Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 22, No. 1, p. 124130, February 2011Printed in China DOI: 10.

1007/s12583-011-0163-z

2.5-D DC Resistivity Modeling Considering Flexibility and Accuracy

Tang Jingtian (), Wang Feiyan* (), Xiao Xiao (), Zhang Lincheng ()

Dosen: Prof. Dr. Wawan Gunawan A. Kadir, MS.

Okto Ivansyah 22311008

Teknik Geofisika FTTM ITB, Bandung 2012

Outline
Introduction Boundary Value Problem 2.5D DC Resistivity Modeling By Adaptive Finite-Element Methode Accuracy And Flexibility Testing An Enhanced Technique For Accuracy Conclusion

Introduction
2.5D DC Simulation 2.5-D DC modeling by the finite-element approaches Main attention is focused on a specific class of layered models which own a high conductivity contrast.

Boundary Value Problem

Assume that the strike direction is along the z-axis in the Cartesian coordinate system, then the 2.5-D boundary value problem due to single source point can be obtained by Fourier transform:

where is the Dirac delta function; (x, y) denotes the conductivity distribution; n means the outward normal vector; K0(kr) and K1(kr) respectively denote the modified Bessel function of the first kind zero order and the first kind first order; r is the vector pointing from the source point to arbitrary location on the truncated boundary which is usually extended far enough to improve the accuracy;

(1)

Boundary Value Problem

Then, U(x, y) is the transformed potential in the wavenumber domain which can be obtained by the cosine-Fourier transform

(2)

where k denotes the wavenumber computed by the optimal algorithm (Xu et al., 2000); u(x, y, z) is the total potential.

Boundary Value Problem

The total potential could be recovered by the discrete inverse Fourier transform

(3)

where gi is the weighted coefficient corresponding to the ith wavenumber; Nk denotes the total number of the discrete wavenumbers.

2.5D DC Resistivity Modeling By Adaptive Finite-Element Methode

According to the error estimator, the L2-norm element-wise error can be expressed as

(4)
where dU* denotes the recovered gradient (Zienkiewicz and Taylor, 2000); Uh means the gradient of the finite-element solution in the current mesh; ne is the total number of elements.

2.5D DC Resistivity Modeling By Adaptive Finite-Element Methode

Through a summation, the global error estimator can be written into

(5)
Then the new element size for the next new mesh can be predicted like (Tang et al., 2010)

(6)

Accuracy And Flexibility Testing

Model 1

Figure 1. (a) Relative errors of the apparent resistivities calculated from iteratively generated meshes; (b) two-layered model; (c) initial mesh (322 nodes); (d) final mesh (5 798 nodes).

Accuracy And Flexibility Testing

Model 2

Figure 2. (a) Final mesh discretization when the dipole source locates as shown in this figure; (b) anomalies due to the rugged topography; (c) anomalies over a rectangular inhomogeneity with topography included; (d) anomalies after correction of topography.

An Enhanced Technique For Accuracy

To solve the problem, we utilize the layered earth as the reference model to calculate the enhanced wavenumbers and mixed boundary condition. Here, we take a horizontally twolayered model to show the accuracy of the new algorithm. Then, the analytical expression (Li, 2005)

An Enhanced Technique For Accuracy

A horizontally two-layered model is simulated to validate what we have analyzed. The size of the model with a low resistivity of 1=1 m in the upper layer and 1=100 m in the underlying earth is 600 m300 m. Single source point is located at the original point (see in Fig. 3b). The pole-pole array is performed with a measuring range from -160 to 160 m. Equally distributed measuring electrodes with an electrode interval 8 m are deployed.

Figure 3. (a) Comparison of apparent resistivities from different techniques; (b) two-layered model.

An Enhanced Technique For Accuracy

Based on the above validation, a rectangular inhomogeneity embedded in the above twolayered earth is simulated. This local anomaly has a size of 3 m8 m with a resistivity of 100 m. The background twolayered structure owns a thickness of 10 m. The resistivity of the upper layer is 1 m, and the underlying earth has a resistivity of 100 m. Single source is located at (-15 m, 0) (see Fig. 4b).

Figure 4. (a) Comparison of apparent resistivities from different techniques; (b) a rectangular inhomogeneity buried in two-layered earth.

Conclusion
In contrast to simulating the complex topography in the staircase-like manner, the unstructured triangular mesh together with the adaptive refinement makes the simulation much more reasonable. Based on this, the accuracy problem for some typical layered earth models is analyzed. The enhanced wavenumbers are calculated for the models with large conductivity contrast. Our study shows that the accuracy has been obviously improved by using the new algorithm.

Terima Kasih