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  • Chemical Composition of Cell

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    Rajananthini Pushpanathan
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    The document summarizes the key chemical elements and compounds that make up cells. It notes that common elements include carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and others like sulfur and phosphorus. These elements combine to form organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and water, as well as inorganic ions. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are essential organic compounds that provide energy, structure cell walls and membranes, act as enzymes and hormones, and carry genetic information.

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    Form 4 chapter 4

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    The document summarizes the key chemical elements and compounds that make up cells. It notes that common elements include carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and others like sulfur and phosphorus. These elements combine to form organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and water, as well as inorganic ions. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are essential organic compounds that provide energy, structure cell walls and membranes, act as enzymes and hormones, and carry genetic information.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    210 views18 pages

    Chemical Composition of Cell

    Uploaded by

    Rajananthini Pushpanathan
    The document summarizes the key chemical elements and compounds that make up cells. It notes that common elements include carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and others like sulfur and phosphorus. These elements combine to form organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and water, as well as inorganic ions. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are essential organic compounds that provide energy, structure cell walls and membranes, act as enzymes and hormones, and carry genetic information.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 18

    CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELL

    Prepared by, Ms.Raja

    ELEMENTS IN CELL
    Common elements oxygen, carbon, hydrogen & nitrogen Other elements sulphur, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, sodium & iron Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus Combined each other to form chemical
    compounds

    - Example 1. Chemical compounds - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid & water 2. sulphur, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, sodium & iron - Exists as ions in cell

    CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
    ORGANIC COMPOUND INORGANIC COMPOUND

    Chemical compounds that contain the element carbon


    Eg: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

    Chemical compounds that do not contain element carbon

    Eg: water

    IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

    Provide energy during respiration

    Build cell walls in plant cells

    CARBOHYDRATES
    Form external skeletons of insects Stored food in the form of glycogen in liver & muscles, as starch in plant cells

    Form phospholipid bilayer

    Protects organs & its heat insulator Stored product adipose tissue in animals & fats or oils in seeds

    Source of energy

    LIPIDS

    Synthesise steroid hormones including sex hormones

    Solvent for vitamin A,D,E,K Produce liver bile digestion of fats

    Form str of cell eg: cytoplasm

    Form connective tissue eg: tendons, ligaments, muscle

    Form protein molecules in plasma membrane


    Build up muscles for movement

    Synthesise antibodies

    Proteins

    Form haemoglobin Produce new cells

    Synthesise enzymes & hormones to control chemical processes

    RNA

    Nucleic acid

    DNA

    Nucleic acids
    Carry genetic information Determine traits

    control all the core activities

    Direct protein synthesis

    Major component of protoplasm

    Transport medium
    Allows chemical changes

    Solvent to dissolve respiration gases & allow diffusion

    water

    As medium for biochemical reactions To provide support esp non-woody plants (cells are turgid)

    Carbohydrates carbon, hydrogen & oxygen


    CARBOHYDRATE

    types

    MONOSACCHARIDE

    DISACCHARIDE

    POLYSACCHARIDE

    MONOSACCHARIDES
    Basic building blocks of carbohydrates Simple sugars glucose, fructose, galactose Reducing sugars Detected by using Benedicts test Color changes blue to green, yellow, orange & finally brick red precipitate is produced

    DISACCHARIDES
    Complex sugars Consists of two monosaccharides by condensation & a water molecule produced
    Monosaccharide + monosaccharide
    condensation

    Disaccharide + water

    Eg: Maltose, sucrose, lactose Reducing sugars except sucrose

    Glucose + glucose
    Glucose + fructose Glucose + galactose

    Maltose + water
    sucrose + water lactose + water

    condensation
    Maltose + water sucrose + water Glucose + glucose Glucose + fructose

    lactose + water

    Glucose + galactose

    hydrolysis

    POLYSACCHARIDE
    Large complex sugars Consists of many monosaccharides joined together by condensation form long chains of simple sugars called polymers Eg: starch, glycogen, cellulose

    Starch produced by plants as a form of food storage


    Glycogen formed by animals as a means of storing glucose Cellulose structural polysaccharide in plant cell

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