ / 9$
(8
9+ :$ 122 "2 12A ./ ,$ /
. 10 + 9
$ 122
. /,$ + 12.2 =
10
I
(
,
10 B' 3 *
E' 5 # = , 10 ,$ = 9;

= ,$ / #$ ./ =8+ 10 ./ Q 9f$;
.=$ 9+ ./ E' 9$; 100 Q ! =8+ 9 :L
144

(8
9+ L = ,$ 8 M$ ,$ / #$

. 0.1 =$
100 X L /,$ 8

. /,$ + 8000 =
0.1
I
(
,
20 B' 10 *
9f$; E' 5 # = , 5 ,$ = 9;

= ,$ / #$ ./ =8+ E' 5 ./ Q
f ; 100 Q ! =8+ 9 :L
.=$ 9+ ./ E' 9$
(8
L = $ 17 M$ ,$ / #$

. 0.1 =$ 9+
100 X L / $ 17
. /,$ + 17000 =
0.1
I
(
,
20
89 *
$ 20 5 # ./ ,$ / ? '@

9+ ./ 9$ $ 2000 ./ Q- 5 9 L =
.=$
(8
145

,$ / 0.01 .+ =$ 9+ '@
: T :L = $ 20
. / ,$ + 200000 ≤ 0.01 / 2000 ≤
146

+" + @ # # \ ,

Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC)
A , # ') ' A <
,
+ = ! < ST !
f H A ( # 6 / '( =r 2 ,6
, 2 ./ (/$ 0' (Biofilm) 0+ 12) GF
./ = '( / m6 ?< / ,?4
/ ( @ * + ,/ =4
++8 =4 9[ j * '( 8 L$ 8 #
, 9 -8+P , - ,$ =&4 :L! '(
.! A ) - *+@ H '
M 8

f ./ 2 ; 5#
6 A N , 4< '( /#8@ -'A #$ =$ * ./
9A + ; 6
"! *+ 6 ? ,6 64 , !+ 4< 1@
,$ @ # %1 – 0.01 + =?/ ./
.
?A #2 ,+2 =$ 2 G8

H : ( A A ! , U4 ?
G .@ =8 9 , ? #
?/ 9 Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) ') ' A ./
/#8< -') #$ E' , , 2
#4 + E( .@ 3$P ( ?& , #
8 (/,$ + 500 ) /
147

9/ .@ 0N> ; - 35 + / E'
/ E' , @ ,$ + ./
.@ =8 <
o @ .?& $ ./ -') #$ =$
(Chromogenic ) 8 -') #$ G -'A #$ G2
=W ,$ + @ .@ MN Culture Media)
: ( ') ' A ,$ /
B# -9 %9

< -
Enterolert®
IDEXX Colisure®
Colilert®
Hach m-ColiBlue®
BioControl ColiComplete®
Merck Chromocult®
Gelman MicroSure®
H 68 .@ -') #$ ) ./ Colilert® #
./ = ; (OPNG) #$ ./ ?$< 9?@ #2
9?P '( ?6< 0< 22@ ,<&$
*+)
0 K &$ 0 K = M4 K

0 K $ 0 K $ 0 K &2
9?P '( ?6 M4 K ( 0 K @
=$ / H N( H # (r! W .@ 0>$
( (MUG) #$ L 0< 22@ =/6 H $6 5 2
148

9 (/) # (QuantiTray™) / #
E 5# 9+ / <
H + ./ G
5 #
[ 8 # =$ *+ 5 # [ 4 5 # 64 5#
/ !+ 9 - 37 – 35 + !+
# =$ 9 3 - 22 – 20 +
.H 14 – 7 !+ 5 # ./ L?
=8 2 ; G/! ') ' A
./ , ,$ M+@ 6 :; 9 =&4 / ,? .@
,$ / G/! - 22 !+ 1! S
'( ( /,$ + 102 Z 101
/,$ + 106 Z 105 .@ =8 .@ -
, ?4 1 .+ G;< G/! '( W+ ?4 9 3
+- 0 *+ =$ 9 9 O .+ S <@ - , 6 +
. 2 ') ' A ,$ /
:$ <
,
=$ / / 16 4< '( =$J
G8 U4 ,; E' S/ G Sand Filter "2
'( <@ ; $$ # ,/ 9 )6 = ; +8
./ / G2 , 4 W L 2 =&4 L
$ ./ 0+ -') #$ =$ H+ *
: =$ 4< '( T ?&
. / 16 M •
149

/ 1 ; 9 / •
.(Regrowth Organisms)
=+ * ./ = (1 26 /) 84 GW
=$F •
) 5 # r 4 ,$ / W
1@ / $ W L ( = ,$ + 500
-') #$ =$ / E' * / / G2 , 4
$$ , # + ?& $ ./

= 0 ,$ / 5 # [ / 4 "F

:( :# '( 5 # = $ / E( :
. Pour Plate Technique * D1
.Spread Plate Technique * B# I 6 D2
:$ R

+ /

F / H ; 2 $ 68 !
*+ 84 8 ') ' A ,$ .8;
37 22 + , / 8 ?< ,8
/ /$ 12 =&4 ?< $ -
!+ / E' /,$ + 100 / -
+ 20 / ?< /$ 72 - 22 +
/$ 48 - 37 + !+ / /,$
? , 2 '( + / ; 68 + 9
150

!+ / m6 =2 # =2 ?< ,8 <@
.- 22 +
+ / ; + 9 *+ ,# G4
<@ , 2 '4 , ,$ '( ./
=+ E' /,$ + 500 ./ ?< "8
< ./ : H ( L $
M4 % 0+< ./ 2 8
.') ' A /,$ + 100 ./
/ ?< ? , 2 S ^$ T

=; "$ $ $ 68 /,$ + 500
!+ / 8 /,$ + 100
+ 500 ./ ?< /$ 48 - 37 – 35 +
+ !+ / A 8 /,$
(HPC) '( / ; + 9 /$ 48 - 37 – 35
./ ?< S ^$ + 9 (
/$ 48 !+ 2 /,$ + 100
.- 22 +
151

* D1
Plate Count Technique
.@ ' 15 +

[ 8 # '( M
@ 664 ) 9 ./ M+ 5 # - 45 .@ =8
#$ L K .+ - 8 5 # E+ 9 E' ( 9?$
=) # ./ = =!6 ,$ 2 -')
^ 5 # [ / 9 !+ :; Q- ./ =8+ (G64
= $+ 9 $ 300 Z 30 ,$
E' (G64 =) ( ,$ /) ! =8+ T ,$
. 1 = ,$ / ./ =8+
: 6

. ,$ [ / ./ /$ D1
.6 ?/ 6 ,$ ./ =8+ /$ D2
: ,
./$ 24 / =< !+ 6 3+ D1
.? , / .@ 3+ D2
.G64 ; 9 ; A Q- ./ =8+ + D3
152

:
(Nutrient Agar) 0') = = $ ./ $ -') #$ ' D1

+ .@ H?( . H - 45 + / - 9+ S!
.S@ +
1 = E' ?& ,664 1@ = ;) H 1 / 3 D2
= $ ./ G64 =$ =-$ -') #$ 9 .@
.( 1 =
=; ./ # =$) X M 5 # .@ (664) , 1 = D3

.(G64 =
[ 8 9; D4
#$ ? 6 5 # E+ = ; 5 # -') #$
? 6 ? < ./) /$ / K/ L 0- T
.(; 15 8 ,664 1
24 !+ H S! 9 .+ ? 6 5 # E D5
.- 37 + / /$
300 Z 30 ,$ ./ M+ 5 # 4 D6

1; 9 @) !+ 5 # 34@ 2 ([ E' $
.(/$ 24 / 6 ?< ./ & 5 # L! /$ Q-
9 G64 = 5 # ,$ / #$ D7

,$ / ./ =8+ G64 = Q ! =8+
. 1 =
153

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8P , E&$
.$- $ , ./ = E( K : ,+ ./
9/ ,W (Weyer et. al ) 2001 9/ ,J + $ 6 #$
9 #$ 6 ) #$ 8P , S = ;&/
K #$ - #$ M #$ #$ #$
. #$ *+ ;&/ ./ L . #$
#E > D3
. ? $J . ,J . ,$

.
( Bouchard , = / 4 ,(2 8P ,<+ /
,$
. :+ HW ,$ ' =<$< < et.al. 1992)
.;& '( = 9/ ,+ ./ ,J .
198

a# * 6
! (
, 6
,

.G; $ =)2 Z 2 , =+ Z a#

; - 0 ! Z =8 ?A .@ W
.Qjj F 1 . W , U4 $ Biological

.84 ,? 3+ Z .% 100 .@ Denitrification
!< 3+ Z
.-
(Resin) Q # =? Z
U4 3+ Z B A (
.+
! - ,64 Ion Exchange
.
. A , ?@ Z
L %? / Z
.^&
U4 ! Z
! - ,64
.Q$ ; , 3+ Z B, !
./ M+ QjF 1 Z .! - Reverse Osmosis
- A $
., / 9$
- !< 3+ Z
. -
199

,
* #

<
M &# ( <
M &#
< 1000 ( <* 1000 ,

&
!
< 5.20 – 0.60 < 6.48 – 1.94
B,
< 1.85 – 0.55 < 2.14 – 0.74 B A (
a# #
< 1.40 – 0.55 < 1.72 – 0.91
W
.W 45.5 ≈ . B
9 1000*
200

,
#

WATER TREATMENT
9 =
i 4 E&$& +8 )
:) '( 5 # "$ + # E( K #$ = ; !
/ 5# / 4@ :64 5# % =! ST
H A ( : M ./
+ # 16< +#$ GW ( 9 / ,'
R A - / ,' H ) A +#$
.&$ = ; 5# 3+ E'
- ,68 $+ H+ q, f 8

F j F ,/ A
9A x
k xF 0+ U4 / H -?6
[ + $@ L! 0! 9 '( ,/
9 '( L + 8 So (
. , 4<
E' j F / 16 ./ / ,'
'( 5 # =!6F L? 2 , / / ; 0! ST
5 =f A ,+ ./ /< ;
22@ + 5# ./ /< f #
E' ') ' A + 0<
.X ] -

8 ,
7&
: $ + % # ,/ 5 #
201

.!
- 8
a# # ? 6 & * D
.!
- 8
8 * D
$ f # ; M $F . !<
=2 $ / , '@ ; $ # @ 6 ST
./) / / [ + = E( *+ :"+8
/ ( + @ 1 ./ 9
; = = $
.( , 4< 1@
Coagulation & flocculation, sedimentation ( 8
,-? f L ./ ; ,-? ?6+ Q 4
,-? =2 ,-? L -? / / / = 9+
*+ 8 9$ =-$ =86 *+ $ /
, '( ,-? ./ ' H % 8 9$ $
# '( % ./ =8+ "2 / H- 5 $ *&
=!6F) K = / /< '4
j F / (11 +
#4 M E' I 4
^ $ ! 9 U4 # '( / ?4
E' + + , 9 , J %99 – 90
'( + G!F *+ <
H $ I 4
j F 9 /
,<+
-' 0! $ , $
$ / =&4 U4 9 + ^& 9 !< H =
,/6 *+@ 5# / H 664 = '( ,<+
#2 "$ # . "#$ .@ = '( =+$ -
.2 "2 ,/ / U4
202

# ' $ $ - , =

' 16 M + , ,$ =&4 ST / 8
% 90 – 40 ^ $ U4 #
=+ ; *+ / 9 9 HW = U4 H 9
/ K; F ./ > ; 9 H / +
. / 16 $ + ,-? /
Filtration :
N # 2 =$ "2 ,/ E(
9$ 9 U4 -? # ( !
k xF 9 [ +
%99 + U4 m# L$ "2 9($ *+ )
,-? / / K; F 9
:"2 ,/ % / 16 $ +
Rapid sand filter I #

d b
o
,$ 6 $ 100 ' L$ "2 =$
$ 9 *
/ ,2 2/
/ / "2 :$ 2 ( "2 =$ # /
, + E' (anthracite) 0+ 9+ = #4 2
S)2 9 1 + , + 9+ : 1 – 0.6 $ ^ #2
A + "2 ' ./$ H 15 – 5 + 5 /$
' $ = 4 / $ ; M4 9$ =
.@ S 2 "2
I F ,$ 9+ / + =
z 9$ + "2
;# =6 58< 84 =6 E' "2
I F , [ +
.U8< *+ .@ 0> $
203

'@ $ =$) / 1P L$ "2 / G; 0!
,-? / / x"2
I F , # $ W+
.(/$ 24 E' H A) L6F
:=/ L$ "2
,2 *+ : > = 9( $ 8 =)2 D
A A 9$ "$ "2 '6 ./ I > *+ ;
.F ./ H $ >
9 ./ 0+ 0' $ 44 *+F 5 =f G&4 D
." 2
r F =&4 ( T "$
T $ =$) / E' "2 8 / 1@ D
9 / ./ 0+ I /
H A =)2 +
2
j F
( +2
j F . G8 9 "8F ST E'
5 =)2 ; 30 . =8 ; 8 $ =$) /
/ K; F / ,' H ( Q x"2
I F $ .@ m#
. / 16 $ + ,-? / F
Slow sand filter e #

d _
b o
m# "2 % / =$ 2/ L$

1/ =$ H ? 4$ H! 9 :L? 2 4 = ;
F 0.5 – 0.2 + 9+ #$ = 2 ./ 0+
# E$
"2 2 / / ( :.8+ # ,+ / 1.25 – 1 +
EF$ 0.35 – 0.15 + ^ = #4 ./ 0+
j F . 60 + .@ (#; =8 ,$ 0.7 +
=j)2
204

/ '( /$ 0.3 – 0.1 ^ 5 = "2F
= L$ "2 / $ ; 4 / $ 9 +
G ? # ./ # '( *+ ,-? 0+
# ( ( 20 +) # (Schmutzdecke) #
,-? L # '( m# "2 / K$ #2
I j
? L#$ ,-? ,$6 ,6# E' ;
= # K6 "2 ' .6$ # (?+ 9$ # '(
.L$ "2
'6 T ,-? +$ 0' # H

=f U .@ 0f >$ H $ $ "2 #
F # ? Tv N "2
r j 8
I (/ :=)2 / L $ /
?F # GW : = ! ($ 10 – 5 E$ +)
,6# U4 / / ' "2 '( F . $<
9/ =)2 1$ )8 , S4 ; S S /
K6
"2
I c ' ST =)2 GW :-; 8 1@
/ E( .L$ -2) "2 / $ 4 / S 0'
# 94 / : / 16 ./ > =/
/ / K; F +2 = ; / $
. / 16 $ + ,-?
205
‫
‬
‫‪#‬آ ا ‪ dI‬اﻡ< ا‪n‬‬
‫ا ‪ dI‬اﻡ< ا !‪ M‬‬
‫‪206‬‬

Activated carbon filter

d _
b o
? "#$ +$ ? S "$ QF / / (
-? / =&4 U4 / 9 9$ U8P ./ S;
U8P ( M4 ,$ / ,-? L E'
?P "2
I F '( =$F A . 10? 58 ,-? ' *+
,$6 E' M+ ./ #$ S ! ,
.,6#

Membrane filters ?"

d b
o
H1 ,-? L 5; 12A / ./ # '(
9 ?T 2 ,/ # ' + ./
2 =$ ; -2) "2 ,/ % !
:
207

microfiltration (MF) * /

D1
U4 / ( 0.1 + ,$ #; g

./ ; ,$ : % A +# ?
0.1 – 0.01 9+ ,' ,$6 12) '( 16 +$ 12)
.12) '( ,$ T
ultrafiltration (UF) D2
U4 / ( =; 0.01 + ,$ #; g

. % A +# ? !< ,$6
M4
A =$ H A , / /<
:! 9 U4 !<
Reverse Osmosis (RO) , ! #

D3
, ! O
.@ H? =; #$ ^& = # L! S G

."! G E' '6 04 12A =&4 H? ./ #$
208

H? =; #$ =$ ^& T ? 64 <+ /
M$ 5 (/ = # .@ &8 .+ H? ./ #$ .@
= F ( (∆P) #)! * 56 GF E' / Q 12) # /
H? ./ #$ ,-? 0$ =< S/ Q +! #)! ;
.H? =; #$ .@
"2 ,$ #; 9 9+ ./ K$ # '(
3+ ; :- $ 4 / $ '( 3+< -2)
9 Q 6 *+ = '( 1@ = ; !+ .@
12)I @ =$ 12) "#$ ./ 9 E' ,-? -
GW & :S A A =2 12) "#$ ./ 6 9 '@
/ 5 $ 6 ; :- =$ -2) "2
,+2 "2 / - $ = 4 ,/ -2) "2
= -?6 ,I + K; F / ./ H1 E'
6 <@ / 16 $ 12) =&4 ,# #)!
9 2 U4 '( =$ @ +
.!
, !
209

nanofiltration (NF) D4
<@ $ "! 2A =+ ( ; ,$ ,' H! (
9 2 U4 '( =$ @ + 6
.!
- 8 6' B# $ / ?"
%9

/ ( " "!
$ b
- 8
%

kPa G
: A ?@
0.1 =; microfiltration
+# ? 50 Z 30
: A ?@ 0.01 =; ultrafiltration

+# :? 0.001 =; 1000 Z 500 nanofiltration
.,$6 0.0001 =; 5000 Z 1000 , !
?
8
6 ,/ 9( - 94$ # ,/
=$ # '( ! 9 U4
- / 16 ? ?A $
-
:+
? $ /
=4 # 4R - 8 =!j6F : K =
: 2 + ! #+
# 9 9 F S <@ : - =$
/) # / 1@ =! ST ( ,-? =4 , '@
/) # / E' ! 9 ./ 1! 6 ( (.
L? 2 .@ =4 = ; # 4R / k# G! (
210

/ + / ,' ./ =8+ !
. L? 2 (regrowth) 9 / L
(free residual) + # ? ./ W6+ ! =?
+ ,<+ H 84 84 = d L!
./ !$ / '( T (/ + L? 2 $
$ ./ =8+ 0> ! 9 ./ > # * ./
. ; ,/ 1 !
# #
•
$ =$ '( 9
L =/6 # ? - U-84 '( =
E' / Q ; ,
<@ / =; (monochloramine) 0+
=[ S $ =$ $
. ; ,6# U4
# #
,
211

=? $ 100 + # ,/ =$ ./ .!
<@ / /P ! 9 U4 Q- # # '(
, G $ , O

,$6 ! =[ A (tri-halomethanes)
M; FJ S <@ ./ ;
: =6# +
,$6 ./ 1! <
H $ #
K = / / $ / / 0!
?< (HOCl) Hypochlorous acid f H H !64
K; 9 ; 30 /
? =< (8) / K =
84 =$ 4< ./ /< + ?
` G G ( - ! *+ 0' =/6 kW
. DPD (N, N-diethylparaphenylene diamine)
H+ + Cl- + HOCl Cl2 + H2O
OCl- + H+ HOCl
K
+ H =/6$ 1 .@ ! /
*+ E' Hydrochloric acid E
+ Hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorite Ion * .@ Hypochlorous acid
+ E6
+ .$ 6 ( Hydrogen Ion
. 4 ,
L =/6 ./ S 0'
:,
#
7& B# 8K (
,
.
? D2 .#F ? D1
. K = D4 .+ D3
212

. D6 .5; - # D5
6A ,
•
;# =&4 S 9 ,' & $ / / ? ?A
:- ,&/6
=&4 $6 5 2 =$ -
? ?A =$ 9 .0 1 # 8
9 9 M4 5# S$ E' 2 $ 100 '
ST ? / S *+ ; =/6 ./ G
L =/6 : 4 ? 10? L H 2 =/6$
9 0< 22@ .? =+ 4
9A ) 8 9 :? ?) H
9 (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Mycobacteria)
.?] H
?$ 6A 6@
; ,/ Mycobacterium avium U4

&4 ?) ' ,$6 :?
213

=6# ./ =; $ =6# ./ 0; ?] !4
=/6 $ ,?) ? ?A Cryptosporidium 9 $
? 0! =+ $ $ A ,?) S <@
"8 ST + ? G 9 HW ?
. + ? ./ 0+ / S
! $ ./ S; ? ?) ! O

/$ ; 0+ =+ ; !/ [ E' / Q
'( 06 / 1 9 / + ./
U4 E' / $> U4
.6 , ? A A
& * ,A ,

•
! 9 U4 $6 5 2 / ,k /

F
2 L 2 $ 2/ 4
mJ 10 =; +) H $ ; / ; # ' 9(P ?
Cryptosporidium 9 9 $ =6# U4 (29$ =
( Giardia lamblia < =6# ,&8+ E' parvum
/ '( . =6 ./ 9
214

./ '( 16 $6 5 2] ! 9 62
:? 4
2
. $ ,' 0 9/ D
.! U4 ./ D
.! ($ =&4 9# $+ = +- 9# ./ >< D
.H $ 8;
? 3+ D
+ / $ < S # '( /
. -' ! ./
& * ,f
( ! (
+

,
#

215

:? <
$ 6
7M
6 .@ 8 L? 2 * / 3+ ;

'@ $ / ,#4 =!6 2 +8 ./ =8+
S - 4$ 4$ H $ Q ,
=+ F H;> + O =$ T ,<+
ST # # H ) H +- H W
# / *+ -? U-84 / /< '4
#; =$ "2 9 =!6F ( / / , '@ 0
?4 # 9 $ .+ 6W d;
.=6 9+ GW 1/
( , # / ^P $- $ E(
- # 5&#P ./ 5# =! ( ) #
. M
:? $ *
Boiling : #"
!F 9 ./ 1! G

a + ; =8 )
06 A + .@ 9# / Q$ ) / <@
/ .$ '( 4R .@ 1/ ) , $ 9 E'
..) 1 .@ " =; !
Chemical treatment : ?
,

=$ $P ) # < GW
. =$ *+ '( # -
216

Chlorine :# (
,
Chlorine bleach :0 o
: # ( 9$ ./ ? K 0+
9 K ? + 9 $ / +
,#; 10 ! 9 9 A ? '@ : = S!@
. ./ 0+ / , '@ / 6/! 9 ./ Quart =
Quart* ( 0

#
6
10 %1
2 %6–4
1 % 10 – 7
.
9 0.95 = Quart *
$ = ; ; 30 8 3? / L
,#; ! (/ +- '( W+& 9 'T 664 +- W+&$
9 ; +- , '@ ; 15 k # M4
) , 4O GW 1/ S $ ,/$ 1 1 E
.
Calcium Hypochlorite :- : # > o
* ( , + ! =+ !+ 9

≈ M$ 1) 1 1 + .@ (H 9A 30 = ) 9$
? $ (/ /9) 500 + =+ ? ( 0.0455
1? 100 .@ 1? ! 9 # ? %70 +
217

12.5 + .@ =+ 2\1 ! = ( 100 : 1 $ 0
.
Chlorine tablets # a/9 o
G!
F , 9/ + K ./ [ , $+ =$
.# 1 1.15 .@ + U;
# a/9 (
, $
Iodine : (
,
# # S$ +#$ # =$ <
.9 $ =6# =6# U4 =N A S *+
Tincture iodine o
# ,$P =$F 0' # =$

8 = .@ %2 ? ,#; 5 + ! E'
.&$ = ; ; 30 E L ,#; 10 + ! 9
218

Iodine tablets a/9 o
9 , '( 9/ + K ./ , % 9
.# 1 1 .@ + U; !
Solar disinfection (SODIS) 0

,F $
; =&4 1991 $ # '( ./ G 9

E' 9 %99.9 $ 9 U4 ./ # '(
=8 / /$ !64 + ,/$ 5 + K2 2
) # + .@ S 2 # '( - 50 .@ +
/ / $@ # ' ?4
P ST +8 W M , ./ H1 (regrowth)
=$&) ; , 2 # K2 2 ./ /P
9 @ 9 A # 1! ./ ; (?
:=&4 E' ;
.( )
,A 8F o
9 ? $2 2] 1 1 1/

=&4 E' 9
65 – 55 + .@ 1 + =8 *+ 1/ 4$ E' =&4
1/ 2 L! ! ./ 1! ( -
. ' / 8 .@ + =8 ./ = 4R
. , & * ,A 8F o
K2 2 H 2 (# - ;

./
.NTU 30 / 1 / ?< ./
219

.W,
, & * ,A
,A 8F o
6 A *+ ? # <

H $ 5# (
(# H-? - 62 ;
./ +
1&# =!6 NTU 30 / 1 / ?< ./ K2 2 H 2
# ;4 K2 2 K $ 1&# 6$
+ 3 H 9 1 + %6 1[ H 6/! <
H 6
.K2 + 2 ./
? :4O
0
,A !,
#
@ .9 A 7) #

/
220

4 3 2 1
8 7 6 5
SODIS 0
,9 (
, $ # #
,
& * ,A 0
(
,
$
221

:# (
, T $
Dutchess County Health Department's environmental "8

$ !F 9 (4 ! O # laboratory
S :# - * , + CloroxTM =-$
? *+ + $
+ # =$ U; =$
/ S <@ - =6$ # - %; .@ U) ./
G! ? () N 6 2 4 ' 4
: = "! ( - 5/ ./
!

? *

* , + 9A 56 = CloroxTM 3 100
* , + 9A 112 = CloroxTM 4 200
* , + 9A 168 = CloroxTM 6 300
* , + 9A 252 = CloroxTM 9 400
* , + 9A 336 = CloroxTM 12 500
:
.=-$ G! 9 - 1#A %? Z1
S 0 =$ 1 3? - #4 9; Z2

. 37.850 + 6 /P - 5+ 8
+- W .@ 8 Z3
.- / 8
222

/T 9; /$ 24 – 8 + = ; =$ < 8 =6; Z4

.- 1#A
+- 2& .+ ; 15 + 8 " / E' Z5
.9# E'
? K E' 9 10 + # / $ Z6
.
223
‫
‬
‫?‪ $ * a‬‬
‫ ‪ $‬‬

‫ ‪ $‬‬ ‫‪,A‬‬
‫ ‪ 8‬‬ ‫ ‪ $‬‬
‫
‪R‬‬ ‫
‬ ‫"‪#‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‪ $‬‬ ‫‪,A‬‬
‫‪,A‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫ ‪(
,‬‬
‫<!‬ ‫‪#‬‬ ‫
‬
‫*‬ ‫‪,A‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪##‬‬ ‫‬
‫& ‬ ‫*‬
‫& ‬
‫‪"#$‬‬ ‫‪"#$‬‬
‫و ‬ ‫و ‬ ‫‪ "#$‬و ‬ ‫‪ "#$‬و ‬
‫ ‪
a#‬‬
‫‪- 8‬‬
‫‪ "#$‬و ‬ ‫'&‪%‬‬ ‫'&‪%‬‬ ‫'&‪()*+ %‬‬ ‫'&‪()*+ %‬‬ ‫‪ "#$‬و ‬
‫'&‪%‬‬ ‫‪()*+‬‬ ‫‪()*+‬‬ ‫اﻝ‪.‬اﺙ&"‬ ‫اﻝ‪.‬اﺙ&"‬ ‫'&‪%‬‬
‫اﻝ‪.‬اﺙ&" اﻝ‪.‬اﺙ&"‬ ‫اﻝ‪0122‬‬ ‫اﻝ‪0122‬‬
‫اﻝ‪ 0122‬اﻝ‪0122‬‬
‫ اﻝ‪562‬‬
‫
<‬
‫‪،"#$‬‬
‫‬ ‫‪78 9&):;8‬‬ ‫‪،"#$‬‬
‫‪($M‬‬
‫ اﻝ‪562‬‬ ‫‪-15‬‬
‫اﻝ‪562‬‬ ‫در'‪0‬‬ ‫‪%26 - 9‬‬ ‫‪"#$‬‬
‫‪9&):;8‬‬ ‫‪%48‬‬
‫‪9&):;8‬‬ ‫?ارة ‪55‬‬
‫در'‪6A 0‬ی‪0‬‬
‫
‬
‫
‪$‬‬
‫‬
‫‪"#$‬‬ ‫‪"#$‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪ B‬ی‪2‬‬
‫‪;:‬رة‬
‫
‬
‫ا‪;2#C‬ﻝ‪;D‬‬ ‫‪;:‬رة أ‬ ‫‪;:‬رة أ‬

‫
‪$ ,‬‬
‫أ ‬
‫
‬
‫ﻝ‪;#2‬ﻝ‪0.‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪30‬‬
‫اﻝ‪E;&2‬‬ ‫‪NTU 30‬‬ ‫‪NTU30‬‬
‫‪NTU‬‬
‫اﻝدی‪0A‬‬
‫‪224‬‬
‫
‬
‫‪% ،"#$‬‬ ‫‪% ،"#$‬‬ ‫*;ﻝ‪،B ;ًG‬‬

‫ی‪P‬ﺙ ‪ S):‬ی‪P‬ﺙ ‪S):‬‬ ‫و‪ %‬ی‪HI‬‬
‫ "

?‬
‫
‪
# I/‬‬
‫اﻝ‪،"#T‬‬ ‫اﻝ‪،"#T‬‬ ‫‪ 9I:‬ﺕ‪(C‬‬
‫
‪,‬‬
‫‪ B‬ﺕ‪ &Q‬أو‬ ‫‪ ،B‬أو *&‬ ‫‪ ،B‬أو *&‬
‫اﻝاﺉ‪0U‬‬ ‫اﻝاﺉ‪0U‬‬ ‫‪ K#‬اﻝ‪62‬اد‬
‫ اﻝ‪;I‬ذر‬ ‫‪P‬ﺙ‬ ‫‪P‬ﺙ‬
‫وی‪9I: HI‬‬ ‫وی‪HI‬‬ ‫اﻝ&‪;&2‬ﺉ&‪0‬‬
‫‪6‬اد‬ ‫‪6 9I:‬اد‬ ‫و‪N$‬ع‬
‫';‪0&G$‬‬ ‫';‪0&G$‬‬ ‫ا‪+‬آ‪&.O‬‬
‫*;ﻝ‪،B ;ًG‬‬
‫‪ %I: ،"#$‬اﻝ‪NV‬ی ﻝ‪%2‬ة‬
‫
‪- 8‬‬
‫

‪,‬‬
‫*;ﻝ‪،B ;ًG‬‬ ‫إذا ;‬ ‫‪%I: ،"#$‬‬
‫‪%I: ،"#$‬‬ ‫‪%I: ،"#$‬‬
‫إذا ; ﺕ‪86‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪86‬‬ ‫اﻝ‪NV‬ی‬
‫‪ 2 – 1‬ی‪6‬م‬
‫اﻝ‪NV‬ی‬ ‫اﻝ‪NV‬ی‬
‫ف‬
‫‪%Z‬ار ‪%Z‬ار آ; ٍ‬ ‫ﻝ‪%2‬ة أآ‬
‫ﻝ‪%2‬ة ‪2 – 1‬‬ ‫ﻝ‪%2‬ة ‪2 – 1‬‬
‫ف اﻝ)‪6‬ر‬ ‫آ; ٍ‬ ‫ ‪2 – 1‬‬
‫ی‪6‬م‬ ‫ی‪6‬م‬
‫اﻝ‪U‬‬ ‫اﻝ)‪6‬ر‬ ‫ی‪6‬م‬
‫اﻝ‪U‬‬
‫ی‪;U‬ج‬
‫ﻝ‪%‬ری(‬
‫ﻝ)‪0$;&a‬واﻝ‪ _&`I‬وﺕ‪&&Q‬‬
‫ی‪;U‬ج ﻝ‪%‬ری( ‪^C6‬‬
‫‪^C6‬‬
‫‪* $‬‬
‫‪08;1B‬‬ ‫‪DC‬‬ ‫‪DC‬‬
‫اﻝ‪;Ga2‬ح‬
‫اﻝ‪62‬اد‬ ‫وی‪;U‬ج‬ ‫وی‪;U‬ج‬ ‫‪DC‬‬ ‫‪DC‬‬

‫اﻝ&‪;&2‬ﺉ&‪،0‬‬ ‫ﻝ)‪%‬ری(‬ ‫ﻝ)‪%‬ری(‬
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‫واﻝﺵ&‪c‬‬
‫ی‪;U‬ج إﻝ‪S‬‬
‫ی‪;U‬ج‬ ‫و?‪%‬ة‬
‫ﻝ‪%a2‬ر‬ ‫ا‪+‬ﺵ‪0#‬‬
‫ی‪;U‬ج‬ ‫ی‪;U‬ج‬ ‫ی‪;U‬ج‬
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‫ﻝ‪%a2‬ر‬ ‫‪;I&I‬ت‬ ‫ﻝ‪;I&IZ‬ت‬ ‫ی‪;U‬ج‬
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‫ی‪86‬‬ ‫`)‪02‬‬ ‫‪0&&Cf‬‬ ‫ﻝ‪%a2‬ر‬
‫اﻝ‪U‬‬ ‫وا‪%GC‬ال‬
‫اﻝ‪62‬اد‬ ‫و‪;:‬آ‪g‬‬ ‫ ;دة‬ ‫ﻝ)‪0;T‬‬
‫وو‪;:‬ء‬ ‫اﻝ‪;Ga2‬ح‬
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‫ﻝ)‪NV‬ی‬ ‫ﻝ)‪0;T‬‬
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‫‪%U‬د‬ ‫اﻝ‪6‬ا?‪%‬‬ ‫ﻝ)‪0&I&IZ‬‬ ‫ﻝ‪fDCf‬ك‬
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‫‪;:‬ﻝ‪7‬‬ ‫‪;:‬ﻝ‪7‬‬
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‫ﺙ‪6‬ا‪ 7$‬أو‬
‫‪ 78‬و'‪6‬د‬ ‫‪ 78‬و'‪6‬د‬
‫‪ $ # -6)
6‬‬
‫د;ﺉ‪p‬‬
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‫إ‪;2:‬دًا‬
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‫‪".? S):‬‬
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‫اﻝ‪E;&2‬‬
‫‪;&* 78‬ب‬ ‫‪;&* 78‬ب‬
‫واﻝ‪:;i2‬‬
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‫اﻝ‪2#O2‬‬
‫‪226‬‬

?+" A
Bile aesculin azide agar ?+" D1
9A 10 Peptone-1
9A 10 Meat extract-2
9A 10 Ox-bile purified and dehydrated-3
9A 5 Sodium chloride-4
9A 1 Aesculin-5
9A 15 0Sodium azide-6
9A 5 Ferric ammonium citrate, green scales-7
9A 10 Agar-8
1000 Distilled water -9
L - 100 + / # 1 , 'T 9;

115 + / 9 9 7 = ./ . K = # !
.- , 4 + W6+ 5 # $ 9 5-; 10 -
: Brilliant green lactose broth ?+" -2
9A 10 Peptone- 1
9A 10 Lactose-2
9A 20 Ox bile, purified and dehydrated-3
13 Brilliant green, 0.1 %( w/v) in water-4
Ox bile, ` '@ # 1 500 Peptone ` '@ 9

= # ! ./ # 1 200 purified and dehydrated
227

=8 # 1 ! L + #4 9; 9 7.5 – 7 . K

.@ . K = = L ?& G! E' : 975 .@ 9+
%? 1 .@ . 9+ =8 Brilliant green ` =+ G! 7.4
9 = 5 9+ 9( ./ {= M+
.5-; 10 - 115 + /
?+" -3
Differential reinforced clostridial medium (DRCM)
9 0 ? ./ =8+ G/! ? -') #$ !+ 9;
.# 1 K6 ! S664
Basal medium A ?+" D9

9A 20 Peptone-1
9A 20 Meat extract-2
9A 10 Sodium acetate, hydrated-3
9A 3 Yeast extract-4
9A 2 Soluble starch-5
9A 2 Glucose-6
9A 1 L (-) Cysteine hydrochloride-7
Yeast extract Sodium acetate Meat extract Peptone 'T 9;

9 ./ # 1 200 2 ' # 1 800
:4$ # 1 S@ G! 9 # 1 =; 1? 2 '@
# ! L :Cysteine ` ? $ =
i ! L + '( #4 E'
.7.2 – 7.1 ./ K
228

$ ,' 5&AP + ,; ./ H 50 10 9+ #$ '( %?
+ ; 0 ? H 25 9+ ./ 125 28
- 121 + #$ '( 9 9 .H 28 9+ ,' 5&AP
.; 15
Sodium sulphate and ferric ammonium citrate solutions D
%7 ? Sodium sulphate ` =+ %4 ? !+ 9

9 / 9 .# 1 '( 'T Ferric ammonium citrate`
, 4 + H 14 =+ '( W6+ P :"2 #$
.-
Final medium ?$ ?+" –
! E' 4< 1@ S 9$ 0' 9 #$ '( !+ 9
.Ferric ammonium citrate` Sodium sulphate ` =+ | $
9 #$ '( 4$ $$ -') #$ -' $ %? 9
ferric Sodium sulphate ./ 2 0.4 !
$$ -') #$ H 50 10 .@ ammonium citrate solutions
-') #$ 0 ? H 25 .@ 0.5 G! :? G/!
.$$
Glucose azide broth ?+" -4
9A 20 Peptone-1
9A 10 Glucose-3
9A 10 Di-potassium hydrogen phosphate-4
229

9A 4 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate-5

9A 6 Yeast extract-6
9A 0.5 Sodium azide-7
4 Bromocresol purple, 1.6 %( w/v) in ethanolD8
./ =8+ S664 -') #$ '( G/! ? !+ 9
.# 1 K6 ! 0 ?
6.8 – 6.6 / K # ! L # 1 I'

.5-; 10 - 115 + 9 ,; ./ %?
GGG5)
.S;2$ S/& 9 '@ H 9$ Sodium azide `
Lactose peptone water with phenol -5
9A 10 Lactose-2
9A 2.5 Phenol red, 0.4 %( w/v) in water-3
9A 10 Peptone-4
G! 9 :7.5 / K # ! L # 1 '( '

./ M+ 4 ./ 5 9+ %? Phenol red ` G2
.5-; 10 - 110 + =+ '( 9 9 9(
230

(Lauryl tryptose broth) Lauryl sulphate broth ?+" – 6
9A 40 Tryptose-1
9A 10 Lactose-2
9A 5.5 Di-potassium hydrogen phosphate-4
9A 5.5 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate-5
9A 0.2 (BDH 44244) Sodium lauryl sulphate, pure -6
1000 Distilled water-7
Di- ` ?& $ Sodium chloride ` Tryptose ` G!

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate ` potassium hydrogen phosphate
L Sodium lauryl sulphate ` G! 9 :9 'P 4$ L # 1 .@
'( G/! ? !+ :6.8 / K # ! G# E+
.&/ ' G8 .@# 1 K6 G! #$
./ M+ ,; ./ ? G/! -') #$ L? 9;
' -') #$ :H 50 10 $ ,' 9+ 9(
10 - 115 + 9 9 5 9+ 0 ?
.5-;
Litmus milk broth ?+" -7
H !+ -') #$ '( / ?& $ 4 Q
Casein ` $$
+ *+ H -') #$ " 8
.(Stormy Clot) G8 4 G ?) / 4 -( ./
G62 =-$ .@ =+$ + T + =+
231

.@ S =+$ Litmus milk broth -') #$ =$ / ST
.9 / =&4 5A
Skimmed milk &

# D
E' S ; 20 4 =$ 3?# + 4$ 9;
+ U4 9 8 Creamy 9 2; # /$ 24
.
Litmus (#
D
9A 80 Litmus granules D1
300 40% Ethyl alcohol D2
1 mol\l Hydrochloric acid D3
=+ 150 ./ M+ 5 $ , + +# 9

.+ % 40 ? P =+ ! 9 E' ; .) EF P
) .+ E+ L E
+ ,#; G!F 9 . 300 9+
. " 8 =+
1 ./ M+ 4 A 9 =+ ' !+
=+ '( #; 9 G! # 1 ./ M+ M4 4 8
P $6 .@ # 1 ./ M+ =+$ (/
.5? .@ 8 1 ./ 0+
9 #$ '( 5 L? 9 #$ ' - !+
.L? = ; 2 Litmus ` ! L 9 *& ; 20 4
MacConkey broth ?+" D8
232

9A 20 Peptone D1
9A 10 Lactose D2
9A 5 Bile salts D3
9A 5 98 D4
9A 0.075 Neutral red D5
1000 Distilled water D6
= # ! L ; 15 - 121 + 9 9

7.4 / K
Nutrient agar?+" -9
9A 1 Lab-Lemco powder D1
9A 2 yeast extract D2
9A 5 Peptone D3
9A 5 Sodium chloride D4
9A 15 Agar D5
= # ! L ; 15 - 121 + 9 9

7.4 / K
Tryptone water ?+" -10
9A 10 Tryptone water D1
233

= # ! L ; 15 - 121 + 9 9

. 7.4 ( Z/+ 0.2 ) / K
: Modified Starkey’s medium A ?+" D11
: (
9A 0.5 Hydrogen phosphate di-potassium (anhydrous) D1
9A 1.0 Amonium chloride D2

9A 0.1 Calcium chloride(dehydrate) D3
9A 2.0 (heptahydrate) Magnesium sulphate D4
# 1 100 5.0 Sodium lactate solution (60 – 70%) D5
9A 0.1 Sodium thioglycolate D6
9A 0.1 Ascorbic acid D7
9A 0.001 (heptahydrate) ferric (II) sulphate D8
1 Deionized or Distilled water D9
800 (98 ,< =+ / ) $ L '@ 9
K = # ! 9 .? 6 9?$ @ 4$ L # 1
,< =+ 5 G!F .(0.2 ±) 7.2 +
.@ =+ G!F E' :=+ A 9 1 100 .@ 98
.# 1 ! E' 1000 .@ - 9+ =8 $ '
10 $ ,' 4 ./ ?( -') #$ %?F

9 :?& ,664 1P = #$ '( 9 L! E'
- GW =! $ U4 ! H
- 121 + 9 9 E' , ?4
234

1 = ; H 2 -') #$ !+ ! ./ .; 15
.=+ 1@
:Modified API RP-38 medium ?+" D12
: (
9A 1 Sodium sulphateD1
# 1 100 4 Sodium lactate solution (60 – 70%)D2
9A 1 Yeast extract D3
9A 0.1 Ascorbic acid D4
9A 0.2 (heptahydrate) 9$A , D5
9A 0.01 9$ - ,6$ D6
9A 0.2 Iron(II)ammonium sulphate hexahydrate D7
1 Distilled water or Deionized D8
800 (98 ,< =+ / ) $ , L '@ 9
K = # ! 9 :? 6 9?$ @ 4$ L 1
,< =+ 5 G!F .(0.2 ±) 7.2 +
.@ =+ G!F E' :=+ A 9 1 100 .@ 98
.# 1 ! E' 1000 .@ - 9+ =8 $ '
10 $ ,' 4 ./ ?( -') #$ %?F

9 :?& ,664 1P = #$ '( 9 L! E'
GW =! $ U4 9 .+ ! H
121 + 9 9 E' ., ?4 -
H 2 -') #$ !+ ! ./ .; 15 -
.=+ 1@ 1 = ;
235

:Modified W-R single strength medium ?+" D13
: #$ '(
9A 0.5 Hydrogen phosphate di-potassium D1

9A 0.5 Maghnesiu sulphate (heptahydrate) D2
9A 0.5 Ammonium nitrate D3
9) 50 (dehydrate) Calcium chlorideD4
9A 6 Iron(III) ammonium citrate D5
9 1 '@ 9 *+ :G/! ? #$ '( !+ 9
,; H 15 ; 9+ S? (0.2 ±) 6.7 .@ K # !
H 25 ; 9+ ! :H 50 $ ,' 5&AP + ,$ ,'
15 - 121 + 9 100 $ ,' ,;
1@ 1 = ; H 2 -') #$ !+ ! ./ ;
.=+
#$ 20 ? G/! =+ !+ #

25 $ ,' ; .@ =+ '( 0.75 = 9 .' G$ -')
H , '( 5A E' 9 .- 65 + 66
.!+ s $ 9 ; 6 - 8Z2 + W6+
:Egg yolk Tryptose sulphite cycloserine agar ?+" D14
9A 15 Tryptose D2
9A 5 Soya peptone D3
236

9) 1 Sodium metabisulphite D4

9A 1 Iron(III) ammonium citrate D5
9A 14 Agar D6
$ E+ L 4$ 'P # 1 L L! 9
- 121 + / G& -') #$ 9 9 E'
G! - 48 – 45 .@ S+ =8 / E ; 15
9) 100 ? "2 9F D- cycloserine =+ 4 S@
= = L 0 5 # ./ -') #$ L? 9 3? =
-') #$ ?4 9 / L .(0.2 ±) 7.6 K
% $ / ?< - 8 – 2 + / & !+
U4 9 & < =$ 9 & 4@ 9 5 #
.
:Buffered nitrate-motility medium ?+" D15
9A 3 Beef extract D1
9A 5 Peptone D2
9A 5 Potassium nitrate D3
9A 5 D- Galactose D4
9A 5 Glycerol D5
9A 2.5 Disodium hydrogen phosphate D6
9A 3 Agar D7
4 10 ? # 1 'T 9;

G& ? 9 :9+F 1#A ./ 0+ $ 9+ ,'
237

K = 9 E' :; 15 - 121 +
/ & (? 9 -') #$ ?4 :(0.2 ±) 7.3
.- 8 – 2 +
:Lactose-gelatin medium ?+" D16
9A 15 Tryptose D1
9A 5 Disodium hydrogen phosphate D3
9A 120 Gelatin D4
9A 10 Lactose D5
9A 12.5 Phenol red ( 0.4% m\v)=+ D6
L (Phenol red =+ Lactose / ) # 1 '@ 9
rrrrC 9@ G!F E' (0.2 ±) 7.5 K =
4 E' %? #4 3?F :Phenol red =+ ‫ز‬6rrrrrrrrr‫آ‬f‫اﻝ‬
- 121 + G& ? 9 : 10
L .(0.2 ±) 7.5 K = 9 E' :; 15
8 – 2 + / & !+ -') #$ ?4 9 /
.2 / ? < -
:Membrane enterococcus agar ?+" D17
9A 20 Tryptose D1
9A 4 Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate D3
9) 400 Sodium azide D4
238

9A 2 Glucose D5
9A 12 AgarD6
10 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (1%m\v) solution D7
L (triphenyltetrazolium chloride / )# 1 '@ 9

K = 9 E' : + 4$
"2 9F triphenyltetrazolium chloride =+ S@ G! .(0.2 ±) 7.2
9 ; !+F -') #$ ?4 9< .0 5 # H 2 8F
L .2 / ?< - 8 – 2 + !+ 5 # ?4
'@ :-') #$ 16 < .+ / + 4$ 9/ /
+ S '@ / 0 .@ -') #$ ) W+
.S U4 S$ 9/ - 50
:Kanamycin aesculin azide agar ?+" D18
9A 20 Tryptone D1
9) 500 Iron(III) ammonium citrate D3
9A 1 Sodium citrate D4
9A 1 Aesculin D5
9)150 Sodium azide D7
9) 20 Kanamycin sulphate D8
9A 12 Agar D9
239

G& ? =+ 9 9 :# 1 'T 9;

K = 9 E' :; 15 - 121 +
!+ -') #$ ?4 9 / L .(0.2 ±) 7.0
.2 / ? < - 8 – 2 + / &
:Bile aesculin agar ?+" D19
9A 8 Peptone D1
9A 20 Bile salt D2
9A 1 Aesculin D3
9A 15 Agar D4
9) 500 Iron(III)citrate D5
K = 9 E' :# 1 'T 9;

121 + G& ? =+ 9j F (0.2 ±) 7.1
& !+ -') #$ ?4 9 / L :; 15 -
.2 / ? < - 8 – 2 + /
Pseudomonas agar with cetrimide & nalidixic ?+" D20

:acid
9A 10 Casein Or Peptone D1
9A 16 Gelatin peptone D2
9A 10 Potassium sulphate (anhydrous) D3
9A 1.4 Magnesium chloride(anhydrous) D4
10 Glycerol D5
9) 200 Cetrimide D6
240

9) 15 Nalidixic acid, sodium salt D7

9A 11 Agar D8
:Milk agar with citrimide ?+" D21

9A 0.075 Peptone D1
9A 1.25 Sodium chloride D3
9A 100 Skimmed milk powder D4
9) 0.3 Cetrimide D5
9A 51 Agar D6
:Peptone saline & (#

D22
9A 1 Peptone D1
9A 8.5 Sodium chloride D2
241

GGG
L D1
9A 2 p- Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde D1
30 Amyl alcohol D2
10 Hydrochloric acid (Conc.) D3
G! 9 =+ p- Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ` '

+ ; W6+ . #4 L ? E
+
.2 ?4 ^< ./ - 8 2 ^
6 A D2
=$< = ; 2 !+ 9
9A 0.1 Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride D1

: (6 D3
:(9) D
9A 0.8 Sulphanilic acid D1
100 5N acetic acid -2
./ A + + 4$ S '@ 9
:() D
9A 0.6 N,N-dimethyl α-naphtylamine D1
100 5N acetic acid -2
242

/ & G2 W6+ 9 / L . 3? 9
.- 8 – 2 +
243

GGG

<W
8A , D1
A •
. 10 : 5 : 1 : 0.1 :8 -

.9( -
. 4 -
.9 ; =; ./ 200 $ ,' + -
.- 45 – 44 + - 9+ -
.(- 37 ) !+ -
. + -
.## S8 -
." @ -
.? -
•
.E G2 -
?+" A •
1$+ -
Brilliant green lactose bile 1$+ -
Tryptone water -
244

?" 0 D2
A •
Screw capped test tubes -

Pipettes 5ml -
Petri dishes -
Inoculating loop -
Incubator (44oC) -
?+" A •
Glucose azide broth -

Bile Aesculin azide agar-
245

6 - # D3
A •
H 50 : #4 5 -

. 4 -
. 25 10 :1 :8 -
.- 37 !+ -
M+ $ -
.- 75 - 9+ -
?+" A •
Differential reinforced clostridial medium (DRCM) -

Freshly steamed & cooled Litmus milk broth-
246

;< ' # ; F ! < ,

?" (
,
A •
( 0.45) -2A "2

-2) "2 +
0 5 #
4
" @
(- 44 : 37) !+
•
- Kovac’s reagent.
- Oxidase reagent.
?+" A •
- Tryptone water.
- Lactose peptone water.
- Nutrient agar.
- MacConkey agar.
247

$ # %)M ' I/
www.cdc.gov
www.eleint.co.uk
www.epa.gov
www.fda.gov
www.hach.com
www.hc-sc.gc.ca/food-aliment
www.oxoid.co.uk
www.sartorius.com
www.who.int
www.cred.be
www.odi.org.uk
www.fao.org
248

IGG

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biotechnology research center, 2007, Libya.
2 Bartram, J. , et al. Heterotrophic Plate Count and Drinking –Water Safety,
WHO, 2003, Geneva.
3 Bartram, J. , Fewtrell L. Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health.
Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease
(IWA, SMI, WHO), Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health. IWA
Publishing, 2001, London, UK
4 Bidlack WR., Wang W., Clemens R., Journal of Food Science-vol.69, Nr. 2,
2004 The World,s Most Precious Resource. Institute of Food Technologists.
5 Bridosn EY. , The Oxoid Manual, 8th ed. 1998, UK
6 Cappuccino J. and Sherman N. , Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed.
1992, California.
7 Cheesbrough M. , Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries, 1st ed.
Tropical Laboratory Technology, 1984, England.
8 Collee JG. , et al. Practical Medical Microbiology, 13th ed. Churchill
Livingstone, 1989, Edinburgh.
9 Copeland J., Biological Denitrification, California Energy Commission,
2002, California.
10 Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Water August 1997, USA.
11 Hach Company. , Water Analysis Handbook Publication; Pour Plate
Method, Methods 8241 and 8242, 2002, USA.
12 Howard, G. and Bartram, J. , Domestic Water Service Level and Health,
WHO, 2003, Geneva.
13 Jolly R. , Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment Report, WHO,
2000, USA.
14 LeChevallier M.W. and Au K K., Water Treatment and Pathogen Control:
Process Efficiency in Achieving Safe Drinking Water, WHO; 2004, UK.
15 Mark D. Sobsey and Frederic K. Pfaender., Evaluation of the H2S Method
249

for Detection of Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water, World Health

Organization, 2002, Geneva.
16 Medema, G. , et al. Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water, 1st ed.
UK: TJ International(Ltd), Padstow, 2003, Cornwall.
17 Microbiological examination of water in sealed containers and prepackaged
ice for coliform bacteria, health protection branch, MFO-18,july 2002,
Ottawa.
18 Microbiological examination of water in sealed containers and prepackaged
ice for total aerobic bacteria, health protection branch, MFO-17,july 2002,
Ottawa.
19 P.V. Morais and M.S. Da Costa, Alterations in the Major Heterotrophic
Bacterial Populations Isolated from a Still Bottled Mineral Water, J. Applied
Bacteriol, v. 69, (1990).
20 Percival, S. , et al. Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases, 1st ed.: Elsevier
Academic Press, 2004, UK.
21 Polyscience Publications. , Microbiological Examination of Mineral Water.
1993.
22 Schmidtke. J., and et al.Bottles in the sun, Swiss agency for development
and cooperation, 2001, Uzbekistan.
23 Sobsey M D., Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from
Improved Water Supply, WHO; 2002.USA
24 Standing Committee of Analysts., The Microbiology of Drinking Water Part
5-A method for the isolation and enumeration of enterococci by membrane
filtration, Environment Agency, 2002,Uk.
25 Standing Committee of Analysts.The Microbiology of Drinking Water Part
6-A method for the isolation and enumeration of sulphite reducing clostridia
and Clostridium perfringens by membrane filtration, Environment Agency,
2002,Uk.
26 Standing Committee of Analysts.The Microbiology of Drinking Water Part
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with taste, odour and related aesthetic problems, Environment Agency,
(2004),Uk.
27 World Health Organization. , Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3th ed.
250

WHO, 2004, Geneva.

28 #$ + 52 ;P : 2 =-< } . +8 W
,8 } 1989}
251

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252

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Drinking Water Bacteriology (Arabic Edition)

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Drinking Water Bacteriology (Arabic Edition)

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