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POLITICAL ORGANIZATION & SOCIAL CONTROL

Ferraro, 2004

PENGANTAR
All societies, if they are to remain viable over time, must:
1. maintain social order. 2. develop a set of customs and procedures
for making and enforcing decision, resolving disputes and regulating the behavior of its members.

Cultural arrangement by which societies maintain social order, minimize the chances of disruption and cope with whatever disruption do occur.

POLITIK ?
Apa yang dengan segera memasuki pikiran kita?
Pemimpin politik: partai, presiden DPR (lembaga-lembaga legislatif) Lembaga hukum (yudikatif) Polisi, TNI Dll

Kesemuanya adalah mekanisme yang terdapat dalam masyarakat kita untuk membuat dan enforcing keputusan-keputusan politik serta menggkoordinasikan dan mengatur tingkah laku warga

Bagaimana dengan masyarakat dimana keberadaan lembaga-lembaga tersebut tidak ada? Apakah itu berarti bahwa mereka tidak mempunyai oragnisasi politik?

Organisasi Politik
A set of customary procedures that accomplish decision making, making resolution and social control. Refers to the way in which power is distributed within society so as to control peoples behavior and maintain social order

Semua bentuk masyarakat pasti terorganisasi secara politik (problemnya adalah degree/tingkatan). Perbedaan tersebut tergantung pada 3 hal:
1. Sejauhmana institusi politikberbeda dengan aspek-aspek lain dan struktur sosial. Pada beberapa kelompok masyarakat struktur politik tidak bisa dipisahkan dari struktur ekonomi, kekerabatan maupun religi. Sejauhmana otoritas terkonsentrasi pada peran-peran politik tertentu. Tingkat integrasi politik (luas kelompok teritorial yang berada dibawah kontrol struktur politik).

2. 3.

4 Tipe Struktur Politik


1.

Band Societies
small (20-100-an), nomadic food collectors loosely associated with specific territorial high value on sharing, cooperation and reciprocity very little role specialization, highly egalitarian the oldest form of political organization

2.

Tribal Societies
food producers (horticulturalist and pastoralist) population larger, denser and more sedentary in nature egalitarian (no differences in status, rank, power and wealth) leaderships are informal (not centralized)

3.

Chiefdoms
political authority is likely to reside with a single individual, acting alone or in conjunction with an advisory council

4.

State Societies
Hierarchical form of political organization that govern many communities within a large geographic area

Mengapa state muncul? Mengapa orang mau menyerahkan otonomi mereka pada kekuasaan dan kontrol negara?
1. Voluntaristic theory of state formation (Childe, 1936) , Hydraulic theory of state formation (Wittfogel, 1957) 2. Coercive theory of state formation (Carneiro, 1970)

SOCIAL CONTROL
Society defined what are normal, proper, or expected ways of behaving social norms. Deviance

Informal Means of Social Control


1. Socialization 2. Public Opinion 3. Corporate lineages 4. Supernatural belief systems 5. Age organizations

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