:

- :Digestive canal
:
:Beak - -
45 .
:Mouth
.
:Pharynx Oropharynx Nasopharynx
.
:Esophagus 15-10 100- -
Crop - .
:Proventriculus = True stomach - HCl
- 30/ 6 -5
/ - pH -2 -1
-
.
) (pH :

4.5

6.0

4.9

4.3

4.4

4.7

3.4

4.8

2.6

2.2

2.3

2.0

5.7-6.0

5.8-6.5

6.0-6.2

5.2-5.4

5.8-6.4

7.0- 6.7

6.1-6.9

5.3-5.9

6.3

6.5

6.7

5.4

5.7

5.9

5.9

:Ventriculus=Muscular stomach 5 2.5 - --

-- .
:Duodenum U -- 20 --
.
: 120
.

7 :1

8 :1

10 :1

11 :1

19 :1

12 :1

:Large intestine = Rectum 10-7 ) (%5 14 ) (%1

.
:Cloaca ) ( ) ( )(
.
- :
:Crop .... ... ...
... ...Bisaccular ..
...
... ) (Crop milk
... 1.5 -1
.
:Liver .... ) (...
...
.
:Gall Bladder ..
.
:Pancreas )( )() - - (
)
( ) ( .
: .... 12 ) (%13 183 ) (%8 ....
.... Probiotics
.... .
:
- .

 Low.physical limitation of avian digestive system

) 83( .
:
-1 Mechanical digestion Mastication
.
-2 digestion Microbial
.
-3 Chemical or enzymatic digestion
.

... ..
...
.

3.12

3.46
3.2
2.27
3.13

--
- -

- --

7-30/
30/ 6 -5
/
-- 1/ 14
6
100-150/

+
+
+ +

: :
. . . :Absorption

.
: ....
.....
.

 :
.
:
...
.
:

.