Multi-Core processor

By:
M.M.Raja Sekhara Reddy 08A91A0469

Outline
Single Core Processors Need for Multicore Processors Basics of Multi-core Architecture Multi core vs. Single core Advantages-Disadvantages Challenges

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Need for Multicore Processor

Drawbacks of Unicore Processors
Processor over clocking- the traditional method of increasing processing performance, has reached its technological limits.
Over clocking have two primary undesirable side effects more heat, and the generation of more electronic noise within the processor. The heat can cause a server to fail, and the electronic noise can cause corruption within the data stream

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Multicore processor overview A multi-core processor is composed of two or more independent cores. One can describe it as an integrated circuit which has two or more individual processors Each core has its own complete set of resources, and may share the on-die cache layers Core 1 Core 2 Core 3 Core 4
Register file A L U Register file A L U Register file A L U Register file A L U

Bus interface Multi-core CPU chip

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Multicore processor architecture of Intel Core 2 Duo(Shared memory) (a) & AMD Athlon 64 X2(Distributed memory) (b)

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 CORE COMPONENTS
Pipeline
Deeper pipeline buys frequency at expense of increased cache miss penalty and lower instructions per clock. Shallow pipeline gives better instructions per clock at the expense of frequency scaling. Max. frequency per core requires deeper pipelines
Cache

Cache size buys performance at expense of die size. Deep pipeline cache miss penalties are reduced by larger caches.

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 ADVANTAGES
Proximity of multiple CPU cores on the same die have the advantage that the cache circuitry can operate at a much higher clock rate than is possible if the signals have to travel off-chip A dual-core processor uses slightly less power than two coupled single-core processors, principally because of the increased power required to drive signals external to the chip and because the smaller silicon process geometry allows the cores to operate at lower voltages. In terms of competing technologies for the available silicon die area, multi-core design can make use of proven CPU core library designs and produce a product with lower risk of design error than devising a new wider core design

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 DISADVANTAGES
In addition to operating system (OS) to support, adjustments to existing software are required to maximize utilization of the computing resources provided by multi-core processors. Also, the ability of multi-core processors to increase application performance depends on the use of multiple threads within applications. They are more difficult to manage thermally than lower-density singlechip designs. From an architectural point of view, ultimately, single CPU designs may make better use of the silicon surface area than multiprocessing cores, so a development commitment to this architecture may carry the risk of obsolescence They don't work N times as that of single processors. N= no of processor cores

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 Applications

Database servers Web servers (Web commerce) Compilers Video editing Encoding . 3D gaming. Powerful graphics solution The full effect and the advantage of having a multi-core processor, when it is used together with a multithreading operating . Multimedia applications Scientific applications, CAD/CAM In general, applications with Thread-level parallelism (as opposed to instruction-level parallelism)
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 Challenges
Having multiple cores on a single chip gives some challenges .

Power and temperature management Memory/cache coherence is another challenge And finally, using a multicore processor to its full potential is another issue - Multi Threading Application & System Software

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 Conclusion
Multi-core chips an important new trend in computer architecture Several new multi-core chips in design phases Parallel programming techniques likely to gain importance

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THANK YOU
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