Growth and Development of Learner

The Biological and Psychological Stages of Development

Prenatal period: from conception to birth

Infancy and babyhood: from birth to 2 years

The Biological and Psychological Stages of Development

Early childhood: from 2 to 6 years

Late childhood: from 6 or 7 to 11 or 12 years

The Biological and Psychological Stages of Development

Puberty stage: from 12 or 13 to 14 or 15

Early adolescence: from puberty to 17 years

The Biological and Psychological Stages of Development

Late adolescence: from 18 to 21 years

Early adulthood: from 21 to 40 years

The Biological and Psychological Stages of Development

Middle age: from 40 to 65 years Old age: starts from 65 years

 Arnold Gesell was the first psychologist to systematically investigate the role of nature in behavior. Maturation this is a kind of natural growth unfolding in a fixed timetable regardless of the

Nature Nurture Interactions

Aspects of Development by Gessel

Motor Behavior: posture, ability to group movement, general coordination of the different parts of the body and more specific coordination;

Helpless at 1 month Legs and feet are firm at 3 months Sits with support at 4 months Moves about in a walker at 6 months Walks alone at 1 year old

Aspects of Development by Gessel

Language Behavior: implies all the ways of communicating with other people;

Stages of language acquisition

There are five basic stages of language acquisition: Cooing: Appears at about 6 months or so. All infants coo using all the phonemes from every language. Even congenitally deaf children coo. Babbling: Appears at around 9 months. Infants are starting to selectively use the phonemes from their native language. One-word utterances: At around 12 months, children start using words. Telegraphic speech: Children start making multi-word utterances that lack function words. (about 2 years old) Normal speech: By about 5-6 years of age, children have almost normal speech

Aspects of Development by Gessel

Adaptive Behavior: actions that reflect the ability to begin new activities and take advantage of earlier experience; closely related to intelligence; Personal-Social Behavior: includes the childs reaction to other people and to the cultural influences, adjustment to home life, to social groups, and social conventions.

Age-Level Characteristics
Pre-School Students/ Kindergarten Students Elementary Students High School Students College Students