Cristal e-College Km.

14, Central Highway Tawala, Panglao, Bohol 6340

RESEARCH OUTPUT IN ENAV 2

Presented to

2/M ROGELIO L. PASCO Instructor

Prepared by

VINCENT DORES TAGUPA MELCHEN M. TINSON ROBERT M. TRINIDAD JR. OSCAR M. VISTAR III BSMT-3 Honor Class
July 18, 2012

Title: Maneuvering Board Objectives:

Describe the Maneuvering board and its basics Explore the factors in which Paper and Digital Moboards are distinguished

Introduction
Nowadays, there are many things that an aspiring seafarer should understand in the Maritime profession. That includes the modern equipment and tools installed onboard vessels. Most of these tools are based from earlier concepts and techniques. One of these is the ARPA or the Digital-based MoBoards which first came as a Paper Maneuvering Board. Before studying on digital equipment, we should first learn on the basics. This output will focus on the basics of a paper maneuvering board (through the Maneuvering Board Manual) and how it is differentiated from the digital one.

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Discussion
THE MANEUVERING BOARD. The maneuvering board is a polar-coordinate plotting sheet devised to solve relative motion problems. See figure at the right. It contains ten equally spaced circles and thirty-six radial bearing lines, one every 10, originating at the center. At the bottom is a nomogram, which is used to compute speed, distance, and time. On each side of the sheet are two vertical scales, known as speed/distance scales.

To work maneuvering board problems, you need two additional pieces of equipment: 1. Dividers, for accurate measurements of time, distance, and speed 2. Parallel rulers, to accurately parallel lines of motion Before you begin working maneuvering board problems, you must understand vectors and the vector diagram as they are used in maneuvering board problems. VECTORS. We often use the terms speed and velocity interchangeably, and sometimes we are justified in doing so. However, speed is not always the same thing as velocity. Strictly speaking, speed measures the rate of travel, while velocity involves not only speed but also direction. Velocity then, is the time rate of motion in a specified direction. Velocity can be expressed in the form of a vector. A vector is a quantity having both magnitude and direction and is represented graphically by an arrow. In maneuvering board problems, the direction of the vector arrow is used to indicate a ships course. The length of this same arrow is used to represent the ships speed. As you plot two or more vectors during a maneuvering board problem, you will be performing a process called vector addition and subtraction. This process can become somewhat involved, so rather than explain the concept of vector addition and subtraction in detail, we will simply teach you how to plot the vectors and interpret the results. The important point for you to remember is to plot your vectors very carefully, so your results will be accurate. RELATIVE PLOT. In solving any relative movement problem on a maneuvering board, you must assume one of the moving ships to remain at the center of the relative plot. Therefore, your first consideration is which of the moving ships to place in the center. This ship can be either own ship or another ship upon which ranges and bearings are being taken. There are advantages to plotting own ship in the center.

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For example, placing own ship in the center shows the same picture as the one shown on a PPI scope, and any errors in the solution are readily apparent on the scope. In certain types of problems, such as change-of-station problems, you may find it more convenient to place the formation guide in the center of the maneuvering board. Regardless of the method you use, refer to the ship you place in the center of the maneuvering board as the reference ship and label it R. Refer to the ship whose movements are being considered in relation to the reference ship as the maneuvering ship and label it M. At the start of a maneuver label the position of M as M1 Label its plotted position at the end of the maneuver as M2. When you need to plot more than two positions of the maneuvering ship to solve a problem, label them M1, M2 , M3, etc., in consecutive order. The direction of the line joining the plots from M toM
1 2

represents the direction in which the maneuvering ship (M) is moving with respect to the reference ship (R). This direction is called the Direction of Relative Motion (DRM) and is expressed as a true bearing. Remember, this is not a true movement, but rather the relative movement, which is the result of combining the reference ships course and speed and the maneuvering ships course and speed, making the maneuvering ship travel down the DRM line. The distance between the positions M1 and M2, measured to the same scale used to plot M1 and M2, is the distance M traveled with respect to R. This is called relative distance. Again, remember that this is not a true distance; it is the relative distance, which is the result of the reference ships course and speed and the maneuvering ships course and speed. Relative distance, then, is the measurement of the distance between M 1 and M2 . Be sure to use the same scale for this measurement as you used to plotM 1M2. After you determine the distance between M1 and M2 and the time between the plots, you can determine Ms relative speed. Relative speed is the speed at which the maneuvering ship is moving in relation to the reference ship. You can solve for relative speed by using the nomogram at the bottom of the maneuvering board. In fact, if you know any two of time, distance, and speed, you can quickly determine the third by using either the nomogram or the logarithmic scale. We will explain how to use the nomogram and the logarithmic scale later in this chapter. Now, consider the following definitions. You will use them whenever you solve a maneuvering board problem: Electronic Navigation 2 Page 3

1. Direction of relative motion (DRM) this is the direction the maneuvering ship (M) moves in relation to the reference ship (R). 2. Relative distance (RD) this is the distance the maneuvering ship moves with respect to the reference ship in a given period of time. 3. Speed of relative motion (SRM) this is the speed at which the maneuvering ship moves in relation to the reference ship. 4. Line of relative motion (LRM)this is the line that starts at M1 and extends through M2, M3, and so forth. VECTOR DIAGRAM. The true course and speed of each ship is represented on the maneuvering board by a vector drawn outward from the center. The direction of each line corresponds to the course of the ship it represents, while the length of each line corresponds to the ships speed, plotted on some convenient scale. Standard labels for vectors are used in all maneuvering board problems. The figure at the right shows the basic vectors and their labels. The vector er represents the true course, and speed of the reference ship. The vector em represents the course and speed of the maneuvering ship. The vector rm represents the relative course and speed of M with respect to R Relative vectors, such as the rm vector, originate outside the center of the maneuvering board. Thus, in maneuvering board problems, true vectors always originate at the center, and relative vectors always originate outside the center. Note that since the M1M2 vector and the rm vector both indicate direction of relative motion, M1 M2 and rm must be parallel and, in every case, drawn in the same direction. NOTE: To complete the following maneuvering board problems, you must have a few maneuvering board sheets, a set of dividers, parallel rulers, and a pencil. We will explain the mechanics as we proceed through the problems. THE LOGARITHMIC TIME-SPEED-DISTANCE NOMOGRAM. At the bottom of the Maneuvering Board Chart 5090 a nomogram consisting of three equally spaced logarithmic scales is printed for the rapid solution of time, speed, distance problems. The nomogram has a logarithmic scale for each of the terms of the basic equation:

Distance = Speed Time

The upper scale is graduated

logarithmically in minutes of time; the middle scale is graduated logarithmically in both miles and yards; and the lower Electronic Navigation 2 Page 4

scale is graduated logarithmically in knots. By marking the values of two known terms on their respective scales and connecting such marks by a straight line, the value of the third term is found at the intersection of this line with the remaining scale. The figure illustrates a solution for speed when a distance of 4 miles is traveled in 11 minutes. But only one of the three scales is required to solve for time, speed, or distance if any two of the three values are known. Any one of the three logarithmic scales may be used in the same manner as a slide rule for the addition or subtraction of logarithms of numbers. The upper scale is usually used for this purpose. When using a single logarithmic scale for the solution of the basic equation with speed units in knots and distance units in miles or thousands of yards, either 60 or 30 has to be incorporated in the basic equation for proper cancellation of units. Figure 1 illustrates the use of the upper scale for finding the speed in knots when the time in minutes and the distance in miles are known. In this problem the time is 11 minutes and the distance is 4 miles. As shown in figure 1, one point of a pair of dividers is set at the time in minutes, 11, and the second at the distance in miles, 4. Without changing the spread of the dividers or the right-left relationship, set the first point at 60. The second point will then indicate the speed in knots, 21.8. If the speed and time are known, place one point at 60 and the second point at the speed in knots, 21.8. Without changing the spread of the dividers or the right-left relationship, place the first point at the time in minutes, 11. The second point then will indicate the distance in miles, 4. In the method described, there was no real requirement to maintain the right-left relationship of the points of the pair of dividers except to insure that for speeds of less than 60 knots the distance in miles numerically is less than the time in minutes. If the speed is in excess of 60 knots, the distance in miles will always be greater than the time in minutes, numerically. If the distance is known in thousands of yards or if the distance is to be found in such units, a divider point is set at 30 instead of the 60 used with miles. If the speed is less than 30 knots in this application, the distance in thousands of yards will always be less than the time in minutes. If the speed is in excess of 30 knots, the distance in thousands of yards will always be greater than the time in minutes, numerically. The is based logarithmic use of the the that single logarithmic scale fundamental property of equal lengths along the Page 5 upon scales

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scale represent equal values of ratios. For example if one has the ratio 1/2 and with the dividers measures the length between 1 and 2, he finds the same length between 2 and 4, 5.5 and 11.0, or any other two values one of which is 1/2 the other. In using the single logarithmic scale for the solution of a specific problem in which a ship travels 10 nautical miles in 20 minutes, the basic formula is rearranged as follows:

On substituting known numerical values and canceling units, the formula is rearranged further as:

The ratio 10/20 has the same numerical value as the ratio Speed (knots)/60. Since each ratio has the same numerical value, the length as measured on the logarithmic scale between the distance in nautical miles (10) and the time in minutes (20) will be the same as the length between 60 and the speed in knots. Thus, on measuring the length between 10 and 20 and measuring the same length from 60 the speed is found to be 30 knots. PAPER VS. DIGITAL. The argument for or against traditional paper-based Moboards versus Digital-Based Moboards is based upon two simple factors. Traditional paper-based Moboards are done with a pencil and straightedge. This process can be inaccurate and is often prone to human error. Even a very experienced sailor can make mistakes when doing a Moboard solution, especially in time critical situations, periods of rough seas, night time operations, or situations where there are multiple contacts. Digital-based Moboards will speed this process up and eliminate the inherent human error innate to the paper-based Moboard process. By decreasing the time required to produce a Moboard solution it in turn decreases the time required to complete the orientation process and thus speeds up the overall decision process. Having more time and more accurate information in an understandable and easy to assimilate presentation is every Masters desire. This is what Digital-based Moboards provide.

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Conclusion
Therefore, the maneuvering board is a plotting sheet with circles and radial bearing lines used to solve relative motion problems. Vectors are used in the process of plotting. In the Relative Plot, things such as Direction of relative motion, Relative distance, Speed of relative motion, Line of relative motion should be considered. At the bottom of the paper is the logarithmic time-speed-distance nomogram which is used in order to hasten the process of computing the unknown variables in plotting. Moreover, the two simple factors that the argument for or against traditional paper-based Moboards versus Digital-Based Moboards is based upon are how is it done and the duration of doing the plot. Because paper-based Moboards are done with a pencil and straightedge, it can be inaccurate and is often prone to human error. Digital-based Moboards will speed up the process and eliminate the inherent human error innate to the paper-based Moboard process.

References
Maneuvering Board Manual. (1984). Bethesda, Maryland: National Imagery and Mapping Agency. Date retrieved 15 July 2012. http://www23.us.archive.org/stream/maneuveringboard00unit /maneuveringboard00unit_djvu.txt Date retrieved 15 July 2012. www.hnsa.org/doc/radar/part5.htm

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