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1
tkm^vävshbdnsâ cmjv{Sob km¼¯nIimkv{Xw
[
Baburaj.B.S(baburajbhagavathy@gmail.com) ]
tkm^vävshbdpw Nc¡pw
apX-em-fn¯w Hcp hyhØ F¶ \ne-bn Hcp Nc¡p-ev]m-Z\ hyh-Ø-bm-Wv. Dev]m-Zn-¸n- ¡p¶ Hcp Dev]¶w Nc-¡mbn amdp-¶Xv \nÝn-X-N-cn-{X-km-l-N-cy-¯n-em-Wv. kaq-l-¯nse Dev]m-Z\- iànIfp-tSbpw Dev]m-Z\ D]-I-c-W-§-fp-tSbpw hnImkw, KXm-K-X-kw-hn-[m-\-§-fn-ep-mb ]ptcm-KXn XpS-§nb \nch[n LS-I-§Ä Dev]-¶-§sf Nc¡p-I-fmbn cq]m-´-cs¸-Sp-¯p¶ {]{In-b-bn ]¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶p. ioXo-I-cW kwhn-[m-\-§-fp-tSbpw KXm-K-X-ku-I-cy-§-fp-tSbpw hnIm-ks¯XpSÀ¶m-bn-cp-¶tÃm Ffp¸w \in-¨p-t]m-Ip¶ hkvXp-¡Ä Nc¡p-I-fmbn cq]m-´-cs¸«-Xv. tkm^vävshbÀ Hcp-N-c-¡m-Wv. FÃm Nc-¡p-Ifpw {]mY-an-I-ambn \ap¡p _mly-ambn\n¡p¶ hkvXp-¡-fm-Wv. AXv kz´w KpWwsImv GsX-¦nepw Hcp a\p-jym-h-iys¯ Xr]vXn-s¸Sp¯p¶p. C¯camhiy§fpsS kz`mhw Ah DÛhn¡p¶Xv hni¸nÂ\n¶mbmepw `mh\bnÂ\n¶m-bmepw Hcp hyXym-khpw hcp-¯p-¶n-à 1. AtX-k-abw Ah ssIamäw sN¿m³thn Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶XpamWv. F¶m tkm^vävshbÀ F¶ Nc¡ns\bpw AXnsâ Ncn{X]camb hnImks¯bpw]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ AXv Hcp Dev]m-Z\ D]-I-cWsa¶ \ne-bn-emtWm AtXm D]-t`m-K-¯n-\p-th- n-bmtWm Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F¶ hkvXpX \mw ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶n-Ã. adn¨v AXv \s½ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Hcp Nc¡v am{X-am-Wv.\mev]XpIÄ apX Bcw`n¨v hÀ¯am\Imew hsc hym]n¨pInS¡p¶, AciXm_vZ¯nÂIqSp-X \op-In-S-¡p¶ Hcp Ime-¯n-\p-Ån-emWv tkm^vävshb-dp-IÄ Hcp Nc-¡mbn cq]m-´-c-s¸-«-Xv. I¼yq-«-dnsâ LS-\-bn-ep-mb hyXym-k-§Ä, Ah-bpsS \nb-{´-tWm-]m-[n-bmbn cq]w-sImI¼yq-«À `mj-I-fpsS Ip-]n-Sp-¯w, I¼yq-«À `mjm-L-S-\-bn Dmb hyXn-bm-\-§Ä, I¼yq-«Àhyhkmb¯nsâ hnImkhpw thÀ]ncnbepw, I¼yq«dn sNep¯p¶ A[zm\iànbpsS kz`mhwF¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n LS-I-§Ä Cu {]{In-b-bn ]¦p-h-ln-¨n-«p-v. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ tkm^vävshb-dp-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ \½psS hni-I-e\w I¼yq-«-dp-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hnIm-k-¯nsâ ]T-\-§- fnÂ\n¶pw Bcw-`n-t¡--Xm-bn-«mWv Ccn-¡p-¶-Xv.Dev]m-Z-\-¯nsâ coXn-I-fm-WtÃm aäp hyh-Ø-I-fnÂ\n¶v apX-em-fn-¯s¯ thÀXn-cn¨p\nÀ¯p¶Xv . AXn\p ap³]pÅ aäp hyhØbnÂ\n¶pw hyXykvXambn apXemfn¯¯n A²zm\wkmaq-ly-h-Xv¡-cn-¡p-¶p-v. kmaq-ly-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s¸« A²zm-\hpw kzIm-cy-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s¸« A²zm-\-^-e-hpw- Hcp sshcp-²y-ambn apX-em-fn¯¯n A´Àeo-\-am-bn-«p-v. B[p-\n-I-hy-h-km-b-¯n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ a\p-jysâ ]Wn-bm-bp-[-§fpw Ahsâ sshZKv[yhpw b{´-§Ä GsäSp-¡p-¶p. (A- §ns\ amÊv s{]mU-£³2apX-em-fn¯ hyh-Ø-bpsS kp{][m\ e£-W§-fn-sem-¶m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.) F¶m A²zm-\s¯ kmaq-ly-h-Xv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v bt{´m-ev]m-Z\w Hc-\n-hm-cy-L-S-I-am- sW¶v CXv sXfn-bn-¡p-¶n-Ã. 1970  ssN\ kµÀin¨ t¢mUv t{_mbÂ
Womens Liberation in Mao’s China
F¶ Xsâ]pkvXI¯n Fwt{_m-bvU-dn¡p t]cp-tI« kyqt¨mWn sXmgn-emfn kv{XoIÄ Fwt{_m-bvUdn sNbvX-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v FgpXn "".... 1950 Ifn Fwt{_m-bvU-dn-sbbpw AXn sNep-¯p¶ A²zm-\- s¯bpw kmaqlyhXv¡cn¡pI F¶Xv ssN\okv kv{XohmZ{]Øm\¯n\v hnizmk¯nsâ am{Xw{]iv\-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. amÀIvkns\ AXn-`u-Xn-I-hm-Z]-c-ambn hymJym-\n-¡p¶ Nnesc kw_-Ôn-¨n-S- t¯mfw bm{´n-tIm-ev]m-Z\w IqSmsX A²zm-\s¯ kmaq-ly-h-Xv¡-cn-¡p-I km²y-aÃ. F¶m C¯cw ZpÀhym-Jym-\-§-sfm-¶pw-Xs¶ ssN\okv kv{XoIsf Atem-k-c-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-Ã...... BZy-L-«-
 
2
¯n XeapdbnÂ\n¶v Xeapdbnte¡v IpSpw_clkyambn ssIamdnbncp¶ Cu hnZy ]n¶oSv aäpÅ-h-cn-te¡v ]I-cp-Ibpw sXmgn hn`-P\w GÀs¸Sp-¯p-Ibpw AXp-hgn \nÀ½m-Whn-Zysb hyàn- \n-c-t]-£-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp....'' 1950-I-fn ssN\okv Fwt{_m-bvUdn hyh-km-b-¯n Act§- dnb A[zm-\-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-h-Xv¡-c-W-{]-{In-b¡p kam-\-amb Cu {]h-W-X-IÄ Xs¶-bmWv tkm^vävshbÀ hyh-km-b-¯nse apJy-Nm-e-I-i-àn-bmbn XoÀ¶-Xv. I¼yq-«À `mj-I-fn-ep-mb ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä t{]m{Km-an-§n sNep-¯p¶ A[zm-\s¯ kmaq-ly-h-Xv¡-cn-¨p. imkv{X-¯n-sâbpw kmt¦Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw klm-b-¯m Hcn-¡Â cq]s¸Sp¯n FSp¯ Hcp Dev]-¶-¯nsâ ]IÀ¸p-I-fn A²zm\w Iq«n-t¨À¯p-sIm-mWv ]c-¼-cm-KX Nc-¡p-I-fnÂ\n¶v apX-emfn an¨-aqeyw Duän-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. Dev]-¶-¯nsâ ]IÀ¸p-I-fmWv em`-¯nsâ t{kmX-Êmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶m tkm^vävshbdpIsf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Hcn-¡Â Dm-¡n-sb-Sp-¯p-I-gn-ªm Ah-bpsS ]IÀ¸p-I-fn Iq«n-t¨À¡-s¸Sp¶ A²zm\w Ah-bpsS \nÀ½m-Wk-ab¯v  tNÀ¡-s¸-Sp¶ A²zm-\s¯ At]-£n¨v Xptemw Ipd-hm-Wv. ]c-¼-cm-KX Nc-¡p-Isf kw_-Ôn-¨n- S-t¯mfw Ah-bpsS Ip-]n-Sp¯ ka-b¯v IqSnb tXmXn A²zm\w sNep-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p-s-¦n-epw, Ah hn]-Wn-bpsS \nb-a§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-Ip-¶-tXmsS bYmÀ°¯n Ah-bpsS ]IÀ¸p- IÄ Dm¡nsb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\p sNep-t¯-n-h-cp¶ A²zm-\-amWv an¨-aq-eys¯ Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv F¶ \nbaw {]m_ey¯n hcp¶p. F¶m tkm^vävshbdpIfnemIs« \nÀ½mWL«¯n Iq«nt¨À¡s¸Sp¶ A²zm\¯nÂ\n¶mWv an¨aqeyw e`yamIp¶Xv. BbXn\m Cu L«¯n tNÀ¡s¸-Sp¶ A²zm-\s¯ kmaq-ly-h-Xv¡-cn-¨p-sIm-m-Wv AYhm hyàn-\n-c-t]-£-am-¡n-s¡m-mWv Hcp tkm^vävshbÀ Nc¡mbn amdp-¶-Xv. A²zm-\-¯nsâ Cu kmaq-ly-h¡-cW{]-{Inb hyh-km- b-¯n ]pXnb taJe krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ImcWam-Ip-¶p. adp-h-i¯v AXv A²zm-\-¯nsâ hne-bn- Sn-¡p-Ibpw A²zm-\s¯ Ahn-ZKv[-h¡-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
tkm^vävshbdnsâ Nc¡ph¡cW{]{Inb þ L«§fneqsS
1940 apX 1958 hsc cwK-¯p-m-bn-cp¶ hmIzwäyq_p-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn¨v {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp¶ I¼yq-«-dp-I-fpsS Ime¯v t{]m{Km-aÀ b{´-hp-ambn t\cn«p kwh-Zn-¨p. cmw-tem-I-bp-²-¯n\p ap³]v DmbH¶mwXe-ap-dbnÂs]«
Eniac
 t{]m{Kmw sN¿p-¶Xv 6000-Hmfw hb-dp-IÄ Xncn¨pw adn¨pw ¹¤v  sNbvXp-sIm-m-bn-cp-¶p. asämcp A¹n-t¡-j-\p-thn
Eniac
s\ hopw t{]m{Kmw sN¿-W-sa-¦nÂdnh-b-dn§v sN¿-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. t{]m{Km-an§v (I-¼yq-«À `mj) F¶m `uXn-I-N-e\w Xs¶-bm-bn- cp¶p Chn-sS. Bbn-c¯n F®q-dp-I-fn NmÄkv _mt_Pv bm{´n-I-LS-I-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn¨v (
Me-chanical Components
) cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX A\-e-än-¡Â F©nsâ \nc-h[n {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-m-bn-cp-¶p F\n-bm¡n (
Eniac)
\v. A§ns\ I¼yq-«À F¶m ]g-b-Im-eb-{´-¯nsâ ]pXnb cq]w am{X-am-sW¶v AXv \s½ t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-Wv  3. ]n¶oSv `uXn-I-N-e-\s¯ Ce-Iv{Sn-¡Â knáÂsImpw sa¡m-\n-¡ÂþC-e-Iv{Sn-¡Â I¼yq-«-dp-Isf Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv I¼yq-«-dp-IÄsImp]Icw sh¨p. I¼yq-«-dnsâ b{´-`m-K-§-sfbpw Ah-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-sfbpw Ipdn¨v AKm-[-Úm- \-apÅ HcmÄ¡p am{Xta A¡m-e¯v I¼yq-«À {]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. Hcp I¼yq-«À {]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-¶-bmÄ F¶m Hcp t{]m{Km-adpw lmÀUvshbÀ hnZKv[\pw Hm¸-tdädpwIqSn-t¨À¶ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-¶p. sajo³ emwtKz-Pn\p ]Icw 1954 t{Kkv lq¸À
A-0
F¶ t]cn HcpAkw»n emwtKzPv (]n-¶oSv 
Mathmatic
) Is¼bveÀ Is-¯n-sb-¦nepw t{]m{Km-an§pw I¼yq-«-dnsâ lmÀUvshbdpw X½n-epÅ KmV-_Ôw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn-\m sXmgn hn`-P\-¯n\v  ASn-b-´n-cambn AXv kw`m-h-\-I-sfm¶pwXs¶ \ÂIn-bn-Ã. F¶m ]qPy-§-fp-sSbpw H¶p-I-fp- sSbpw A\-´-amb Hcp t{iWnsb GXm\pw Nne NnÓ-§ÄsImv ]Icw sh¡m³ km[n-¨-Xn-eqsS `mhn-bnse hnIm-k-¯nsâ Zni \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn CXv apJy ]¦p-h-ln-¨p 4 .t{]m{Km-ap-I-fpsS \nÀ½nXn Hcp lmÀUvshbÀ hnZKv[sâ ssII-fn-eqsS am{Xw IS-¶p-t]m- tI-n-bn-cp-¶n-S-t¯mfw Imew t{]m{Km-an§v DbÀ¶ sshZ-Kv[yw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ sXmgn-em-bn-cp-¶p. Hmtcm-cp-¯cpw \nÀ½n-¡p¶ tkm^vävshbdp-I-fm-Is« At§-bäw k¦oÀ®hpw sshb-àn-I- hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. BZy-Im-e-t{]m-{Km-aÀamÀ lmÀUvshbÀ hnZKv[cpw KWn-X-Úcpw b{´-hn-ZKv[cpw
 
3
F©n\obÀamcpambncp¶p. t{Kkv lq¸dpw _mt_Ppw5 
amÀ¡v 
I 
 
Dm¡nb slmhmÀUv Fbv¡Wpw
Sqdn-§vsa-jo³ 
cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX Ae³Sq-dn§pw KWn-X-Ú-cm-bn-cp-¶p.cmw-X-e-apd I¼yq-«-dp-I-fpsS Ime¯v sslse-h `mj-Ifn (DZm:
Fortran
) Nne-sXÃmwIs-¯n-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw Ah-bpsS BZy-Im-e-§-fn Ah At§-bäw lmÀUvshbÀ B`n-apJyw(tkm^vävshb-dp-IÄ \nÀ½n-¡p-t¼mÄ lmÀUvshb-dp-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ IqSn IW-¡n-se-Sp-t¡ AhØ) ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p. C¡m-e¯v I¼yq-«-dp-IÄ Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ I¼\n-IÄ I¼yq-«-dn-t\m- sSm¸w tkm^vävshbdpIfpw Dev]mZn¸n¨p \ÂIpambncp¶p. F¶m k¦oÀ®amb Bhiy§Ä¡pthn tkm^vävshb-dp-IÄ \nÀ½n-t¡n h¶-t¸mÄ AXn-\p-thn D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-t¯-n-h¶tPmen-¡m-cpsS F®-¯nepw h¼n¨ hÀ²-\-hp-m-bn. Cu hÀ²-\hv tkm^vävshbÀ Dev]m-Z-\-¯n-\p-thn sNe-h-gn-t¡-n-h¶ XpI-bnepw hÀ²-\-hp-m-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu {]h-WX I¼yq-«Àhyh-km-b-cw-K¯v h¼n¨ amä-§Ä¡v XpS¡w Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. 1955 apX 1990 hscbpÅ Ime¯v Hmtcm I¼yq-«-dnepw lmÀUvshb-dn\pw tkm^vävshb-dn\pw thn Nne-h-gn-t¡-n-h¶XpI-bpsS Afhv iXam-\-I-W¡n Xmsg \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶p
hÀjw
HW (%)SW(%)
196080201980208019901090
tS_nÄ1I¼yq-«À hne-bn tkm^vävshbÀ LS-Imw-i-¯n-\p-mb Cu hÀ²-\hv Hcp L«-¯nÂ]nSn¨p \nÀ¯m³ t]mepw Ign-bm-¯-h®w F¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶m h³In-S-I-¼\n-IÄ Ah- km\w hscbpw, I¼yq«dpIÄ¡v tkm^vävshbdpIfpsS klmbanÃmsXXs¶ {]hÀ¯n¡m\mIpwF¶p {]Xo£n-¨n-cp-¶p. temI-¯n Gähpw IqSp-XÂImew tkm^vävshbÀ I¼\nIfn ta[m-hn- bmbn tPmen sNbvX ap³ sF._n.Fw.
 
amt\-PÀ tXmakv Fw. ss\kv (kn-³tImw)6C§s\ FgpXn"" sF._n.F-½ns\ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw A¡m-e¯v tkm^väv shbÀ Hcp km[y-X-bm-bà adn¨v  Atem-k-c-am-bmWv A\p-`-h-s¸-«-Xv.'' AtX-k-abw sslse-h `mj-I-fpsS Ip-]n-Sp-¯-s¯bpw hnIm-k-s¯bpw \ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ cv {]h-W-X-IÄ A¡m-e¯v kPo-h-am-bn-«p-m-bn-cp-¶p. H¶m-a-Xmbn, I¼yq-«À hnZ-Kv[À sslse-h `mj-I-fpsS hnIm-k-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-¶p. C¯cw `mj-I-fpsS hnImkw t{]m{Km- an§ns\ Unþ-kvInÂ
 
sN¿p-sa¶pw A§s\ t{]m{Km-an§v taJe-bn-te¡v km[m-c-W-¡mÀ F¯n- t¨-cp-sa¶pw AhÀ `b-¶n-cp-¶p. Adn-hnsâ taJe "Ipeo\'ambn \nÀ¯m³ AhÀ B{K-ln-¨p. cm-a-Xmbn, t{]m{Kmw Dev]m-Z-\-¯n-\p-thn tPmen-sb-Sp-t¡-n-h¶ KWn-X-ÚÀt¡m I¼yq-«ÀhnZ-Kv[Àt¡m sImSp-t¡-n-hcp¶ i¼fw I¼yq-«-dnsâ hnesb At]-£n¨v \nÊm-c-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.sslse-h `mj-I-fpsS Ip-]n-Sp-¯-t¯msS t{]m{Km-an-§ns\ lmÀUvshb-dnÂ\n¶v thÀs]Sp¯m³ Ignbpambncp¶psh¦nepw BZyIme sslseh `mjIfpsS lmÀUvshbÀ B`nap-Jyhpw lmÀUvshb-dp-I-fp-sS-Xs¶ {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw CXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw lmÀUvshbÀ hnZKv[s\ t{]m{KmaÀamcnÂ\n¶v thÀs]Sp¯p¶ Cu {]{Inb¡v CXv XpS¡w Ipdn¨p. A{Xt¯mfwtkm^vävshb-dnsâ Nc¡p-ev]m-Z\ {]{In-b¡v AXv \nÀ®m-b-I-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp hnj-b-sa¶ \ne- bn C³^Àtaj³ kb³kv bqWnthgvknänIfn ]T\hnjbam¡p¶Xpw Cu ImebfhnemWv.F¶m BZy-Ime tkm^vävshb-dp-I-fpsS Cu lmÀUvshbÀ B`n-apJyw I¼\n-I-sfbpw Câkv{Snsb sam¯¯nepw Ahn`àambn (lmÀUvshbÀ/tkm^vävshbÀ) \nÀ¯pItbm A¯cwXcw-Xn-cnhv km[y-am-bn-S-§-fn tkm^vävshbÀ hyh-km-bs¯ kÀÆokv Câkv{Sn-bmbn \nÀ¯p-
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