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~G  r ad  eT e n   S c i en ce R evi  ew ~ 
Chemistry
Periodic Table
•
Metals
= Left side.give up 1, 2 or 3 valence elections.
Trend in a row/period 
= Easier to give up 1 valence electron than 2, easier to give up 2 than3. Metals farther LEFT on the periodic table are more reactive.
Trend in a column/group
= Going down a column, the atomic number increases, so thevalence electrons are not held as strongly. Reactivity of metals increases as you go DOWNthe periodic table.Most reactive metal =
Fr
(
 Francium
)Solids at room temperature, except for mercury (liquid). Are shiny (luster). Malleable(bendable). Ductile (pull into wires). Conduct electricity.
•
Non-metals
= Right sidegain 1, 2 or 3 electrons to complete their outer shell.
Trends in a row/period 
= easier to gain 1 electron than it is 2 or 3. Non-metals are morereactive on the RIGHT side of the periodic table.
Trends in a column/group
= Smaller atoms gain electrons easier because they are beingadded to a shell closer to the positive nucleus. Non-metals are more reactive at the TOP of the column.Most reactive non-metal =
F
(
 Fluorine
)Some gases at room temperature, some solids, one liquid (bromine). Dull. Poor conductors.Brittle. Not ductile.
•
Metalloids
= In between metals and non-metalsSolids at room temperature. Can be lustrous or dull. Maybe conduct electricity, but poor conductors of heat. Brittle. Not ductile.
•
Sizes of Atoms
 Increases
= Down-Left
 Decrease
= Up-Right
 
•
Groups
 Alkali Metals
= All are white/silver except for Cesium (pale gold). 1 valence electron. Soft.Highly reactive. Low-melting point. High conductivity (water). Soluble in water. All metalsexcept for Hydrogen (H).
 Alkaline Earth Metals =
Soluble in water. Good conductors. Silver luster. 2 valenceelectrons. Soft.
 Halogens
= Non-metals. Highly reactive. 7 valence electrons. Soluble in water (form salts).Dull. Have an odour.
 Noble Gases
= 8 valence electrons = full shell. Do not need to gain or give electrons. Gases.Colourless. Odourless. Tasteless. Low reactivity.
•
Electrons
are particles that have a negative charge and are outside the nucleus. An atom(neutral) has the same number of electrons as it does protons. Able to leave the atom to bondwith a non-metal.
•
Protons
are particles that have a positive charge and are inside the nucleus. Protons can not begained or lost.
•
Neutrons
are particles that have a neutral charge (neither positive nor negative) and are insidethe nucleus.
Bohr-Rutherford and
 Lewis (Dot Diagrams) Structures
Bohr-Rutherford Structures show the full atom with the electrons orbiting the nucleus on a specificnumber of shells. Inside it (can) shows the number of protons and neutrons.
 Lewis Dot Diagrams
show only the valence electrons of the atom.Potassium (K)
 Potassium (K)
Ionic and Molecular Compounds
•
An
ionic compound
is a substance made with both cations and anions. Ionic substances tend to be electrolytes (dissolves in water to produce a substance that conducts electricity).
 Anions
are formed when an atom gains electrons and takes on an overall negative charge.
Cations
are formed when an atom loses electrons and takes on an overall positive charge.An
ionic bond 
is the attraction between the positively charged and negatively charged ions.Ions are strongly bonded to one another.High boiling point.
 
Distinctive edges.Usually no odour.Soluble in water.Conductible in solutionConducts when melted.Hard.
 Binary ionic compounds
include one metallic and one non-metallic element.
•
A
molecular compound
is a substance composed of molecules. Molecular substance tend to benon-electrolytes (can not dissolve in water to produce a substance that conducts electricity).A
covalent bond 
is when atoms share electrons.Each molecule is weakly attracted to each other.Low melting point.Softer edgeshas an odour Sometimes soluble in water. No conductivity in solution. No conductivity when melted.SoftA
molecule
is a neutral particle that is composed of atoms joining together by covalent bonds.A
diatomic molecule
is a molecule with two of the same atoms, like fluorine (F
2
).
Chemical Nomenclature and Formulas
•
Chemical Nomenclature = Naming chemicals.
•
Binary ionic compounds
are with one metallic and one non-metallic element.Metals' names stay the same (Lithium, Aluminum), as well as most of the transition metals.Metallic ions with two different kinds of charge can be written two different ways
Stock System (Standard)
shows the metal name with a Roman numeral (the charge) in brackets. (Nickel (Ni) ions are “nickel (II)” or “nickel (III)”)
Classical System
is based on the Latin names of the elements. It changes the “um” to“
ous
” for the lower charge or it changes to “
ic
” for the ion with the higher charge.
•
Ferrum (iron) = ferrous or ferric
•
Cuprum (copper) = cuprous or cupric
•
Plumbum (lead) = plumbous or plumbic Non-metals have their name changed to have “ide” at the end (FluorIDE, ChlorIDE)
•
Polyatomic Ionic Compounds
are when either the cation or the anion has more than one kindof atom.Polyatomic ions:Cation = ammonium (NH
3
)Anions = hydroxide (OH
−
), carbonate (CO
32−
), nitrate (NO
3−
), sulfate (SO
42−
), phosphate (PO
43−
), hydrogen carbonate (HCO
3−
), hydrogen sulfate (HSO
4−
)
•
Binary Molecular Compounds
consist of covalent bonds between two different non-metals.Add prefixes to the first non-metal and the second non-metal.
Never add 'mono-' to the
of 00

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doornose

Just coy and paste the notes, it is as simple as that

reply01 / 18 / 2012
alishaamlani1151

Hey, I can't download this document, is it possible to turn on those options? Thanks (: By the way, excellenet notes! (:

reply09 / 07 / 2011
alishaamlani1151

Hey, I can't download this document, is it possible to turn on those options? Thanks (: By the way, excellenet notes! (:

reply09 / 07 / 2011
alishaamlani1151

Hi, i can't download this document, would it be possible to turn on the downloading option? Thanks (: By the way, excellent notes!

reply09 / 07 / 2011
Deborah Yee

I was just wondering whether these notes apply to all of grade 10 science in Alberta learning curriculum? I want to be prepared and learn the correct stuff

reply07 / 16 / 2011
John Ra

hi these are very very very good notes. can you please send a copy of these notes to my e-mail johnra_rox9@live.co.kr Thank you

reply09 / 11 / 2010
Lovedeep ♪ Sailopal

what about electricity and all that shiz?

reply06 / 17 / 2010
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