Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
w,f? (wyfr 77/ 88/ 99 wd@k udk aemufxyf ESpfESpfavmuf tJ'Dbufqufxm;cJhao;w,f//) 'ghtjyif typftcwf&yfpJa&;a=umifh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;twGuf b,favmuftxd tusKd ;aus;Zl;awG &Sv d mEdik w
f ,fqw
kd mudv
k J aumif;aumif;rjrif&ao;vdk@ jzpfEdkifygw,f?
wcsdK@ppftkyfpk0ifawGu 'Dvdkvkyfwmudk oabmrusbJ twdtvif; ppfwdkufESdrfeif;a&;udkom ydktm;oefaewJhtwGufvJ jzpfaumif;
jzpfEdkifygw,f? 'DtawmtwGif;rSmawmh tckvdktajctaet&yf&yfudk bmrSr&dyfrd&SmwJh apwem&SifawG[m xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf
tajcpdkuf twdkuftcHawG/ ta0;a&mufawG=um; ‘t=urf;rJh EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_’ tawG;tac:udk qufvufjzef@jzL;aecJh=uw,f? 'De,f
pyftajcpdkuf tiftm;pkxJrSm Armjynf&J@ vufeufudkifwdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@awGuvJ trsm;pkjzpfygw,f?
1991 ckESpfOD;ydkif;rSm autdkifat (ucsif) wyfr[m 4 eJ@ yDtiftdk (ytdk@tjzL) tzGJ@wdk@ typftcwf&yfpJa&;awG vkyf=uwJh
tcgusrSom ppftpdk;&[m typftcwf&yfpJa&;awG&J@ ‘aumif;usdK;’ awGukd aumif;aumif;oabmaygufodjrifvmjyD; tpdk;& 0g'
jzef@csDa&;xJ pxnfhoGif;a=umfjimvmygawmhw,f? 'DESpfzGJ@[m a&S@ydkif;u typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@awGeJ@rwlbJ ‘awmifydkif;’ (0g)
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyftajcpdkuf tquftoG,fawG &Sdwm[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;udk ydkpdwftm;wufapjyD; usefwJh ‘awmifydkif;’ wdkif;&if;
om;tzGJ@awGudkyg typftcwf&yfpJa&; ukefpnf tpGHxkwfa&mif;cszdk@ tm;ay;cJhw,f? 'DoabmwlnDcsufESpfckupvdk@ “vufeufudkif
vrf;pOfpGef@v$wfI Oya'abmiftwGif; 0ifa&mufjcif;” tcrf;tem;awG us,fus,favmifavmifeJ@ yGJcif;wm rvkyfrae& pvkyfvm
jyD; rD'D,m0g'jzef@ppfqifa&; awmufav#mufvkyfawmhw,f? wcsdefuuGefjrLepfajcukwfa'oawGrSm ‘jidrf;csrf;a&;a&mifjcnf pawG@&’
wJhae@vdk@ tcktcg avvHk;xGm;aewJh &ufpGJawG[m tJ'D&ufydkif;awGwHk;u rD'D,mxJrSma&m/ *'D;*'D;vkyfaewJh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ
awGrSmyg bmwcGef;rSxnfhrajymcJhwJh/ bmrSxl;xl;jcm;jcm; rvkyfcJhwJh &ufpGJawGjzpfygw,f?
tckaemufydkif; 0g'jzef@v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSmawmh e*dkuoHk;aewJh “vufeufudkifvrf;pOf pGef@v$wfI Oya'abmiftwGif; 0if
a&mufjcif;” qdkwJhpum;toHk;tE_H;udk “vufeufESifh jidrf;csrf;a&; vJvS,fjcif;” qdkwJh pum;&yftopfeJ@ tpm;xdk;vmjyD; typf
tcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufawGeJ@ ¹cGif;csufr&Sdvufeufcsr_awGudk vHk;axG;ypfvdkufw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ yDtiftdk (ytdk@tjzL)/ autif*sD
(u,ef;cGJxGuf)/ &cdkifAuy pwJhtzGJ@awGtjyif/ ol@udk,fol cGef qm vdk@emr,fay;xm;wJh w±kwfvlrsdK; csefcsDzl; (ac:) tdkufqm acgif;
aqmifwJh trfwDat bdef;tzGJ@udkyg etz u w&m;0ifxkwfjyefwJh ‘jidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@’ 17 zGJ@pm&if;xJ cyfwnfwnfxnfhxm;w,f? 'D
17 zGJ@xJrSm wcsdK@tzGJ@awG[m tenf;qHk;awmh rltm;jzifh uu=unf;&J@ trdef@ay;!¸ef=um;r_udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;cH,lxm;=ujyD; 'kum
uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (=unf;) &J@trdef@twdkif; v_yf&Sm;&/ ppfwkduf&w,f? tJ'DtzGJ@awGuawmh udk;uef@tzGJ@/ autdkifat wyfr[m 4
(rxkaemf)/ 'DaubDat (u&ifcGJxGuf)/ yDtiftdk (ytdk@) eJ@ autif*sD (u,ef;cGJxGuf) tp&SdwJhtzGJ@awGjzpf=uw,f? typftcwf&yfpJ
a&;&cgp umvawGwHk;u udk;uef@tzGJ@[m autdkifat udk wdkufcJhayrJh aemufydkif;rSmawmh tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@awGeJ@ vufeuf
udkifwdkufcdkufr_awGudk a&SmifcJhw,f? yDtiftdk uawmh &vvz (ytdk@teD) typftcwf&yfpJa&;rvkyfcifeJ@ trfwDat vufeufrcscif
umvawGwHk;u tJ'DtzGJ@awGudkwdkufcJhjyD; tckxdvJ uu=unf; !¸ef=um;csuftwkdif; ae&if;e,fajreJ@ ta0;}uD;udkoGm;jyD; aemufwdk;
tufpftufpfat (awmifydkif;) udkwdkufae&ao;w,f? 'DaubDat [m autif,l eJ@wdkufaeqJjzpfovdk uvvw uvJ autif
yDyD udkppfqifaeqJ jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh wzufuajym&&ifawmh yDtiftdk eJ@ &vvz/ uvvw eJ@ autifyDyD/ autif*sD eJ@ autif
t,fvfyD (u,ef;jynfopf)/ 'DaubDat eJ@ autif,l wdk@=um; yËdyuQawG[m q,fpkESpfeJ@csDwmr[kwfawmif renf;raem
ESpfawGeJ@csDwJh aemufcHta=umif;w&m;awGvJ &Sdae=uw,f?
tºuGif;rJhvufeufcs ESpfzGJ@udk pm&if;xJxnfhxm;ayrJh tiftm;tawmftwef&SdwJh wjcm; ‘jidrf;csrf;a&;’ tzGJ@ESpfzGJ@jzpfwJh
'DaubDat eJ@ tufpftufpftifat (trfwDat cGJxGuf) wdk@udkawmh w&m;0if 17 zGJ@pm&if;xJrxnhfwm/ 'grSr[kwf 19 zGJ@ tjzpf
pm&if;rjywm xl;qef;aeovdkygbJ? 'DtzGJ@awG[m rdciftzGJ@}uD;awGu cGJxGufvmwJh *dk%f;cGJawGjzpfvdk@ rxnfhwmjzpfr,fvdk@ wcsdK@
avhvmolawG wGufq=uw,f? 'gayrJh u,ef;jynfopf ucGJxGufwJh autif*sD/ autdkifat ucGJxGufwJh au'Dat wdk@udkawmh
pm&if;xJxnfhjyxm;jyefw,f? w&m;0ifpm&if;xJxnfhrjyayrJhvJ wjcm;0g'jzef@v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSmus xnfjh yaejyefw,f? typftcwf
&yfpJa&;ukd cGJxGufcgp tajctae±_yfaxG;aeqJrSm uref;uwef;vkyf&wmjzpfvkd@ w&m;0iftcrf;tem;awG bmawG rvkyfvkduf&wm
vJ wa=umif;jzpfr,fxifygw,f? tajccHuawmh wjcm;v#Kd @0Sufta=umif;w&m; wckcka=umifhxuf xHk;pHtwdkif; jrefrmppfwyf&J@
vabmfusr_om jzpfzdk@rsm;ygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;t& ydkwufºuGwJh typftcwf&yfpJa&; ‘nDaemif 7 az: ’ (tzGJ@ 8 zGJ@) u xkwfjyefwJh 17 zGJ@pm&if;rSmawmh trfwD
at eJ@ &cdkifAuy udkz,fxm;jyD; 'DaubDat eJ@ tufpftufpftifat udkxnfhxm;w,f? 'ghtjyif 'D 17 zGJ@udk twef;tpm;ESpfck cGJ
xm;w,f? yxrtrsdk;tpm;udk ‘typftcwf&yfpJa&;’ tzGJ@rsm;vkd@owfrSwfjyD; autdkifat/ yDtufpft,fvfat (yavmif)/ rlv
vufa[mif;tufpftufpfat/ tufpftufpftifat/ &vvz/ u,ef;jynfopf/ uvvw eJ@ rGefjynfopf wdk@yg0if=uw,f// (&Srf;ESpfzGJ@
[m &Srf;jynfjidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD tufpftufpfyDpD tjzpf yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;vdk@ ‘nDaemif 7 az: ’ tzGJ@ 8 zGJ@ jzpfaewmyg?) olwdk@u
usefwJhtzGJ@tm;vHk;udkawmh ‘jidrf;csrf;a&;’ tzGJ@vkd@ owfrSwfxm;w,f? yxrtrsdK;tpm;tzGJ@awG[m typf&yfoabmwlcsufawGudk
jyD;jynfhpHkwJh aemufqHk;taxGaxGtajz&Smr_}uD;qD oGm;zdk@a&S@ajy;taeeJ@om jrif}uw,f// 'kwd,trsdK;tpm;0if tzGJ@awGuawmh jyD;
jynfhpHkwJh EdkifiHa&;t&ajz&Sif;r_udk pdwrf 0ifpm;=ubJ udk,fhpD;yGm;a&;udkom vHk;0t"duxm;=uolawGjzpfw,f? yxr 8 zGJ@xJrSmvJ
wcsdK@acgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ au'g}uD;rsm;[m 'kwD,trsdK;tpm; taetxm;buf tawmfhudkwdrf;!GwfaewmawGvJ&Sdw,f? 'kwd,
trsdk;tpm; ‘jidrf;csrf;a&;’ tzGJ@awGeJ@ ppftpdk;&=um; oabmwlnDcsufawGudk ESpfzufpvHk;u aemufxyfaqG;aEG;p&m odwfrvkdawmh
wJh tjyD;tjywfoabmrsdK; ,lq=uw,f? 'DESpfrdsK;xJ rygao; wJh/ 17 zGJ@pm&if;yg wckwnf;aom¹cGif;csufuawmh 1995 cktwGif;
typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsuf&jyD; oHk;vt=umrSm tpdk;&eJ@ppfjyefjzpfcJhwJh autifyDyD (u&ifeD) jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh ppftpdk;&
uawmh 17 zGJ@pvHk;eJ@ wu,fhvufawG@tm;jzifh tjyD;owfjidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlnDcsuf &xm;wJhyHkzrf;aew,f//
2
a&S@ydkif;typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@awGudk ‘txl;&J’ vdk@ owfrSwfay;cJhjyD; &mxl;vpmawG/ &m&Sif&duQmawG tuef@towfeJ@
xkwfay;cJhw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;acgif;aqmifawGudkvJ ‘txl;&Jrª;}uD;’ awGtjzpfowfrSwfcef@tyfcJhw,f? odk@ayrJh autdkifat upjyD;
aemufydkif; typf&yftzGJ@awGuawmh 'Durf;vSrf;csufudk vufrcH=ubJ vGwfvyfwJh EdkifiHa&;taetxm;udkom &yfcH=uw,f? 'Dvdk
taetxm;eJ@ &yfwnfa&;[mvJ tcsdef=umvmwmeJ@tr# xdef;xm;Edkifzdk@ ydkIydkI cufcJvmaew,f// olwdk@&J@ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk
ppftpdk;&u a&S;±dk;qkay;'g%fay;pepfokH;jyD; t}udrf}udrftxyfxyf ESdrfeif;ypfcJhw,f// qk qdkwmuawmh jrufjrufuav;pm;&wJh
vdkifpifawG ygrpfawG 'kp±dkufpD;yGm;a&;vkyfcGifhawGjzpfjyD; 'g%f uawmh ppftiftm;eJ@ ajymifajymifwif;wif; jcdrf;acsmufwmjzpfygw,f?
1998 ckrSm typf&yftzGJ@ 4 zGJ@&J@ pDtmyDyD axmufcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ay:vmawmh ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;[m a'gow}uD;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;tcGifh
ta&;awG ±kyfodrf;ypfvdkufjyD; ppfpwdkufzdk@jyifcwhJ ,f// xdef;csKyfa&;/ uef@owfa&;eJ@ acsr_ef;a&; qdkwJh ppftm%m&SifawG&J@ pDrHudef;xJu
aemufqHk;tqifhudk taumiftxnfaz:zdk@ ajcvSrf;pcJhw,f// &vvz eJ@ u,ef;jynfopf u t&m&SdwcsdK@udk etz u "g;pmcHtjzpf
tvpftidkuf,lzrf; e,fajrtpdwftydkif;wcsdK@xJu typf&yfwyfawG twif;t"rR armif;xkwfypfvkdufjyD;aemuf 'DEdkifiHa&;tm;oefwJh
tzGJ@awG[m tnHhcHvdkuf=ujyD; ‘jidrf;csrf;a&; udkxdef;odrf;vdkuf’ w,f? ‘EdkifiHa&; wufºuGwJh’ tzGJ@awG[mvJ wu,fawmh jyefwdkuf
EdkifavmufwJh pdwf"gwftiftm;/ &if;jrpftiftm;awG r&Sd=uawmhbJ ysufjym;ae=ujyDjzpfjyD; rdrde,fajrvlxkeJ@ omoembufqdkif&m
awGuyg aoewfoHjyefraygufa&;udk t}uD;tus,fzdtm;ay;wmvJ ta&;ygwJh ta=umif;w&yfjzpfygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;awG&J@ t&nf
tcsif;udkodxm;vdk@ jyefwdkufvJrxl;wmukd ta=umif;odaewJhvlxku jynfwGif;ppf'kuQ xyfrcHcsifawmhwm/ tzGJ@tpnf;awG awmf
vSefa&;awGxuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfudkom tm;udk;awmhwm obm0usygw,f?
Armppfwyf[m typf&yftzGJ@tm;vHk;/ okd@r[kwf tedrfhqHk;tm;jzifh olwdk@e@J ajyajyvnfvnfaewJh tzGJ@awGudk Armh
‘wyfrawmf’ xJ ‘e,fjcm;wyfrsm;’ qdkwJh wyftrsdK;tpm;opfwcktjzpf oGwfoGif;ajymif;vJypfzdk@ a&&SnfpDrHcsuf&Sdw,f// 1988 ck
rwdkifrDu &SdcJhwJh ‘jynfol@ppfESifh jynfol@qufqHa&; !¸ef=um;a&;rª;±Hk;’ udk e0w-etzacwfrSm ‘jynfol@qufqHa&;ESifh pdwf"gwf
ppfqifa&; !¸ef=um;a&;rª;±Hk;’ eJ@ ‘jynfol@ppfESifh e,fjcm;wyfrsm; !¸ef=um;a&;rª;±Hk;’ qdkjyD; ESpfjcrf;cGJ jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;cJhw,f// ppfAdkvfcsKyf
rsm;[m typf&yftzGJ@awGudk jynfol@ppfESifh e,fjcm;wyfrsm; !¸ef=um;a&;rª;±Hk; &J@ csKyfudkifuGyfuJr_atmuf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; oGwfoiG f;
jyD; jynfol@ppf tqifhxuf eJeJomwJh/ Armhwyfrawmfxuf trsm;}uD;edrfhuswJh taetxm;rSmxm;zdk@ &nf&G,fxm;w,f? [dk;wHk;u
,ltrfyD/ vJAD;wyfawG ArmhwyfrawmfxJoiG f;cJhwJhyHkpHavmufawmif tqifhtwef;ray;zdk@ pDrHxm;w,f? 'gayrJhvJ tckxdawmh
'DpDrHudef;udk taumiftxnfraz:Edkifao;wmuawmh aemufxyfqGJaqmifodrf;oGif;p&m vufeufudkifwdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@awG usefae
ao;wmuwa=umif;/ 'gt h jyif nDaemif 7 az:vdk typf&yftzGJ@wcsdK@u npfuyfuyfvkyfaewmuvJwa=umif; a=umifhjzpfygw,f//
nDaemif 7 az:udk ol&Jaumif; 7 a,muf rjzpfatmif ESdyfuGyfae&ao;w,f//
u&ifeD eJ@ typf&yfoabmwlnDcsuf[m vHk;0ysufjym;aejyDjzpfayrJh ppftpdk;&[m ol@udk tckxufxd w&m;0ifpm&if;xJ
xnfhjyaewHk;ygbJ// 'gudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyf=uD;rsm;[m typf&yfoabmwlnDcsufawG&J@ 0g'jzef@pGrf;tm;udk b,favmufawmif
wefzdk;xm;w,f qdkwmodEdkifygw,f? 1994 ckwHk;u autif*sD tzGJ@[m tcsif;csif;taota=u wdkuf=uckduf=u&mu acgif;aqmif
ydkif;awGtm;vHk;eD;eD; jyKwfxGuf tiftm;awG tqrwefavsmeh o J mG ;vd@k usefor#&Jabmfav;awGu udk,fhtzGJ@udk,fzsufodrf;zdk@ qHk;jzwf
cJh=uayrJh ppftpdk;&u zsufodrf;cGifhray;cJhbJ qufvkyfcdkif;jyD; 17 zGJ@pm&if;xJ qufjyaew,f// rlvvufa[mif;tufpftufpfat eJ@
tufpftufpftifat &Srf;typf&yfESpfzGJ@u wzGJ@wnf;tjzpf aygif;pnf;zdk@pDpOfwmudkvJ cGifhrjyKcJhygbl;//
trsm;od=uwJhtwdkif; Armjynf&J@ typf&yfoabmwlnDcsufawG[m ‘vl}uD;vlaumif;oabmwlnDcsuf’ vdk@ (etz u)
qdkwJh[mrsdK;awGjzpfygw,f// qdkvdkwmu bmpmcsKyfpmwrf;rS vufrSwfxdk;wm r&Sdygbl;/ b,ftzGJ@eJ@rS r&Sdygbl;// tvGefqHk;tm;jzifh
‘Oya'abmiftwGif; 0ifa&mufonfhtcrf;tem;’ avmufbJvkyfwm&Sdygw,f? 1989 ckwHk;u yxrqHk;typftcwf&yfpJa&;awGqdk
tJovkdtcrf;tem;rsdK;awmif rvkyfcJh&&Smyg// b,fvdkbJ tcrf;tem;awGvkyfvkyf/ b,fvdkbJ toHk;tE_H;awG oHk;oHk; 17 zGJ@pvHk;[m
wif;jynfhusyfjynfh Oya'wGif;ra&mufbJ tla=umifusm; Oya'wydkif;taetxm; udkom&xm;=uygw,f?
typf&yftzGJ@awGudk xdef;csKyf&mrSm ppfAdkvfcskyf}uD;rsm;&J@ t"duvrf;!¸efrluawmh “wzuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vdkufem&ef
pnf;urf;csufrsm;” (rsOf;om;csufrSm pma&;ol&J@ rsOf;om;csufjzpfygw,f) vdk@acgif;pnf;wyfxm;wJh/ tawmfav;v#dK@v#dK@0Suf0Sufxm;
wJh pmwrf;wckjzpfygw,f// “oabmwlnDcsuf 10 csuf” vdk@vJac:wJh 'Dpmwrf;udk ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;eJ@ wyf yl;aygif;a&;qGJxm;jyD;
‚if;wdk@[m typf&yftzGJ@awG&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_tm;vHk;udk 'D 10 csuftajccHay:uae }uD;=uyfxde;f csKyfwmjzpfygw,f// 'D 10 csuf[m typf
tcwf&yfpJa&; ueOD;aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJawGtwGif; wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawGbufu oabmwlvufcx H m;cJoh vdv k kd yHpk rH sKd ; ppf
axmufvSrf;a&;u nm0g;jzD;jzef;aeayrJh wu,fhvufawG@rSmawmh 'DvdkoabmwlnDxm;w,fvdk@ b,fwdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrS
rodcJh=uygbl;// aemufydkif;usrSom ‘od&Sdoabmwla=umif;’ ZGwftwif;zdtm;ay; vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;cHcJh=u&w,f// ‘vl}uD;vlaumif;
oabmwlnDcsuf’ qdkwmtJovdkyg//
pmwrf;tjynfhtpHku atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygw,f?
wzuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vdkufem&efpnf;urf;csufrsm;
3
5? EdkifiHawmftkyfcskyfa&;wGif 0ifa&mufrpGufzuf&// ¡a'otkyfcsKyfa&; rcs&// a'o&J/ w&m;±Hk;/ tusOf;axmif
rxlaxmif&// jynfol@ppf rzGJ@&¢
6? jrdK@rsm;&Sd EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh rqufoG,f&//
7? rw&m;oif;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh rqufoG,f&//
8? wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;. }udKwifcGifhjyKcsufr&,lbJ tjcm;jidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh rqufoG,f&//
9? jrdK@rsm;odk@0ifxGufoGm;vm&mY vufeufudkifaqmifjcif;/ qufoG,fa&;pufaqmif,ljcif; rjyK&//
10? jrdK@rsm;odk@ 0ifxGufoGm;vm&mY ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tm; }udKwifta=umif;=um; cGifhjyKcsuf&,l&rnf//
*gr%d