Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overview
We will consider three different accounts of the relationship between religion and reason in ethics: Religion takes priority over reason:
Divine command theories Teleological suspension of the ethical
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These theories claim that something is right because God will it.
Augustine and the voluntarist tradition Clear in Islam, where the will of Allah is the measure of all that is right
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How can we know Gods will? Does divine command theory undermine human autonomy? Can be used to subjugate the masses.
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In the old Testament, God commands Abraham to sacrifice his only son, Isaac.
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The Issue
Gods command that Abraham should kill his only son as a sacrifice to God seems to go against reason and morality The issue: can God ask us to do things that go against reason and morality? Which takes precedence, Gods command or reason?
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According to Sren Kierkegaard, sometimes it is necessary to suspend the ethical for the sake of God
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Sren Kierkegaard
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Kierkegaard sought to heighten the tension between faith and reason, rather than try as Hegel had done to minimize it. The case of Abraham in Fear and Trembling Either/Or
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Compatibilist Theories
Compatibilist theories say that reason and religion can never contradict one another
Strong: they are saying the same thing Weak: they say different things, but not contradictory things
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Strong Compatibilism
G. W. F. Hegel thought that reason and religion could be completely reconciled. Religion presents same truths as reason, but under a different form, as myth rather than as reason.
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Weak Compatibilism
Thomas Aquinas believed that reason and faith could never contradict one another, but faith may reveals truths beyond the react of reason.
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Supremacy of Reason
Bertrand Russell thought that religion was simply wrong, and reason was the role guide for action.
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Rationalistic Theists
Immanuel Kant believed in God, but felt that even God was subject to the dictates of reason.
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The heritage of the Enlightenment: belief in reason and autonomy and individualism Challenges to the Enlightenment belief:
Human acts of irrationality: the Holocaust, enslavement of AfricanAmericans, etc.
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A Crucial Distinction
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Strong version
Weak version
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Karl Marx: Religion as the opiate of the masses, used to enslave them For Marx, religion was only a tool for oppression.
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Religion as Transcendence
Supporters of religion point out the way in which the religious consciousness allows individuals to transcend the oppression of their times. Oscar Romero of El Salvador
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