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INSTRUCTOR\u2019S SOLUTIONS MANUAL
SECTION P.1 (PAGE 10)
CHAPTERP. PRELIMINARIES
Section P.1 Real Numbers and the Real Line
(page 10)
1.29=0.22222222 \u00b7\u00b7\u00b7=0.2
2.
1
11=0.09090909 \u00b7\u00b7\u00b7=0.09
3.Ifx= 0.121212\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7, then 100x= 12.121212\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7= 12+x.
Thus 99x= 12 andx= 12/99= 4/33.
4.Ifx= 3.277777\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7, then 10x\u2212 32= 0.77777\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7 and
100x\u2212 320= 7+(10x\u2212 32), or 90x= 295. Thus
x=295/90 =59/18.
5.1/7= 0.142857142857\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7= 0.142857

2/7= 0.285714285714\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7= 0.285714 3/7= 0.428571428571\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7= 0.428571 4/7= 0.571428571428\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7= 0.571428

note the same cyclic order of the repeating digits
5/7= 0.714285714285\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7= 0.714285
6/7= 0.857142857142\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7= 0.857142
6.Two different decimal expansions can represent the same
number. For instance, both 0.999999\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7 = 0.9 and
1.000000\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7= 1.0 represent the number 1.

7.x\u22650 and x\u22645 de\ufb01ne the interval [0, 5].
8.x<2 and x\u2265 \u22123 de\ufb01ne the interval [\u22123, 2).
9.x>\u22125 or x<\u22126 de\ufb01nes the union

(\u2212\u221e,\u22126)\u222a (\u22125,\u221e).

10.x\u2264 \u22121 de\ufb01nes the interval(\u2212\u221e, \u22121].
11.x>\u22122 de\ufb01nes the interval (\u22122,\u221e).
12.x<4 or x\u22652 de\ufb01nes the interval(\u2212\u221e, \u221e), that is, the

whole real line.
13.If\u22122x> 4, thenx<\u22122. Solution:(\u2212\u221e,\u22122)
14.If 3x+ 5\u2264 8, then 3x\u2264 8\u2212 5\u2212 3 andx\u2264 1. Solution:
(\u2212\u221e,1]
15.If 5x\u2212 3\u2264 7\u2212 3x, then 8x\u2264 10 andx\u2264 5/4. Solution:
(\u2212\u221e,5/4]
16.If6\u2212x
4\u22653x\u2212 4
2, then 6\u2212x \u2265 6x\u2212 8. Thus 14\u2265 7x
andx\u2264 2. Solution:(\u2212\u221e, 2]
17.If 3(2\u2212x) < 2(3+x), then 0< 5x andx> 0. Solution:
(0,\u221e)
18.Ifx2< 9, then|x|< 3 and\u22123<x < 3. Solution:
(\u22123,3)
19.Given: 1/(2\u2212x) < 3.

CASE I. Ifx< 2, then 1< 3(2\u2212x) = 6\u2212 3x, so 3x< 5
andx< 5/3. This case has solutionsx< 5/3.
CASE II. Ifx> 2, then 1> 3(2\u2212x) = 6\u2212 3x, so 3x> 5
andx> 5/3. This case has solutionsx> 2.

Solution:(\u2212\u221e, 5/3)\u222a (2,\u221e).
20.Given:(x+ 1)/x\u2265 2.
CASE I. Ifx> 0, thenx+ 1\u2265 2x, sox\u2264 1.
CASE II. Ifx< 0, thenx+ 1\u2264 2x, sox\u2265 1. (not
possible)
Solution:(0, 1].
21.Given:x2\u2212 2x\u2264 0. Thenx(x\u2212 2)\u2264 0. This is only
possible ifx\u2265 0 andx\u2264 2. Solution: [0, 2].
22.Given 6x2\u2212 5x\u2264 \u22121, then(2x\u2212 1)(3x\u2212 1)\u2264 0, so
eitherx\u2264 1/2 andx\u2265 1/3, orx\u2264 1/3 andx\u2265 1/2.
The latter combination is not possible. The solution set is
[1/3, 1/2].
23.Givenx3> 4x, we havex(x2\u2212 4) > 0. This is possible
ifx< 0 andx2< 4, or ifx> 0 andx2> 4. The
possibilities are, therefore,\u22122<x < 0 or 2<x <\u221e.
Solution:(\u22122, 0)\u222a (2,\u221e).
24.Givenx2\u2212 x\u2264 2, thenx2\u2212 x\u22122\u2264 0 so(x\u22122)(x+1)\u2264 0.
This is possible ifx\u2264 2 andx\u2265 \u22121 or ifx\u2265 2 and
x\u2264\u22121. The latter situation is not possible. The solution
set is [\u22121, 2].
25.Given:x2\u22651 +4
x.
CASE I. Ifx> 0, thenx2\u22652x +8, so that
x2\u22122x\u22128 \u22650, or(x\u22124)(x+2) \u22650. This is

possible forx> 0 only ifx\u2265 4.
CASE II. Ifx< 0, then we must have(x\u2212 4)(x+ 2)\u2264 0,
which is possible forx< 0 only ifx\u2265\u22122.

Solution: [\u22122, 0)\u222a [4,\u221e).
26.Given:
3
x\u22121<2
x+1.

CASE I. Ifx> 1 then(x\u2212 1)(x+ 1) > 0, so that
3(x+1) < 2(x\u22121). Thusx<\u22125. There are no solutions
in this case.
CASE II. If\u22121<x < 1, then(x\u2212 1)(x+ 1) < 0, so
3(x+ 1) > 2(x\u2212 1). Thusx>\u22125. In this case all
numbers in(\u22121, 1) are solutions.
CASE III. Ifx<\u22121, then(x\u2212 1)(x+ 1) > 0, so that

3(x+ 1) < 2(x\u2212 1). Thusx<\u22125. All numbersx<\u22125
are solutions.
Solutions:(\u2212\u221e,\u22125)\u222a (\u22121, 1).

27.If|x |= 3 thenx=\u00b13.
28.If|x \u2212 3|= 7, thenx\u2212 3=\u00b17, sox=\u22124 orx= 10.
29.If|2t+ 5| = 4, then 2t+ 5= \u00b14, sot= \u22129/2 or

t=\u22121/2.
30.If|1\u2212t |= 1, then 1\u2212t =\u00b11, sot= 0 ort= 2.
1
SECTION P.1 (PAGE 10)
R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS
31.If|8\u2212 3s|= 9, then 8\u2212 3s=\u00b19, so 3s=\u22121 or 17, and
s=\u22121/3 or s=17/3.
32.If

\ue000 \ue000 \ue000

s
2\u22121\ue000
\ue000
\ue000
=1, thens
2\u22121 = \u00b11, sos =0 ors =4.

33.If|x|< 2, thenx is in(\u22122, 2).
34.If|x |\u2264 2, thenx is in [\u22122, 2].
35.If|s \u2212 1|\u2264 2, then 1\u2212 2\u2264s \u2264 1+ 2, sos is in [\u22121, 3].
36.If|t + 2|< 1, then\u22122\u2212 1<t <\u22122+ 1, sot is in

(\u22123,\u22121).
37.If|3x\u2212 7|< 2, then 7\u2212 2< 3x< 7+ 2, sox is in
(5/3,3).
38.If|2x+ 5|< 1, then\u22125\u2212 1< 2x<\u22125+ 1, sox is in
(\u22123,\u22122).
39.If

\ue000 \ue000 \ue000

x2\u22121\ue000
\ue000
\ue000
\u22641, then 1 \u22121 \u2264x2\u22641 +1, sox is in [0, 4].
40.If

\ue000
\ue000
\ue0002\u2212x2

\ue000 \ue000 \ue000

<12, thenx/2 lies between 2\u2212(1/2) and
2+(1/2). Thusx is in(3, 5).
41.The inequality|x + 1|> |x \u2212 3| says that the distance
fromx to\u22121 is greater than the distance fromx to 3, so
xmust be to the right of the point half-way between\u22121
and 3. Thusx> 1.
42.|x \u22123|<2|x| \u21d4x2 \u22126x +9 =(x \u22123)2 < 4x2
\u21d43x2 +6x \u22129> 0 \u21d43(x +3)(x \u22121) > 0. This
inequality holds ifx<\u22123 orx> 1.
43.|a| =aif and only if a \u22650. It is false ifa< 0.
44.The equation|x \u2212 1|= 1\u2212x holds if|x \u2212 1|=\u2212(x \u2212 1),
that is, ifx\u2212 1< 0, or, equivalently, ifx< 1.
45.The triangle inequality|x +y| \u2264 |x| +|y| implies that
|x| \u2265 |x +y| \u2212 |y|.
Apply this inequality withx= a\u2212 b andy= b to get
|a \u2212b| \u2265 |a| \u2212 |b|.
Similarly,|a \u2212b|=|b \u2212a |\u2265|b|\u2212|a |. Since

\ue000
\ue000
\ue000|a| \u2212 |b|\ue000

\ue000
\ue000
is equal to either|a|\u2212|b| or|b|\u2212|a|, depending on the
sizes ofa andb, we have
|a \u2212b| \u2265
\ue000
\ue000
\ue000|a| \u2212 |b|\ue000
\ue000
\ue000.
Section P.2 Cartesian Coordinates in the
Plane (page16)
1.FromA(0, 3) toB(4, 0),\ue000x= 4\u2212 0= 4 and
\ue000y=0 \u22123 = \u22123. | AB|=
\ue00142+(\u22123)2= 5.
2.FromA(\u22121, 2) toB(4,\u221210),\ue000x= 4\u2212(\u22121)= 5 and
\ue000y= \u221210 \u22122 = \u221212. | AB|=
\ue00152+(\u221212)2= 13.
3.FromA(3, 2) toB(\u22121,\u22122),\ue000x= \u22121\u2212 3= \u22124 and
\ue000y= \u22122 \u22122 = \u22124. | AB|=
\ue001(\u22124)2+ (\u22124)2=4\u221a2.
4.FromA(0.5, 3) toB(2, 3),\ue000x= 2\u2212 0.5= 1.5 and
\ue000y=3 \u22123 =0. | AB|=1.5.
5.Starting point:(\u22122, 3). Increments\ue000x= 4,\ue000y= \u22127.
New position is(\u22122+ 4, 3+(\u22127)), that is,(2,\u22124).
6.Arrival point:(\u22122,\u22122). Increments\ue000x=\u22125,\ue000y= 1.
Starting point was(\u22122\u2212(\u22125),\u22122\u2212 1), that is,(3,\u22123).
7.x2+ y2=1 represents a circle of radius 1 centred at the
origin.
8.x2+ y2=2 represents a circle of radius\u221a2 centred at
the origin.
9.x2+ y2\u22641 represents points inside and on the circle of
radius 1 centred at the origin.
10.x2+ y2=0 represents the origin.
11.y\u2265 x2represents all points lying on or above the
parabolay= x2.
12.y< x2represents all points lying below the parabola
y= x2.
13.The vertical line through(\u22122, 5/3) isx=\u22122; the hori-
zontal line through that point isy= 5/3.
14.The vertical line through(\u221a2,\u22121.3) isx=\u221a2; the
horizontal line through that point isy=\u22121.3.
15.Line through(\u22121, 1) with slopem= 1 is
y=1 +1(x+1), or y= x+2.
16.Line through(\u22122, 2) with slopem= 1/2 is
y=2 +(1/2)(x+2), or x\u22122y=\u22126.
17.Line through(0,b) with slopem= 2 isy= b+ 2x.
18.Line through(a, 0) with slopem= \u22122 is
y=0 \u22122(x\u2212 a), or y=2a\u22122x.
19.Atx= 2, the height of the line 2x+ 3y= 6 is
y=(6 \u22124)/3 =2/3. Thus(2, 1) lies above the line.
20.Atx= 3, the height of the linex\u2212 4y= 7 is
y=(3 \u22127)/4 = \u22121. Thus(3, \u22121) lies on the line.
21.The line through(0, 0) and(2, 3) has slope
m=(3 \u22120)/(2 \u22120) =3/2 and equation y=(3/2)xor
3x\u2212 2y= 0.
22.The line through(\u22122, 1) and(2,\u22122) has slope
m=(\u22122 \u22121)/(2 +2) = \u22123/4 and equation
y=1 \u2212(3/4)(x+2) or 3x+4y=\u22122.
23.The line through(4, 1) and(\u22122, 3) has slope
m=(3 \u22121)/(\u22122 \u22124) = \u22121/3 and equation
y=1 \u22121
3(x\u22124)orx+ 3y= 7.
2
INSTRUCTOR\u2019S SOLUTIONS MANUAL
SECTION P.2 (PAGE 16)
24.The line through(\u22122, 0) and(0, 2) has slope
m=(2 \u22120)/(0 +2) =1 and equation y=2 + x.
25.Ifm=\u22122 andb=\u221a2, then the line has equation
y=\u22122x+\u221a2.
26.Ifm= \u22121/2 andb= \u22123, then the line has equation
y=\u2212(1/2)x\u22123, or x+2y=\u22126.
27.3x+ 4y= 12 hasx-intercepta= 12/3= 4 andy-
interceptb= 12/4= 3. Its slope is\u2212b/a =\u22123/4.
y
x
3x+ 4y= 12
Fig. P.2.27
28.x+2y= \u22124 has x-intercept a= \u22124 and y-intercept
b=\u22124/2 =\u22122. Its slope is \u2212b/a=2/(\u22124) = \u22121/2.
y
x
x+2 y=\u22124
Fig. P.2.28
29.
\u221a2x\u2212\u221a3y= 2 hasx-intercepta= 2/\u221a2= \u221a2
andy-interceptb= \u22122/\u221a3. Its slope is
\u2212b/a =2/\u221a6 =\u221a2/3.
y
x
\u221a2x\u2212\u221a3y= 2
Fig. P.2.29
30.1.5x\u2212 2y=\u22123 hasx-intercepta=\u22123/1.5=\u22122 andy-
interceptb=\u22123/(\u22122)= 3/2. Its slope is\u2212b/a = 3/4.
y
x
1.5x\u2212 2y=\u22123
Fig. P.2.30
31.line through(2, 1) parallel toy= x+ 2 isy= x\u2212 1; line
perpendicular toy= x+ 2 isy=\u2212x+ 3.
32.line through(\u22122, 2) parallel to 2x+ y= 4 is
2x+ y= \u22122; line perpendicular to 2x+ y= 4 is
x\u22122 y=\u22126.
33.We have
3x+ 4y=\u22126
2x\u2212 3y= 13
\ue000\u21d2
6x+ 8y=\u221212
6x\u2212 9y= 39.
Subtracting these equations gives 17y=\u221251, soy=\u22123
andx=(13\u22129)/2= 2. The intersection point is(2,\u22123).
34.We have
2x+ y= 8
5x\u2212 7y= 1
\ue000\u21d2
14x+ 7y= 56
5x\u2212 7y= 1.
Adding these equations gives 19x= 57, sox= 3 and
y=8 \u22122x=2. The intersection point is(3, 2).
35.Ifa\ue001= 0 andb\ue001= 0, then(x /a)+ (y/b)= 1 represents
a straight line that is neither horizontal nor vertical, and
does not pass through the origin. Puttingy= 0 we get
x/a=1, so the x-intercept of this line is x= a; putting
x=0 gives y/b=1, so the y-intercept is y= b.
36.The line(x /2)\u2212 (y /3)= 1 hasx-intercepta= 2, and
y-intercept b=\u22123.
y
x
\u22123
x
2\u2212y
3=1
2
Fig. P.2.36
37.The line through(2, 1) and(3,\u22121) has slope
m=(\u22121 \u22121)/(3 \u22122) = \u22122 and equation
y=1 \u22122(x\u22122) =5 \u22122x. Its y-intercept is 5.
3
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