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MI0035 Computer Networks

Question 1- Explain all design issues with several layers in computer. What is connection oriented and connectionless service?
Answer: The important design issues with Computer networks are: 1.) Addressing: Identifying sender and receivers on a network needs some form of addressing. There are multiple processes running on one machine. Some means is needed for a process in one machine to specify with whom it wants to communicate. 2.) Error Control: There may be erroneous transmission due to several problems during communication. These are due to problem in communication circuits, physical medium, due to thermal noise and interference. Many error detecting and error correcting codes are known, but both ends of the connection must agree on which one being used. In addition, the receiver must have some mechanism of telling the sender which messages have been received correctly and which has not. 3.) Flow Control: If there is a fast sender at one end sending data to a slow receiver, then there must be flow control mechanism to control the loss of data by slow receivers. There are several mechanisms used for flow control such as increasing buffer size at receivers, slow down the fast sender, and so on. Some process will not be in position to accept arbitrarily long messages. Then, there must be some mechanism to disassembling, transmitting and then reassembling messages. 4.) Multiplexing/Demultiplexing: If the data has to be transmitted on transmission media separately, it is inconvenient or expensive to setup separate connection for each pair of communicating processes. So, multiplexing is needed in the physical layer at sender end and demultiplexing is need at the receiver end. 5.) Routing: When data has to be transmitted from source to destination, there may be multiple paths between them. An optimized (shortest) route must be chosen. This decision is made on the basis of several routing algorithms, which chooses optimized route to the destination. Connection Oriented and Connectionless Services: Two distinct techniques are used in data communications to transfer data. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. They are the connection-oriented method and the connectionless method: Connection-oriented Requires a session connection (analogous to a phone call) be established before any data can be sent. This method is often called a "reliable" network service. It can guarantee that data will arrive in the same order. Connectionoriented services set up virtual links between end systems through a network.

Connectionless Does not require a session connection between sender and receiver. The sender simply starts sending packets (called datagrams) to the destination. This service does not have the reliability of the connection-oriented method, but it is useful for periodic burst transfers. Neither system must maintain state information for the systems that they send transmission to or receive transmission from. A connectionless network provides minimal services.

Question 2 Discuss OSI reference model.


Answer: Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a standard reference model for communication between two end users in a network. The model is used in developing products and understanding networks.

OSI divides telecommunication into seven layers. The layers are in two groups. The upper four layers are used whenever a message passes from or to a user. The lower three layers are used when any message passes through the host computer. Messages intended for this computer pass to the upper layers. Messages destined for some other host are not passed up to the upper layers but are forwarded to another host. The seven layers are: Layer 7: The application layer: This is the layer at which communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. (This layer is not the application itself, although some applications may perform application layer functions.) 2

Layer 6: The presentation layer: This is a layer, usually part of an operating system, that converts incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another (for example, from a text stream into a popup window with the newly arrived text). Sometimes called the syntax layer. Layer 5: The session layer: This layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogs between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. Layer 4: The transport layer: This layer manages the end-to-end control (for example, determining whether all packets have arrived) and error-checking. It ensures complete data transfer. Layer 3: The network layer: This layer handles the routing of the data (sending it in the right direction to the right destination on outgoing transmissions and receiving incoming transmissions at the packet level). The network layer does routing and forwarding. Layer 2: The data-link layer: This layer provides synchronization for the physical level and does bit-stuffing for strings of 1's in excess of 5. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management. Layer 1: The physical layer: This layer conveys the bit stream through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier.

Question 3 Describe different types of data transmission modes.


Answer: Data transmission modes can be defined as the way in which data is transmitted between two linked devices. There are three different ways or modes of transmitting data based on the direction in which data is exchanged, they are: o o o Simplex mode Half-Duplex mode Full-Duplex mode

Simplex Mode: The data flows in only one direction, from the transmitter to the receiver. This type of connection is useful if the data do not need to flow in both directions (for example, from your computer to the printer or from the mouse to your computer...). Half-Duplex Mode: The data flows in one direction or the other, but not both at the same time. With this type of connection, each end of the connection transmits in turn. This type of connection makes it possible to have bidirectional communications using the full capacity of the line. Full-Duplex Mode: The data flow in both directions simultaneously. Each end of the line can thus transmit and receive at the same time, which means that the bandwidth is divided in two for each direction of data transmission if the same transmission medium is used for both directions of transmission. 3

Serial and parallel transmission In Parallel Transmission each bit of data flow simultaneously over different communication channel. The communication channel can be a wire or any other physical medium. The data in the binary form flow from once computer to another using parallel mode. Parallel transmission process is commonly found between computer and printer. Here, parallel port of the computer is connected to the printer, where the parallel cable, which has many parallel wires, is used to link printer to computer. This is considered to be the fastest data transmission mode which is suitable for short distance communication as data transmission over long distance requires multiple lines with thicker wires, which are more costly. In Serial Transmission each bit of data flow one at a time over single transmission channel. The serial transmission is slower when compared to parallel transmission. It transmits data bit-by-bit. As many processors use parallel transmission process, the transmitter converts the parallel data into serial data and then converts it back to parallel data at the receiving end. An example of serial transmission mode includes serial mouse. As this mode requires single communication channel it is more suitable for long distance communication.

Question 4 Define Switching. What is the difference between Circuit Switching and Packed Switching
Answer: The controlling or routing of signals in circuits to execute logical or arithmetic operation or to transmit data between specific points in a network is known as switching. Switching may be performed by electronic, optical, or electromechanical devices. Packed-switched and Circuit-switched networks use two different technologies for sending messages and data from one point to another. Each has their advantages and disadvantages depending on what you are trying to do. In packet-based networks, the message gets broken into small data packets. These packets are sent out from the computer and they travel around the network seeking out the most efficient route to travel as circuits become available. This does not necessarily mean that they seek out the shortest route. Each packet is sent with a header addresses. This tells it where its final destination is, so it knows where to go. The header address also describes the sequence for reassembly at the destination computer so that the packets are put back into the correct order. One packet also contains details of how many packets should be arriving so that the recipient computer knows if one packet has failed to turn up. If a packet fails to arrive, the recipient computer sends a message back to the computer which originally sent the data, asking for the missing packet to be resent.

Difference between circuit switching and packet switching: Packet Switching o Message is broken up into segments (packets). o Each packet carries the identification of the intended recipient, data used to assist in data correction and the position of the packet in the sequence. Each packet is treated individually by the switching centre and may be sent to the destination by a totally different route to all the others. Advantages: Security Bandwidth used to full potential Devices of different speeds can communicate Not affected by line failure (rediverts signal) Availability do not have to wait for a direct connection to become available During a crisis or disaster, when the public telephone network might stop working, e-mails and texts can still be sent via packet switching

Disadvantages Under heavy use there can be a delay Data packets can get lost or become corrupted Protocols are needed for a reliable transfer Not so good for some types data streams e.g real-time video streams can lose frames due to the way packets arrive out of sequence.

Circuit switching was designed in 1878 in order to send telephone calls down a dedicated channel. This channel remained open and in use throughout the whole call and could not be used by any other data or phone calls. There are three phases in circuit switching: Establish Transfer Disconnect

The telephone message is sent in one go, it is not broken up. The message arrives in the same order that it was originally sent. In modern circuit-switched networks, electronic signals pass through several switches before a connection is established. During a call, no other network traffic can use those switches. The resources remain dedicated to the circuit during the entire data transfer and the entire message follows the same path. Circuit switching can be analogue or digital

With the expanded use of the Internet for voice and video, analysts predict a gradual shift away from circuit-switched networks. A circuit-switched network is excellent for data that needs a constant link from end-to-end. For example real-time video. Inefficient the equipment may be unused for a lot of the call, if no data is being sent, the dedicated line still remains open Takes a relatively long time to set up the circuit During a crisis or disaster, the network may become unstable or unavailable. It was primarily developed for voice traffic rather than data traffic.

Disadvantages:

It is easier to double the capacity of a packet switched network than a circuit network a circuit network is heavily dependent on the number of channel available.

Question 5 Classify Guided Medium (wired). Compare fiber optics and copper wire.
Answer:

Guided Transmission Media uses a cabling system that guides the data signals along a specific path. The data signals are bound by the "cabling" system. Guided Media is also known as Bound Media. Cabling is meant in a generic sense in the previous sentences and is not meant to be interpreted as copper wire cabling only. Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another. There four basic types of Guided Media : 1.) Open Wire: Open Wire is traditionally used to describe the electrical wire strung along power poles. There is a single wire strung between poles. No shielding or protection from noise interference is used. We are going to extend the traditional definition of Open Wire to include any data signal path without shielding or protection from noise interference. This media is susceptible to a large degree of noise and interference and consequently not acceptable for data transmission except for short distances under 20 ft.

2.) Twisted Pair: Twisted pair cable is least expensive and most widely used. The wires in Twisted Pair cabling are twisted together in pairs. Each pair would consist of a wire used for the +ve data signal and a wire used for the -ve data signal. Any noise that appears on one wire of the pair would occur on the other wire. Because the wires are opposite polarities, they are 180 degrees out of phase when the noise appears on both wires, it cancels or nulls itself out at the receiving end. 3.) Coaxial Fiber: A form of network cabling used primarily in older Ethernet networks and in electrically noisy industrial environments. The name coax comes from its two-conductor construction in which the conductors run concentrically with each other along the axis of the cable. Coaxial cabling has been largely replaced by twisted-pair cabling for local area network (LAN) installations within buildings, and by fiber-optic cabling for high-speed network backbones. 4.) Fiber Optics: Fiber-optic is a glass cabling media that sends network signals using light. Fiber-optic cabling has higher bandwidth capacity than copper cabling, and is used mainly for highspeed network Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) backbones, long cable runs, and connections to high-performance workstations. A fiber-optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the form of light. If a ray of light traveling through one substance suddenly enters another (more or less dense), the ray changes direction. This change is called. Compariso Twisted-Pair n of Guided Cable(Copper Wire) medias Sr No 1. It uses electrical signals for transmission. 2. It uses metallic conductor to carry the signal. Noise immunity is low. Therefore more distortion. Coaxial Cable(Copper Wire) Fiber Optic Cable (FOC)

3.

4.

5. 6.

Affected external filed. Cheapest

due to magnetic

It uses electrical It uses optical signals for form of signal transmission. (i.e. light) for transmission. It uses metallic It uses glass or conductor to carry plastic to carry the signal. the signal. Higher noise Highest noise immunity than immunity as the twisted-pair cable light rays are due to the presence unaffected by of shielding the electrical conductor. noise. Less affected due to Not affected by external magnetic the external filed. magnetic filed. Moderately costly Costly

Can support low data Moderately high data Very high data rates. rates. rates.

7.

Power loss conduction radiation.

8.

9.

to Power loss due to Power loss due and conduction. to absorption, scattering, dispersion. Short circuit between Short circuit between Short circuit is two conductors is two conductors is not possible. possible. possible. Low bandwidth. Moderately high Very high bandwidth. bandwidth.

due

Question 6 What are the different types of satellites?


Answer: There are four principal types of satellites: 1.) Communication Satellite: Communications satellites allow radio, television, and telephone transmissions to be sent live anywhere in the world. Before satellites, transmissions were difficult or impossible at long distances. The signals, which travel in straight lines, could not bend around the round Earth to reach a destination far away. Because satellites are in orbit, the signals can be sent instantaneously into space and then redirected to another satellite or directly to their destination. 2.) Weather Satellite: Helps to find out the weather anywhere in the world any time of the day. There are television stations that carry weather information all day long. Meteorologists use weather satellites for many things, and they rely on images from satellites. 3.) Navigation Satellite: Satellites for navigation were developed in the late 1950's as a direct result of ships needing to know exactly where they were at any given time. In the middle of the ocean or out of sight of land, you can't find out your position accurately just by looking out the window. Navigation systems use time and distance to determine location. Early on, scientists recognized the principle that, given the velocity and the time required for a radio signal to be transmitted between two points, the distance between the two points can be computed. The calculation must be done precisely, and the clocks in the satellite and in the ground-based receiver must be telling exactly the same time - they must be synchronized. If they are, the time it takes for a signal to travel can be measured and then multiplied by the exact speed of light to obtain the distance between the two positions. 4.) Research Satellite: NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft has entered a new region between our solar system and interstellar space. Data obtained from Voyager over the last year reveal this new region to be a kind of cosmic purgatory. In it, the wind of charged particles streaming out from our sun has calmed, our solar system's magnetic field has piled up, and higher-energy particles from inside our solar system appear to be leaking out into interstellar space. 8

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