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.................................................................................................... 5
1. ...................................................................................................... 7
2. ...................................................... 11
2.1 .............................................................................................. 11
2.2 ..................................................... 15
2.2.1 ................................................................ 17
2.2.2 ............................................................................ 17
2.2.3 ........................................................................... 19
2.2.4 ................................... 22
2.2.5 .......................................................................................... 23
2.2.6 ......................................................................................... 24
2.3 .......................................................................... 26
2.3.1 ................................................. 26
2.3.2 ........................................................................ 28
2.4 .............................................................. 32
2.4.1 ............................................................................................. 32
2.4.2 ....................................................................................... 38
2.4.3 .................................................................................... 40
2.5 ................................................................. 44
2.5.1 ................................... 44
2.6 ........................................................................................ 54
2.6.1 .................................................................. 54
2.6.2 .............................................................................. 60
2.6.3 ........................................ 62
2.6.4 ...................... 64
2.6.5 ........................................... 67
2.6.6 (OCR)............................................ 68
2.6.7 .......................................................................... 69
2.7 ................................................. 72
2.7.1 ................................................................................ 72
2.7.2 ........................................................................ 75
2.7.3 ................................................................... 78
2.7.4 ........................... 79
2.7.5 ............................................................ 80
2.8 ....................................................................................... 84
2.8.1 ..................................................... 84
2.8.2 ................................................................. 86
2.9 ............................................................ 88
2.9.1 ....................................................................... 88
2.9.2 3D .............. 89
2.9.3 ........................................................................................ 90
2.10 ....................................................................... 93
2.10.1 .................................... 93
2.10.2 ....................................... 94
2.11 ........................................................... 96
2.11.1 ...................................... 96

2.11.2 ........................................................................... 97
2.11.3 ......................................................... 99
2.11.4 ................................................................. 100
2.11.5 ....................................................................................... 101
2.11.6 ...................... 104
3. .................................................................................................. 106
3.1 ............................................................................................ 106
3.2 ............................................................................... 108
3.2.1 ............................................ 108
3.2.2 ........................................................... 108
3.3 ................................................................................. 109
3.3.1 TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)................................................... 109
3.3.2 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) .................................... 109
3.3.3 JPEG2000 ................................................................................... 110
3.3.4 GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) .............................................. 110
3.3.5 PNG (Portable Network Graphics) ................................................. 111
3.3.6 DjVu ............................................................................................ 111
3.4 .................................................................................... 111
3.4.1 WAV ............................................................................................ 111
3.4.2 MP3 ............................................................................................. 112
3.4.3 WMA (Windows Media Audio) ....................................................... 112
3.4.4 Real audio ................................................................................... 112
3.5 ................................................................................... 112
3.5.1 MPEG (Motion Pictures Expert Group).......................................... 113
3.5.2 QuickTime .................................................................................. 113
3.5.3 WMV (Windows Media Video) ....................................................... 113
3.5.4 Real Video.................................................................................... 113
3.6 .................................................. 114
3.6.1 VRML (Virtual Reality Markup Language) ..................................... 114
3.6.2 X3D ............................................................................................. 114
3.6.3 Shockwave 3D ............................................................................. 115
3.6.4 QuickTime VR.............................................................................. 115
3.7 ..................................................................... 115
3.7.1 Dublin Core ................................................................................. 116
3.7.2 ....................................................... 116
3.8 ............................................. 117
4. ...................................................................................... 118
5. ...................................................................................... 132
............................................................................................... 142
............................................................................................... 145

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o Kodak Q-13 Q-14: 19
, .

6: Kodak
Macbeth color checker: 24
.
,
.
o Kodak Q-60 8.7: 264
22
.
,
.


.
(color bar)
.

,
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.
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66

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67

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68

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. ,
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72

:

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(lossless). TIFF

.
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. 9.

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:
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:

,



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,

120 pixels

9:

73

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.
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, .
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74

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.
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,
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.

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).
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, ,

.
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.
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.

75

, ,
.
(SAN, NAS):
SAN (Storage Area Network)
,
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.
SAN
.

, , ,

.

5: SAN

6: NAS

76

NAS (Network Attached Storage)

,
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Common Internet File System (CIFS). NAS
RAID .

, ,
, .

,
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.

,
. DVD,

.

10 - 20C
2050%
.
, RAID
(SAN, NAS).

.

.

.

,
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,
.

:
= # X
X 1,25

77

. 4
(TIFF, - ) :
150dpi 250 KB
300dpi 1 MB
600dpi 4 MB

.
300dpi :
1-bit ( - ) 1 MB
8-bit ( ) 8 MB
24-bit () 24 MB
, 4 300dpi
600dpi 1-bit ,
1 MB 32 MB.


.

.
,
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,
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2.7.3
,


.

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78

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(lossy, .. JPEG). ,
.

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79

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81

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,
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,
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.
(technology preservation):

,
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(digital archaeology):


.

,

82

.

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.

,
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ISO Reference Model for an
Open Archival Information System.
:
(OAIS)


.
OAIS

.

.
.
National Digital
Information
Infrastructure
Preservation
Program
(http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/),



, .

83

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, ,
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85

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,
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, Making of America II (
, http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/moa2/)
(http://www.nla.gov.au/metadata.html).

2.8.2
.
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3.7 .

86

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,
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87

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, .

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100 Kilobytes . ,
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88

.


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89

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91

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http://www.louvre.fr/.

:
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ac.uk

,

92

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97

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98

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100

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101

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Images Initiative projects)
,
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102

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,
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. ,

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103

.
.

(
The Costs of Digital Imaging Projects
Steven Puglia)
...

(
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34%
30%
36%

(
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(
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(
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47%
25%
28%

15%
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46%

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100%
100%
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11:

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104

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105

3.
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106

. ,
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,
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:



,

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, : , , ,
, .

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107

3.2
3.2.1

. XML
XML (XML declaration). HTML
XHTML XML ,
http-equiv
meta.
http://www.cd.tut.fi/~jkorpela/chars.html
:
XML (Extensible Markup Language) 1.0
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-20040204/
XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language) 1.0
http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) 4.01 http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/
The Unicode Consortium The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0.1, AddisonWesley, 2003 http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.1/

3.2.2
HTML,
XHTML, XML ASCII,
HTML 4.0 XHTML 1.0 ( ).
XML DTD (Document type
Definition) XML.
.
DTD XML.

Adobe, Portable Document Format (PDF).
,
, .

Adobe Acrobat Reader .
, .

:
XML (Extensible Markup Language) 1.0
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-20040204/
XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language) 1.0
http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/

108

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) 4.01 http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/

Portable Document Format (PDF)
http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/adobepdf.html

3.3


.
,
.

3.3.1 TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)

.
,
.
TIFF
. , TIFF
,

. TIFF 6.0.
TIFF URL:
http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFF6.pdf

3.3.2 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)

JPEG ISO

, , JPEG
. ,
.
(web browsers),
. JPEG
TIFF .

JPEG, EXIF ( .jpg).
JPEG
.
, , ,
,

109

,
GPS .
JPEG
http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg/index.html http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/
JPEG http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/itut81.pdf

3.3.3 JPEG2000
JPEG2000 .

, ,
. ,
( ) JPEG2000

.
,
plug-ins.
1 () JPEG2000
,
.
http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/index.html.

3.3.4 GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)

, JPEG,
,
. GIF
, 256 .
JPEG GIF
. GIF , JPEG
.

TIFF. ,
. GIF
TIFF .
GIF URL:
http://www.cs.cornell.edu/dali/GIF89a.txt

110

3.3.5 PNG (Portable Network Graphics)

.
GIF.
. PNG
GIF.

. PNG
TIFF .
PNG :
http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/

3.3.6 DjVu

.
(.. PDF).
.
.
plug-ins.

http://www.djvuzone.org/wid/index.html.

3.4

.
.
4.5.2 Quicktime. ,

.
.

3.4.1 WAV
Microsoft IBM .
, .
Macintosh AIFF.
, . 1
CD 16 bit
44 KHz 10 WAV.

111

3.4.2 MP3
,

. MPEG.
.

http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/ http://mp3-tech.org

3.4.3 WMA (Windows Media Audio)

Microsoft.

, (WMA 9.0)
.
Microsoft
http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/9series/codecs/audio.asp
x

3.4.4 Real audio

RealNetworks. ,
.
,
.
http://www.real.com.

3.5
,

.
. ,

,

112

3.5.1 MPEG (Motion Pictures Expert Group)

,
,
, . ,

. . MPEG

.

http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/

3.5.2 QuickTime
Apple.
Macintosh ,

.
,
.

http://developer.apple.com/documentation/QuickTime/index.html

3.5.3 WMV (Windows Media Video)

Microsoft.
,
MPEG-4.
WMA.
bit-rate
.
Microsoft
http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/9series/codecs/video.asp
x

3.5.4 Real Video

RealNetworks. ,
.
.

113

.
http://www.real.com

3.6

,
.


.


.

.
web3D
consortium http://www.web3d.org.

3.6.1 VRML (Virtual Reality Markup Language)

ISO.
VRML,
.
.
, .
VRML , ,

.
VRML
http://www.web3d.org/x3d/specifications/vrml/index.html.

3.6.2 X3D
ISO. VRML,
,
,
VRML

. ,
XML.

114

,
.

.
http://www.web3d.org/x3d/overview.html
.

3.6.3 Shockwave 3D


, CD-ROM DVD-ROM,
Macromedia Director.
Shockwave
plug-in,
.
X3D.

. Macromedia
http://www.macromedia.com/devnet/topics/3d.html.

3.6.4 QuickTime VR
Apple
.


.
,
.

http://www.apple.com/quicktime/qtvr/.

3.7

,

.
,

115

.
,
. ,
,

.

3.7.1 Dublin Core

Dublin Core.
, , , ,
, .
, ,
. Dublin Core
,

. ANSI (Z39.85).
http://www.dublincore.org.

3.7.2

.

IFLA
http://www.ifla.org/II/metadata.htm
(Colorado Digitization Program)
http://www.cdpheritage.org/resource/metadata/rsrc_metadata.html.
W3C
Resource Description Framework (RDF)
.

http://www.w3.org/RDF/
http://dublincore.org/documents/2002/07/31/dcmes-xml/

Dublin Core, RDF.

:
Digital Imaging Group DIG35 Metadata Specification, Version 1.1
(http://www.i3a.org/i_dig35.html)
MPEG7 (http://archive.dstc.edu.au/mpeg7-ddl/)

Text Encoding and Interchange (TEI) (http://www.tei-c.org/)
Machine Readable Cataloguing (MARC) (http://www.loc.gov/marc)
Encoded Archive Description (EAD) (http://www.loc.gov/ead/)

116

Metadata
Encoding
and
Transmission
(http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/) .

Standard

(METS)

.
.

,
. Dublin Core
,
.

. OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative for
Metadata Harvesting) .

http://www.openarchives.org/.

3.8


.

.
Dublin Core
. .

.
.

TASI
(Technical
Advisory
Service
for
Images)
http://www.tasi.ac.uk/advice/delivering/metadata.html.

117

4.

, , . ,
,

.
.

.

(.. , ,
). ,

.
.

Australian Museums and Galleries Online (AMOL)

reCollections: Caring for Collections Across Australia: Handling,
Transportation, Storage and Display
: HTML
http://amol.org.au/recollections/6/1/index.htm

.
: , , ,
, , , ,
, , , .

118

Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS)

Creating and Documenting Electronic Texts: A Guide to Good Practice
: HTML
http://ota.ahds.ac.uk/documents/creating/
:
o OCR
o
o XML TEI
o
The British Library
Digital Preservation Policy
: PDF
http://www.bl.uk/about/collectioncare/digpresintro.html
.
,

.

Canadian Culture Online Program

Standards and Guidelines for Digitization Projects
: PDF
http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/pcce-ccop/pubs/ccop-pcceguide_e.pdf
.
:
o
o
o , ,

o
o
o , , ,

Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN)

Capture Your Collections: A Guide for Managers Planning and Implementing
Digitization Projects
: HTML, PDF
http://www.chin.gc.ca/English/Digital_Content/Managers_Guide/index.ht
ml
:
o
o
o
o
o
o /

119

Colorado Digitization Project

General Guidelines for scanning
: HTML
http://www.cdpheritage.org/resource/scanning/std_scanning.htm
:
o
o
o
o
o (, , )

Computer Libraries
Stuart D. Lee Digitization: Is it worth it?
: HTML
http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/may01/lee.htm

, .

Cornell University Library

Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging Tutorial
: HTML
http://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/tutorial/contents.html
( :
, ), :
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o .

Anne R. Kenney, Oya Y. Rieger. Using Kodak Photo CD Technology for

Preservation and Access A Guide for Librarians
: PDF
http://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/kodak/kodak-pdf.pdf
Kodak Photo CD. ,

.

Digital Preservation Management: Implementing Short-term Strategies for

Long-term Problems
: PDF
http://www.library.cornell.edu/iris/tutorial/dpm/dpmtutorial.pdf

120

.
, ,
. ,
. ,

.

Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR)

Gregory W. Laurence, William R. Kehoe, Oya Y. Rieger, William H. Walters,
Anne R. Kenney. Risk Management of Digital Information: A File Format
Investigation ( 2000)
: HTML
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub93/contents.html


.
.
Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) & Cornell University
Library
Library Preservation and Conservation Tutorial, Southeast Asia
: HTML
http://www.librarypreservation.org/index.php

.
,
. ,
,
.

Harvard University Library

Selection For Digitizing: A Decision-Making Matrix
: HTML
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/hazen/matrix.html

.

Guide to Image Digitization

: HTML
http://hul.harvard.edu/ois/services/digproj/guide_images.html

. :
o
o

121

o
o
o

Harvard

Harvard

Heritage Collections Council

Guidelines for Environmental Control in Cultural Institutions
: HTML, PDF
http://sector.amol.org.au/collections/conservation/environmental_control
,


, .. . , :
o
o
o
o
o , ,
o
o
o

Higher Education Digitisation Service (HEDS)

Joanne Lomax Smith. Projects without pain: demystifying digitisation with
the Higher Education Digitisation Service
: PDF
http://heds.herts.ac.uk/resources/papers/hedsvine.pdf
,

.

JISC Image Digitisation Initiative: Feasibility Study

: PDF
http://heds.herts.ac.uk/resources/papers/jidi_fs.pdf
HEDS JIDI.
, , ,
, , ,
.
JIDI.
Simon Taner, Joanne Lomax Smith. Digitisation: How much does it really
cost? ( 1999)
: PDF

122

http://heds.herts.ac.uk/resources/papers/drh99.pdf

. ,

.

.

International Color Consortium (ICC)

International Color Consortium
: HTML
http://www.color.org/
ICC,
,

.

ICC Color Management

: PDF, PPT
http://www.color.org/slidepres.html
ICC .

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)

Guidelines for digitization projects
: PDF
http://www.ifla.org/VII/s19/pubs/digit-guide.pdf
.
:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Joint National Preservation Office (NPO) and Research Libraries Group
(RLG) Preservation Conference
John E. McIntyre. Guidelines for Digital Imaging: Protecting the Physical
Form
: HTML
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preview

Salvador DALI 1904-1989 The Paintings, TASCHEN,
1997, ISBN 3-8228-8263-1
The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory,
1952-1954 (. 461)
EPSON GT-1500 scanner
6 sec
24 bit
110,3 mm 140,1 mm

150 dpi
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145

5 sec
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1,56 MB
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preview

Salvador DALI 1904-1989 The Paintings, TASCHEN,

1997, ISBN 3-8228-8263-1
The Angel of Port Lligat, 1952 (. 460)
EPSON GT-1500 scanner
6 sec
8 bit
110,3 mm 140,1 mm

150 dpi
5 sec
300 dpi
8 sec
400 dpi
21 sec
600 dpi
21 sec
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1200 dpi
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540 KB
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