Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Muneeb Ali
Princeton
University
Introduction: 2003
Image:
MIT
TechReview
Introduction: 2005
5000
4400
4500
4000
3400
3500
3000
2500
1960
2000
1500
946
1000
447
500 226
47 43 50 70
0
Image:
Koen
Langendoen
Introduction: 2008
Censor
Networks:
A
CriOque
of
“Sensor
Networks”
from
a
Systems
PerspecOve
B.
Raman,
K.
Chebrolu
(IIT
Bombay)
Introduction
This talk:
‐ A brief history of the last 5 years of research (2003‐2008)
‐ Important problems, soluOons, and lessons
‐
Future
direcOons
A Brief History
I
am
smiling
because
I
was
right!
Gordon
Moore
Intel
Co‐Founder
A Brief History
log
(people
per
computer)
0
Image:
Culler:2004
Network Stack
ApplicaOon
Layer
L4
L3 Network Layer
L2 Link Layer
L1
Physical
Layer
L1: Physical
‐
Memory:
10
KB
‐
Radio:
CC2420
(250
Kbps)
‐
Processor:
MSP430
(16‐bit)
Transceiver
Memory
Embedded
Processor
Sensors
Ba^ery
L1: Physical
L1: Physical
Intel Imote 2 Sun Spot
●
320/416/520MHz
PXA271
XScale
Processor
●
32
bit
ARM7
core
‐
32MB
SDRAM
on‐board
‐
256K
RAM
‐
32MB
Flash
on‐board
‐
2M
Flash
●
[802.15.4]
Radio
(ChipCon
CC2420)
●
[802.15.4]
Radio
(ChipCon
CC2420)
Image
courtesy
Image
courtesy
L1: Physical
(mm2) (MHz)
(kB)
(kB)
(kB)
Reference:
Jan
Beutel,
Metrics
for
Sensor
Network
Plaforms,
ACM
RealWSN
June
2006
Network Stack
ApplicaOon
Layer
L4
L3 Network Layer
L2 Link Layer
L1
Physical
Layer
L4: Applications
[Berkeley, 2002]
L4: Applications
Sniper detection
[Vanderbilt, 2003]
L4: Applications
[Princeton, 2004]
L4: Applications
[Del7,
2006]
L4: Applications
[Harvard,
2007]
Network Stack: Challenges
ApplicaOon
Layer
L4
L3 Network Layer
L2 Link Layer
L1
Physical
Layer
Challenges: Energy
<<<
Without
~2
kcal
(per
ba^ery)
~280
kcal
cheese!!!
(Quarter
Pounder)
Image:
Koen
Langendoen
Challenges: Wireless
Signal propagaOon ranges
sender sender
transmission transmission
detecOon
detecOon
distance
distance
interference
interference
Image:
Koen
Langendoen
Challenges: Wireless
ReflecOons
/
Shadowing
Challenges: Wireless
2300
RSSI
2000
1900
1800
1700
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Distance (metre)
Grey
Area
Effect
Challenges: Wireless
Link
layer
&
mulOpath
fading
CC2420 @ 2.4 GHz, power = -1dBm, 2am
0.9
0.8
0.7
100 0.6
% good 50 0.5
0.4 y (lambda)
0 0.3
0 0.1 0.2
0.2 0.3
0.4 0.5 0.1
0.6 0
x (lambda) 0.7 0.8
0.9
‐
Scalability
‐
Limited
RAM
is
fundamental
‐
Effects
power
‐
O(N)
state
infeasible
Challenges: Applications
The
Internet
v
s.
Sensor‐Nets
Challenges: Summary
The Internet v s. Sensor‐Nets
●
Independent
hosts
●
CollaboraOve
use
●
End
to
end
flows
●
Collect,
disseminate,
...
●
Infrastructure
●
Ad‐hoc
●
Wired
(generally)
●
Wireless
●
Energy
●
Latency,
throughput
●
Bandwidth
is
expensive
●
Bandwidth
is
relaOvely
cheap
Reference:
Philip
Lewis,
ICSI
Talk,
May
2004
Research Problems
‐
Medium
Access
Control
‐
RouOng
‐
LocalizaOon
‐
OperaOng
Systems
‐
Security
‐
Programming
AbstracOons
‐
Query
Processing
Network Stack
ApplicaOon
Layer
L4
L3 Network Layer
L2 Link Layer
L1
Physical
Layer
L2: MAC
Contact
person:
Koen
Langendoen
L2: MAC
Classic
Paper:
S‐MAC
(UCLA)
L2: MAC
Read:
MAC
Survey
by
Koen
Langendoen
Network Stack
ApplicaOon
Layer
L4
L3 Network Layer
L2 Link Layer
L1
Physical
Layer
L2/L3: Naming and Addressing
Network
Address
DesOnaOon
|
Next‐Hop
MAC
Address
|
DATA
64
bit
|
64
or
16
bit
|
A^ribute Based Name | Next‐Hop Locally Unique | DATA
Read:
‘Low‐level
Naming’
paper
(UCLA)
Network Stack
ApplicaOon
Layer
L4
L3 Network Layer
L2 Link Layer
L1
Physical
Layer
L3: Traditional View
Sink
Sensornet
Nodes
L3: Traditional View
Internet
Proxy/Sink
Sensornets
L3: New View
Ad‐Hoc
Networks
Internet
Personal
Area
Networks
L3: Routing
Sensornet RouOng Protocols
Image
courtesy
of
Wendi
Heinzelman
L3: Routing - LEACH
L3: Routing - VRR
Node
IDs
are
Integers
(locaOon
independent)
L3: Routing - VRR
Operating Systems
ConOki
MANTIS
SOS
Read:
TinyOS
book
chapter
by
Phil
Levis
Research Problems
‐
Medium
Access
Control
‐
RouOng
‐
LocalizaOon
‐
OperaOng
Systems
‐
Security
‐
Programming
AbstracOons
‐
Query
Processing
See
Phil’s
course
at
Stanford
and
Ma^’s
course
at
Harvard
What We Have Learned
Where Do We Go From Here
‐ RFID sensors (Moore’s Law)
‐ Internet ciOzens (1st class)
‐ Urban Sensing
‐ Energy Management (Ember)
‐ Physical Sensing (Industry, Home)
‐
Startups
Further Information
Muneeb Ali
http://muneeb.org
Thank You !