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1
BA\u00cd O QUA\u00cd N TH\u00c6\u00db C PH\u00c1\u00d8\u00d8M
M\u00c5\u00cd \u00c2\u00c1\u00d6 U

L\u00e6\u00e5ng th\u00e6\u00fb c va\u00ec th\u00e6\u00fb c ph\u00e1\u00f8m la\u00ec v\u00e1\u00fan \u00e2\u00e3\u00f6 quan tro\u00fc ng s\u00e4\u00fa m\u00e4\u00fc t cu\u00eda loa\u00ec i ng\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec i. Do \u00e2o\u00ef t\u00e7m ca\u00efch n\u00e1ng cao sa\u00ed n l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng c\u00e1y tr\u00e4\u00f6 ng va\u00ec sa\u00ed n xu\u00e1\u00fat ra nhi\u00e3\u00f6 u th\u00e6\u00fb c ph\u00e1\u00f8m la\u00ec y\u00e3u c\u00e1\u00f6 u v\u00e4 cu\u00ec ng c\u00e1\u00fap ba\u00efch. Nh\u00e6ng chu\u00efng ta \u00e2\u00e3\u00f6 u bi\u00e3\u00fat r\u00e0\u00f2 ng mu\u00e4\u00fan t\u00e0ng n\u00e0ng su\u00e1\u00fat ngoa\u00ec i \u00e2\u00e4\u00f6 ng m\u00e4\u00fc

t va\u00ec i ph\u00e1\u00f6 n tr\u00e0m la\u00ec

r\u00e1\u00fat kho\u00ef kh\u00e0n va\u00ec pha\u00edi \u00e2\u00e1\u00f6 u t\u00e6 r\u00e1\u00fat nhi\u00e3\u00f6 u lao \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc ng, ph\u00e1n bo\u00efn, thu\u00e4\u00fac tr\u00e6\u00ec s\u00e1u, thi\u00e3\u00fat b\u00eb, ma\u00efy mo\u00efc...Nh\u00e6ng n\u00e3\u00fau ba\u00edo qua\u00edn trong kho ch\u00e8 c\u00e1\u00f6 n thi\u00e3\u00fau th\u00e1\u00fb n tro\u00fc ng ho\u00e0\u00fb c kh\u00e4ng tu\u00e1n theo \u00e2u\u00efng ca\u00efc qui tr\u00e7nh ky\u00ee thu\u00e1\u00fb t th\u00e7 trong m\u00e4\u00fc t n\u00e0m hao hu\u00fb t m\u00e4\u00fc t va\u00ec

i ph\u00e1\u00f6 n tr\u00e0m la\u00ec \u00e2i\u00e3\u00f6 u ch\u00e0\u00f5c ch\u00e0\u00f5n se\u00ee xa\u00ed y
ra. Theo ta\u00ec i li\u00e3\u00fb u cu\u00ed a ca\u00efc n\u00e6\u00e5\u00efc co\u00ef tr\u00e7nh \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc ba\u00ed o qua\u00ed n ti\u00e3n ti\u00e3\u00fan nh\u00e6 My\u00ee, Nh\u00e1\u00fb
t ... th\u00e7 s\u00e4\u00fa l\u00e6\u00e5ng
th\u00e6\u00fbc t\u00e4\u00f8n th\u00e1\u00fat trong kh\u00e1u ba\u00ed o qua\u00ed n ha\u00ec
ng n\u00e0m kh\u00e4ng d\u00e6\u00e5\u00efi 5%. \u00c5\u00cd ca\u00efc n\u00e6\u00e5\u00efc nhi\u00e3\u00fb
t \u00e2\u00e5\u00efi s\u00e4\u00fa l\u00e6\u00e5ng
th\u00e6\u00fb c t\u00e4\u00f8n th\u00e1\u00fat trong ba\u00ed o qua\u00ed n l\u00e3n t\u00e5\u00efi 10%. Cho n\u00e3n gia\u00ed m t\u00e4\u00f8n th\u00e1\u00fa

t trong qua\u00ef tr\u00e7nh sa\u00ed n xu\u00e1\u00fat, ba\u00edo qua\u00edn va\u00ec ch\u00e3\u00fa bi\u00e3\u00fan l\u00e6\u00e5ng th\u00e6\u00fb c, th\u00e6\u00fb c ph\u00e1\u00f8m la\u00ec m\u00e4\u00fc t trong nh\u00e6\u00eeng ti\u00e3\u00f6 m n\u00e0ng \u00e2\u00e3\u00f8 n\u00e1ng cao n\u00e0ng su\u00e1\u00fat c\u00e1y tr\u00e4\u00f6 ng, t\u00e0ng t\u00e4\u00f8ng sa\u00ed n l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng cu\u00ed a chu\u00efng .

M\u00e0\u00fb t kha\u00efc, nhi\u00e3\u00f6 u loa\u00fb i th\u00e6\u00fb c ph\u00e1\u00f8m co\u00ef t\u00eanh ch\u00e1\u00fat theo mu\u00ec a nh\u00e1\u00fat \u00e2\u00ebnh: ga\u00ec \u00e2e\u00ed tr\u00e6\u00efng chu\u00ed y\u00e3\u00fau
va\u00ec o mu\u00ec a he\u00ec , rau qua\u00ed cu\u00eeng thu hoa\u00fb ch nhi\u00e3\u00f6 u va\u00ec o he\u00ec . Nhi\u00e3\u00f6 u loa\u00fb i th\u00e6\u00fb c ph\u00e1\u00f8m co\u00ef t\u00eanh ch\u00e1\u00fa

t \u00e2\u00eba ph\u00e6\u00e5ng : mi\u00e3\u00f6 n bi\u00e3\u00f8n co\u00ef nhi\u00e3\u00f6 u t\u00e4m ca\u00ef, mi\u00e3\u00f6 n nu\u00efi ch\u00e0n nu\u00e4i \u00e2\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc c th\u00e7 co\u00ef nhi\u00e3\u00f6 u th\u00ebt s\u00e6\u00eea ... V\u00e1\u00fan \u00e2\u00e3\u00f6 m\u00e5\u00ed mang khu c\u00e4ng nghi\u00e3\u00fb p \u00e2a\u00ee t\u00e1\u00fb p trung d\u00e1n s\u00e4\u00fa kh\u00e4ng tr\u00e6\u00fb

c ti\u00e3\u00fap sa\u00ed n xu\u00e1\u00fat n\u00e4ng nghi\u00e3\u00fb p va\u00ec o
m\u00e4\u00fc t khu v\u00e6\u00fb c \u00e2o\u00ec i ho\u00ed
i pha\u00ed
i cung c\u00e1\u00fap m\u00e4\u00fc t l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng l\u00e5\u00efn l\u00e6\u00e5ng th\u00e6\u00fb c, th\u00e6\u00fb c ph\u00e1\u00f8m. Nha\u00ec N\u00e6\u00e5\u00efc cu\u00eeng
c\u00e1\u00f6 n lu\u00e4n lu\u00e4n co\u00ef m\u00e4\u00fc
t l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc
ng l\u00e6\u00e5ng th\u00e6\u00fb c, th\u00e6\u00fb c ph\u00e1\u00f8m d\u00e6\u00fb tr\u00e6\u00ed c\u00e1\u00f6 n thi\u00e3\u00fat .
V\u00e7 nh\u00e6\u00ee
ng nguy\u00e3n nh\u00e1n \u00e2a\u00ee n\u00e3u tr\u00e3n \u00e2o\u00ec i ho\u00ed i pha\u00ed i ba\u00ed o qua\u00ed n l\u00e6\u00e5ng th\u00e6\u00fb c, th\u00e6\u00fb c ph\u00e1\u00f8m. \u00c2\u00e3\u00f8 ba\u00ed o
qua\u00ed n l\u00e6\u00e5ng th\u00e6\u00fb c, th\u00e6\u00fb c ph\u00e1\u00f8m co\u00ef hi\u00e3\u00fb u qua\u00ed th\u00e7 c\u00e1\u00f6 n th\u00e6\u00fb c hi\u00e3\u00fb n \u00e2\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc c ca\u00efc nhi\u00e3\u00fb m vu\u00fb sau \u00e2\u00e1y
- Tra\u00efnh t\u00e4\u00f8n th\u00e1\u00fat v\u00e3\u00f6 kh\u00e4\u00fai l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc
ng ho\u00e0\u00fb c gia\u00ed m t\u00e4\u00f8
n th\u00e1\u00fat \u00e2\u00e3\u00fan m\u00e6\u00efc th\u00e1\u00fap nh\u00e1\u00fat .
- Tra\u00efnh la\u00ec

m gia\u00ed m ch\u00e1\u00fat l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng cu\u00ed a ca\u00efc m\u00e0\u00fb t ha\u00ec ng ba\u00ed o qua\u00ed n .
- T\u00e7m bi\u00e3\u00fb n pha\u00efp la\u00ec m t\u00e0mg ch\u00e1\u00fat l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng cu\u00ed a ca\u00efc m\u00e0\u00fb t ha\u00ec ng ba\u00ed o qua\u00edn.
- Gia\u00ef tha\u00ec nh cu\u00ed a m\u00e4\u00fc t \u00e2\u00e5n v\u00eb ba\u00ed o qua\u00ed n la\u00ec th\u00e1\u00fap nh\u00e1\u00fat .

\u00c2\u00e3\u00f8 la\u00ec m \u00e2\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc c \u00e2i\u00e3\u00f6 u \u00e2o\u00ef c\u00e1\u00f6 n pha\u00ed i nghi\u00e3n c\u00e6\u00efu t\u00e1\u00fat ca\u00ed ca\u00efc qua\u00ef tr\u00e7nh xa\u00ed y ra trong l\u00e6\u00e5ng th\u00e6\u00fb c, th\u00e6\u00fb c ph\u00e1\u00f8m khi ba\u00edo qua\u00edn \u00e2\u00e3\u00f8 t\u00e6\u00ec \u00e2o\u00ef t\u00e7m mo\u00fc i bi\u00e3\u00fb n pha\u00efp nh\u00e0\u00f2 m \u00e2\u00e3\u00f6 pho\u00ec ng, ng\u00e0n ch\u00e0\u00fb n ho\u00e0\u00fb c ha\u00fb n ch\u00e3\u00fa nh\u00e6\u00eeng hi\u00e3\u00fb n t\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng h\u00e6 ha\u00fb i co\u00ef th\u00e3\u00f8 xa\u00ed y ra .

To\u00efm la\u00fb
i, ba\u00ed

o qua\u00ed n LT va\u00ec TP la\u00ec m\u00e4\u00fc t nga\u00ec nh ky\u00ee thu\u00e1\u00fb t r\u00e1\u00fat quan tro\u00fc ng, no\u00ef co\u00ef y\u00ef ngh\u00e9a l\u00e5\u00efn v\u00e3\u00f6 m\u00e0\u00fb t kinh t\u00e3\u00fa. No\u00ef giu\u00efp cho ng\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec i la\u00ec m c\u00e4ng ta\u00efc ky\u00ee thu\u00e1\u00fb t bi\u00e3\u00fat ca\u00efch t\u00e4\u00f8 ch\u00e6\u00efc \u00e2\u00e3\u00f8 gia\u00edm t\u00e4\u00f8n th\u00e1\u00fat trong qua\u00ef tr\u00e7nh ba\u00ed

o qua\u00ed n . Ba\u00ed o qua\u00ed
n t\u00e4\u00fat LT va\u00ec TP se\u00ee \u00e2\u00e3\u00f6 pho\u00ec ng \u00e2\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc c na\u00fb
n \u00e2o\u00efi do thi\u00e3n tai,
\u00e2\u00ebch ho\u00fc a g\u00e1y ra, se\u00ee n\u00e1ng cao \u00e2\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc c m\u00e6\u00efc sa\u00ed n xu\u00e1\u00fat, m\u00e6\u00efc sinh hoa\u00fb t .
2
PH\u00c1\u00d6 N I : BA\u00cd O QUA\u00cd N HA\u00db T
I> NH\u00c6\u00ce NG T\u00caNH CH\u00c1\u00da T V\u00c1\u00db T LY\u00cf CU\u00cd A KH\u00c4\u00da I HA\u00db T CO\u00cf LI\u00c3N QUAN
\u00c2\u00c3\u00da N C\u00c4NG TA\u00cf C BA\u00cd O QUA\u00cd N
1.1 Tha\u00ec nh ph\u00e1\u00f6 n va\u00ec \u00e2\u00e0\u00fb c t\u00eanh chung cu\u00eda kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t

Kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t bao g\u00e4\u00f6 m nhi\u00e3\u00f6 u ha\u00fb t h\u00e5\u00fc p tha\u00ec nh. Do \u00e2o\u00ef ngoa\u00ec i nh\u00e6\u00eeng t\u00eanh ch\u00e1\u00fat ri\u00e3ng le\u00ee cu\u00eda t\u00e6\u00ec ng ha\u00fb t, kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t g\u00e4\u00f6 m nhi\u00e3\u00f6 u tha\u00ec nh ph\u00e1\u00f6 n kha\u00efc nhau va\u00ec co\u00ef nh\u00e6\u00eeng t\u00eanh ch\u00e1\u00fat \u00e2\u00e0\u00fb c thu\u00ec ma\u00ec t\u00e6\u00ec ng ha\u00fb t ri\u00e3ng le\u00ee kh\u00e4ng co\u00ef \u00e2\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc c. V\u00ea du\u00fb trong m\u00e4\u00fc t kh\u00e4\u00fai tho\u00efc, ngoa\u00ec i ha\u00fb t tho\u00efc ra co\u00ec n co\u00ef m\u00e4\u00fc

t s\u00e4\u00fa ha\u00fb t co\u00ed
da\u00fb i, ta\u00fb p ch\u00e1\u00fat h\u00e6u\u00ee c\u00e5 ( ca\u00ef
t , sa\u00fb
n ...), m\u00e4\u00fc t s\u00e4\u00fa c\u00e4n tru\u00ec ng va\u00ec VSV, m\u00e4\u00fc
t l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng kh\u00e4ng kh\u00ea nh\u00e1\u00fat
\u00e2\u00ebnh t\u00e4\u00f6 n ta\u00fb i trong khe h\u00e5\u00ed gi\u00e6\u00eea ca\u00efc ha\u00fb t tho\u00efc.

Ngay cu\u00ec ng m\u00e4\u00fc t gi\u00e4\u00fang tho\u00efc thu hoa\u00fb ch tr\u00e3n cu\u00ec ng m\u00e4\u00fc t th\u00e6\u00eda ru\u00e4\u00fc ng, nh\u00e7n chung co\u00ef nh\u00e6\u00eeng \u00e2\u00e0\u00fb c t\u00eanh gi\u00e4\u00fang nhau v\u00e3\u00f6 ch\u00e8 ti\u00e3u ch\u00e1\u00fat l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng, v\u00e3\u00f6 h\u00e7nh da\u00efng, ma\u00ec u s\u00e0\u00f5c ... nh\u00e6ng xe\u00eft ky\u00ee th\u00e7 chu\u00efng cu\u00eeng co\u00ef nhi\u00e3\u00f6u \u00e2i\u00e3\u00f8m kha\u00efc nhau, do s\u00e6\u00fb h\u00e7nh tha\u00ec nh, pha\u00ef

t tri\u00e3\u00f8n cu\u00ed
a ha\u00fb t tho\u00efc trong qua\u00ef tr\u00e7nh
s\u00e4\u00fa
ng kha\u00efc nhau. Ngay tr\u00e3n cu\u00ec ng m\u00e4\u00fc t b\u00e4ng lu\u00efa cu\u00eeng co\u00ef ha\u00fb t \u00e2a\u00ee ch\u00ean hoa\u00ec n toa\u00ec n co\u00ef ha\u00fb t ch\u00e6a
ch\u00ean \u00e2\u00e1\u00f6 y \u00e2u\u00ed va\u00ec co\u00ef ca\u00ed nh\u00e6\u00eeng ha\u00fb t le\u00efp. Th\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec ng nh\u00e6\u00eeng ha\u00fb t lu\u00efa \u00e5\u00ed \u00e2\u00e1\u00f6 u b\u00e4ng l\u00e5\u00ef
n va\u00ec n\u00e0\u00fb ng, ch\u00ean
hoa\u00ec
n toa\u00ec n; trong khi \u00e2o\u00ef nh\u00e6\u00eeng ha\u00fb t \u00e5\u00ed cu\u00e4\u00fa
i b\u00e4ng la\u00fb i nho\u00ed , nhe\u00fb va\u00ec ch\u00ean ch\u00e6a \u00e2\u00e1\u00f6 y \u00e2u\u00ed .

Do \u00e2\u00e0\u00fb c t\u00eanh kh\u00e4ng \u00e2\u00e4\u00f6 ng nh\u00e1\u00fat nh\u00e6 v\u00e1\u00fb y n\u00e3n trong ba\u00edo qua\u00edn g\u00e1y ra kh\u00e4ng \u00eat kho\u00ef kh\u00e0n. Nh\u00e6\u00eeng ha\u00fb t le\u00efp, ch\u00ean ch\u00e6a \u00e2\u00e1\u00f6 y \u00e2u\u00ed th\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec ng h\u00e4 h\u00e1\u00fap ma\u00fb nh, d\u00e3\u00f9 hu\u00eft \u00e1\u00f8m n\u00e3n la\u00ec m t\u00e0ng thu\u00ed y ph\u00e1\u00f6 n cu\u00ed a kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t, ta\u00fb o \u00e2i\u00e3\u00f6 u ki\u00e3\u00fb n cho s\u00e1u ha\u00fb i, VSV pha\u00eft tri\u00e3\u00f8n, thu\u00efc \u00e2\u00e1\u00f8y ca\u00efc qua\u00ef tr\u00e7nh h\u00e6 ho\u00ed ng cu\u00ed a ha\u00fb t xa\u00ed y ra ma\u00fb nh .

Ha\u00fb t co\u00ed da\u00fb i, m\u00e4\u00fc t m\u00e0\u00fb t chi\u00e3\u00fam m\u00e4\u00fc t th\u00e3\u00f8 t\u00each nh\u00e1\u00fat \u00e2\u00ebnh trong kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t, m\u00e0\u00fb t kha\u00efc chu\u00efng th\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec ng
co\u00ef thu\u00ed y ph\u00e1\u00f6 n cao va\u00ec hoa\u00fb t \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc ng sinh ly\u00ef ma\u00fb nh ta\u00fb o n\u00e3n m\u00e4\u00fc t l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng h\u00e5i n\u00e6\u00e5\u00ef
c va\u00ec kh\u00ea CO2trong
kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t la\u00ec
m cho ca\u00efc qua\u00ef tr\u00e7nh h\u00e6 ho\u00ed ng cu\u00ed a kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t xa\u00ed y ra d\u00e3\u00f9 da\u00ec ng .
Ca\u00efc ta\u00fb p ch\u00e1\u00fat h\u00e6\u00eeu c\u00e5 va\u00ec v\u00e4 c\u00e5 co\u00ef trong kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb
t, m\u00e4\u00fc t m\u00e0\u00fb t la\u00ec m gia\u00ed m gia\u00ef tr\u00eb th\u00e6\u00e5ng ph\u00e1\u00f8m
cu\u00ed a ha\u00fb t, m\u00e0\u00fb t kha\u00efc \u00e2o\u00ef cu\u00eeng la\u00ec ph\u00e1\u00f6 n hu\u00ef
t \u00e1\u00f8
m ma\u00fb
nh la\u00ec
m cho kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t mau cho\u00efng b\u00eb h\u00e6 ho\u00ed ng .
S\u00e1u ha\u00fb i va\u00ec VSV t\u00e4\u00f6 n ta\u00fb i trong kh\u00e4\u00fa
i ha\u00fb t la\u00ec nh\u00e6\u00eeng y\u00e3\u00fa
u t\u00e4\u00fa g\u00e1y t\u00e4\u00f8n th\u00e1\u00fat v\u00e3\u00f6 m\u00e0\u00fb t s\u00e4\u00fa l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng va\u00ec
la\u00ec m a\u00ed
nh h\u00e6\u00e5\u00ed ng tr\u00e6\u00fb c ti\u00e3\u00fap \u00e2\u00e3\u00fan ch\u00e1\u00fa
t l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng cu\u00ed
a kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t .
L\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng kh\u00e4ng kh\u00ea t\u00e4\u00f6 n ta\u00fb

i gi\u00e6\u00eea ca\u00efc khe h\u00e5\u00ed trong kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t do a\u00ednh h\u00e6\u00e5\u00edng cu\u00eda nh\u00e6\u00eeng qua\u00ef tr\u00e7nh sinh ly\u00ef li\u00e3n ti\u00e3\u00fap xa\u00edy ra trong kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t la\u00ec m cho tha\u00ec nh ph\u00e1\u00f6 n kh\u00e4ng kh\u00ea na\u00ec y thay \u00e2\u00e4\u00f8i (l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng \u00e4xy th\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec

ng th\u00e1\u00fap h\u00e5n, l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng CO2 va\u00ec h\u00e5i n\u00e6\u00e5\u00efc th\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec ng cao h\u00e5n kh\u00e4ng kh\u00ea b\u00e7nh
th\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec ng).
Trong su\u00e4\u00fat qua\u00ef tr\u00e7nh ba\u00ed o qua\u00ed n lu\u00e4n lu\u00e4n pha\u00ed i t\u00e7m mo\u00fc i bi\u00e3\u00fb n pha\u00efp \u00e2\u00e3\u00f8 kh\u00e0\u00f5c phu\u00fb c t\u00e7nh tra\u00fb ng
kh\u00e4ng \u00e2\u00e4\u00f6
ng nh\u00e1\u00fat: ha\u00fb t nh\u00e1\u00fb p kho c\u00e1\u00f6 n \u00e2\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc c la\u00ec m sa\u00fb ch va\u00ec ph\u00e1n loa\u00fb i tr\u00e6\u00e5\u00efc; ca\u00ec o \u00e2a\u00edo kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t
trong qua\u00ef tr\u00e7nh ba\u00edo qua\u00edn; th\u00e4ng gio\u00ef t\u00e6\u00fb nhi\u00e3n va\u00ec th\u00e4ng gio\u00ef c\u00e6\u00e5\u00eeng b\u00e6\u00efc cho kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t.
3
1.2 T\u00eanh tan r\u00e5\u00ec i cu\u00ed
a kh\u00e4\u00fa
i ha\u00fb t

Khi \u00e2\u00e4\u00f9 ha\u00fb t t\u00e6\u00ec tr\u00e3n cao xu\u00e4\u00fang, ha\u00fb t co\u00ef th\u00e3\u00f8 t\u00e6\u00fb chuy\u00e3\u00f8n d\u00ebch \u00e2\u00e3\u00f8 cu\u00e4\u00fai cu\u00ec ng ta\u00fb o tha\u00ec nh m\u00e4\u00fc t kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t co\u00ef h\u00e7nh cho\u00efp no\u00efn, kh\u00e4ng co\u00ef ha\u00fb t na\u00ec o d\u00eanh li\u00e3\u00f6 n v\u00e5\u00efi ha\u00fb t na\u00ec o, \u00e2o\u00ef la\u00ec \u00e2\u00e0\u00fb c t\u00eanh tan r\u00e5\u00ec i cu\u00ed a kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t. N\u00e3\u00fau ha\u00fb t co\u00ef \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc r\u00e5\u00ec i t\u00e4\u00fat th\u00e7 co\u00ef th\u00e3\u00f8 v\u00e1\u00fb n chuy\u00e3\u00f8n d\u00e3\u00f9 da\u00ec ng nh\u00e5\u00ec v\u00eat ta\u00ed i, ga\u00ec u ta\u00ed i ho\u00e0\u00fb c a\u00ef

p du\u00fb ng
ph\u00e6\u00e5ng pha\u00efp t\u00e6\u00fb cha\u00ed y.
\u00c2\u00e4\u00fc r\u00e5\u00ec i cu\u00ed a kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t \u00e2\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc c \u00e2\u00e0\u00fb c tr\u00e6ng b\u00e0\u00f2 ng 2 h\u00e3\u00fb s\u00e4\u00fa:
1. Go\u00efc nghi\u00e3ng t\u00e6\u00fb nhi\u00e3n : Khi \u00e2\u00e4\u00f9 m\u00e4\u00fc t kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t l\u00e3n m\u00e4\u00fc t m\u00e0\u00fb t ph\u00e0\u00f3 ng n\u00e0\u00f2

m ngang, no\u00ef se\u00ee t\u00e6\u00fb ta\u00fb o tha\u00ec nh h\u00e7nh cho\u00efp no\u00efn. Go\u00efc\u03b11 ta\u00fb o b\u00e5\u00edi gi\u00e6\u00eea \u00e2\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec ng k\u00eanh cu\u00eda m\u00e0\u00fb t ph\u00e0\u00f3ng n\u00e0\u00f2 m ngang va\u00ec \u00e2\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec

ng sinh cu\u00ed a h\u00e7nh cho\u00efp no\u00efn go\u00fc i la\u00ec go\u00efc nghi\u00e3ng t\u00e6\u00fb nhi\u00e3n .
2.Go\u00ef c tr\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc t : \u00c2\u00e4\u00f9 ha\u00fb t l\u00e3n m\u00e4\u00fc t ph\u00e0\u00f3ng n\u00e0\u00f2 m ngang, n\u00e1ng d\u00e1\u00f6 n m\u00e4\u00fc t \u00e2\u00e1\u00f6 u cu\u00eda m\u00e0\u00fb t ph\u00e0\u00f3ng l\u00e3n
cho t\u00e5\u00efi khi ha\u00fb t b\u00e0\u00f5t \u00e2\u00e1\u00f6 u d\u00ebch chuy\u00e3\u00f8n tr\u00e3n m\u00e0\u00fb t ph\u00e0\u00f3ng \u00e1\u00fay. Go\u00efc\u03b12ta\u00fb o b\u00e5\u00ed i gi\u00e6\u00ee a m\u00e0\u00fb t ph\u00e0\u00f3 ng n\u00e0\u00f2 m
ngang va\u00ec m\u00e0\u00fb
t ph\u00e0\u00f3 ng nghi\u00e3ng khi ha\u00fb t b\u00e0\u00f5t \u00e2\u00e1\u00f6 u tr\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc t go\u00fc i la\u00ec go\u00efc tr\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc t. Ca\u00efc go\u00efc\u03b11 , \u03b12ca\u00ec ng nho\u00ed
th\u00e7 \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc r\u00e5\u00ec i ca\u00ec
ng l\u00e5\u00efn .
\u00c2\u00e4\u00fc r\u00e5\u00ec i cu\u00ed a ha\u00fb t phu\u00fb thu\u00e4\u00fc c chu\u00ed y\u00e3\u00fau va\u00ec o 3 y\u00e3\u00fau t\u00e4\u00fa sau :
- K\u00each th\u00e6\u00e5\u00efc, h\u00e7nh da\u00efng va\u00ec tra\u00fb
ng tha\u00efi b\u00e3n ngoa\u00ec i cu\u00ed a ha\u00fb t: ha\u00fb t co\u00ef k\u00each th\u00e6\u00e5\u00efc da\u00ec i bao gi\u00e5\u00ec
cu\u00eeng co\u00ef \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc r\u00e5\u00ec
i nho\u00ed h\u00e5n ha\u00fb t co\u00ef k\u00each th\u00e6\u00e5\u00ef
c ng\u00e0\u00f5n. Ha\u00fb t tro\u00ec
n co\u00ef \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc r\u00e5\u00ec i l\u00e5\u00efn h\u00e5n ha\u00fb t de\u00fb t. Ha\u00fb t co\u00ef b\u00e3\u00f6
m\u00e0\u00fb t nh\u00e0\u00f4
n th\u00e7 co\u00ef \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc r\u00e5\u00ec i l\u00e5\u00efn h\u00e5n ha\u00fb t co\u00ef b\u00e3\u00f6 m\u00e0\u00fb t xu\u00ec x\u00e7 .
- Thu\u00ed y ph\u00e1\u00f6
n: kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t co\u00ef thu\u00ed y ph\u00e1\u00f6 n ca\u00ec ng nho\u00ed th\u00e7 \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc r\u00e5\u00ec
i ca\u00ec
ng l\u00e5\u00efn va\u00ec ng\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc c la\u00fb i .
V\u00ea du\u00fb + lu\u00efa m\u00e7 co\u00ef : w = 15,3% th\u00e7 co\u00ef\u03b11= 300 ; w = 22,1% th\u00e7 co\u00ef \u03b11= 380
+ \u00e2a\u00fb
i ma\u00fbch co\u00ef : w = 11,9% th\u00e7 co\u00ef\u03b11= 280 ; w = 17,9% th\u00e7 co\u00ef \u03b11= 320
- Ta\u00fb p ch\u00e1\u00fat : Kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t co\u00ef nhi\u00e3\u00f6 u ta\u00fb p ch\u00e1\u00fat \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc r\u00e5\u00ec i se\u00ee nho\u00ed h\u00e5n so v\u00e5\u00efi co\u00ef \u00eat ta\u00fb p ch\u00e1\u00fat.
D\u00e6\u00fb a va\u00ec o \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc r\u00e5\u00ec i cu\u00ed a kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t ta co\u00ef th\u00e3\u00f8 s\u00e5 b\u00e4\u00fc \u00e2a\u00efnh gia\u00ef ph\u00e1\u00f8m ch\u00e1\u00fat cu\u00ed a ha\u00fb t. Th\u00e4ng th\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec ng
n\u00e3\u00fa
u go\u00efc nghi\u00e3ng t\u00e6\u00fb nhi\u00e3n t\u00e0ng l\u00e3n th\u00e7 ch\u00e1\u00fat l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng cu\u00ed a ha\u00fb t gia\u00ed m (do t\u00e0ng \u00e1\u00f8m ho\u00e0\u00fb c t\u00e0ng ta\u00fb p
ch\u00e1\u00fa
t ).
Ch\u00eanh do t\u00eanh tan r\u00e5\u00ec i, ta co\u00ef th\u00e3\u00f8 d\u00e3\u00f9 da\u00ec
ng ch\u00e6\u00efa ha\u00fb t trong ca\u00efc kho va\u00ec bao b\u00e7. Cu\u00eeng do t\u00eanh
tan r\u00e5\u00ec
i n\u00e3n khi ta \u00e2\u00e4\u00f9 ha\u00fb t va\u00ec o kho, ha\u00fb t co\u00ef xu h\u00e6\u00e5\u00efng "\u00e2a\u00fb p" ra ph\u00eaa ch\u00e1n t\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec ng, v\u00e7 v\u00e1\u00fb y khi thi\u00e3\u00fat
k\u00e3\u00fa va\u00ec x\u00e1y d\u00e6\u00fb ng kho pha\u00ed i chu\u00ef y\u00ef \u00e2\u00e3\u00fa
n hi\u00e3\u00fb n t\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng na\u00ec y \u00e2\u00e3\u00f8 ba\u00ed

o \u00e2a\u00ed m \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc ch\u00e0\u00f5c ch\u00e0\u00f5n cu\u00ed a kho. Mu\u00e4\u00fan t\u00eanh s\u00e6\u00efc b\u00e3\u00f6 n cu\u00eda t\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec ng kho pha\u00edi s\u00e6\u00ed du\u00fb ng tr\u00eb s\u00e4\u00fa nho\u00ed nh\u00e1\u00fat cu\u00eda go\u00efc nghi\u00e3ng t\u00e6\u00fb nhi\u00e3n (t\u00e6\u00efc \u00e2\u00e4\u00fc r\u00e5\u00ec

i l\u00e5\u00efn nh\u00e1\u00fat) .
1.3 T\u00eanh t\u00e6\u00fb ph\u00e1n loa\u00fb i cu\u00ed a kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t :
Kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t c\u00e1\u00fa

u ta\u00fb o b\u00e5\u00ed i nhi\u00e3\u00f6 u tha\u00ec nh ph\u00e1\u00f6 n kh\u00e4ng \u00e2\u00e4\u00f6 ng nh\u00e1\u00fat, chu\u00efng kha\u00efc nhau v\u00e3\u00f6 h\u00e7nh da\u00efng, k\u00each th\u00e6\u00e5\u00efc, ty\u00ed tro\u00fc ng... trong qua\u00ef tr\u00e7nh di chuy\u00e3\u00f8n do \u00e2\u00e0\u00fb c t\u00eanh tan r\u00e5\u00ec i \u00e2a\u00ee ta\u00fb o n\u00e3n nh\u00e6\u00eeng khu v\u00e6\u00fb c co\u00ef ch\u00e8 s\u00e4\u00fa ch\u00e1\u00fat l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng kha\u00efc nhau. Ng\u00e6\u00e5\u00ec i ta go\u00fc i t\u00eanh ch\u00e1\u00fat na\u00ec y la\u00ec t\u00eanh t\u00e6\u00fb ph\u00e1n loa\u00fb i cu\u00ed a kh\u00e4\u00fai ha\u00fb t.K\u00e3\u00fat qua\u00ed na\u00ec y ch\u00ebu a\u00ednh h\u00e6\u00e5\u00edng tr\u00e6\u00e5\u00efc h\u00e3\u00fat b\u00e5\u00edi ty\u00ed tro\u00fc ng cu\u00eda ha\u00fb t va\u00ec ta\u00fb p ch\u00e1\u00fat. Khi r\u00e5i trong

kh\u00e4ng gian, ha\u00fb t na\u00ec o co\u00ef kh\u00e4\u00fai l\u00e6\u00e5\u00fc ng ca\u00ec ng l\u00e5\u00efn va\u00ec h\u00e7nh da\u00fb ng ca\u00ec ng nho\u00ed th\u00e7 qua\u00ef tr\u00e7nh r\u00e5i ca\u00ec ng \u00eat
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