From U Yakka

“ &d k[if*sm a0g[m&jyoemtm; tajz&Smjcif;” trnfemrajymif; vJjcif; vlwa,muf. trnfemrESifhywfowfI arG;zG g;vmjyD; rdbaqGrsdK;tod kif; t0d kif;rSrJ hay;cJ haom trnfemronf 4if;vl.trnf&if;wckjzpfjyD; ,if;emrnfud kyifwav# mufvHk;ac: a0:vmcJh= uaomfvnf; wcsdK@rSm t&G,fa&muf=uD;jyif; vmjyD;rSta=umif;t&mwckcka=umif hjzpfap / wd kufqd kifr_wckcka=umif hjzpfap trnfopfwckrJ hay; jcif;ud kcH=u&jyD; arG;zG g;jyD; rJ hvmcJ haom trnf&if;rSmaysmufuG, fum trnfopfud kom qufvufac:a0: oH k;pG JcJ h= uaom om'ursdK;vnf; rsm;pGm&S d=uygonf// vufawG@b0wGifrlum; rsm;aomtm;jzif htqd kawmfrsm; / pma&;q&mrsm;/ &kyf&Sifrif;om;rif; orD;rsm; ponf htEkynm orm;wk d @onfolwd k @. trnf&if;ud kroH k;= ubJ=udKufESpfoufaom trnfopfrsm;ud krJ hww f=u&m 4if;trnfopfrsm; jzif hyifvlodrsm;um xif&Sm;ausmf=um; vm=uygonf/ xd k@twljrefrmjynfrSxGufcG g vmjyD; wd kif;wyg;wGif tvkyfvkyfae= uoltcsKd @ ESif hjrefrmhawmfvSefa&;e,fajrxJrSyk*~ dKvftcsdK@ wd k @onfvnf; trnfopfrsm;jzif h&kef;uefv_yf&Sm;wwf=uygonf/ Todk @jzif he,fajropf/ b0opfrsm;rSvlwd k @ u trnfopfud kom ac:a0: todtrSwfjyKoGm; =uygonf// od k@&mwGif xd k @uJ hod k @yk* ~ dKwfrsm; .teD;pyfqH k; olrsm;ESifhol. usifvnfcJ hzl; aom b0a[mif;rSvlrsm; u ol.ta=umif;t&mrsm;ud kwdwdususodae uonfqd kjcif;ud krlum; rnfod k @rS jiif;csufxkwfI &Ed kif=uay// vlwa,muf. trnfemrud kajymif;vJaomudpPrsdK;onfrnfod k @rSjy\ emr&S day rdrdajymif;vJvd kygu owif;pmYyifa= umf jimjyD; w&m;0ifajymif; yd kifcGif h&S dygonfod k @&mwGifvlrsdK;wrsdK; . trnfajymif;vJr_ od k @r[kwfvlrsdK;wpfrsdK; . Trnfopf wckud kcsJ @xGifr_rsdK; onfr=um;zl;aomudpPwcky ifjzpfygonftb,fa=umif hqd kaomfvlrsdK;wd kif; wGiford kif; tpOftquf qufuwnf;uyife*dktrnfemr &S daejrJjzpfygonftu,fI trnfopfwckud kajymif;vJrnfqd kyguvnf; =uD;rm;aomjy\emw&yfyifjzpfvmygvdrf hr nf// rlqvif rlqvifqdkonfrSm urB may:&Sdbmom=uD;av;&yfjzpfaom Ak'</ [dENL/ c&mpf,mOf/ rlqvifpaombmomwd k @ teuf vlrsdK;.trnfr[ kwfyJud k;uG,faombmomwcko mjzpfygonftrnfemrjy\emESihfyw fowfI TvlrsdK;rsm; tm; ukvm;/ b*FvDukvm;/ ac:awmukvm;/ &cd kifukvm;/ rlqvif/ &cd kifrlqvif/ b*FvDrlqvi/f&d k[if*sm/ &k d[if*smrlqvif/ b*FvD&d k[if*sm ponfjzif htrnfer trsdK;rsdK; ac:a0:oH k;pG J= uygonf// Ttcef;u¾Y

rlqvifvlrsdK; [koH k;EH _ ;&jcifrSmvnf; rlqvifbmomud kud k;uG,folrsm; tjzpftpOftvmtm;jzifh okHEH _;vm=uonfud krsm;pGmawG @&ygonfTtoH k;tEH _; tm;jrefrmEd kifiH. oufqd kifaompmrsufem rsm;ay:wGif jzpfap/ trnfemrqd kif&m yH kpHpm&Gufrsm;ay:Yjzpfap w&m;0ifoH k;pG J= ujcif;ud kawG @zl;=uygvdrf hrnf// aemufcHta=umif;&if;rsm; jrefrmEdkifiHod k @ rlqvifbmomud k; uG,folrsm; pwiftajccsvmcJ h= uonfrSm 1784 ckESpftapmyd kif; &cd kifjynfxD; eef;rusrS Dumvrsm ;wGif&cd kifbk&ifwd k @rSb*FvmrSb*FvDvlrsdK; rsm;tm; ppf okef f @yef;rsm; tjzpfac:aqmifcJ hygonf/ / 1824 ckESpf&cd kifjynfonft*Fvdyfvufatmufod k @ usa&mufcJ honf haemufyd ki f; b*FvDvlrsdK; rsm;onfb*Fvm; e,frS&cd kifjynftwGif; twm;tqD;rJ hpGm 0ifa&mufcJ h=uonf/ / 1899 ckESpfpl;tufwl;ajrmif; zGif hvSpfjyD; jrefrmEd kifiHrSpyg;tajrmuftjrm; xkwfvkyfwifyd k @&efvd ktyfvmaom a=umif hb*FvDvlrsdK; rsm;onfv,f,mvkyfom; rsm;tjzpftajrmuftjrm; 0ifa&mufvm=uonf// 1939 ckESpfjAdo#ygvDrefrSjrefrmEd kifiHudktdE N d,Ed kifiHrSmcG Jxkwfvd kufjyD; aemufyd kif; wGif bl;oD;awmifarmifawm rsm;od ktdENd,rSb*FvDvlrsdK; rsm; tajrmuftrsm; 0ifa&mufvmcJ honf/ / 1971ckESpfb*Fvm;a'hcsfvGwfajr mufa&;ppfyG JtwGif; ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm; tjzpfrsm;pGm0ifa&mufvmcJ h=uonf/ / “&dk[if*sm” [laoma0g[m&tp&d k[if*smqd kaoma0g[ m&ay:aygufvmjcif; ESif hywfowfI “&d k[if*smtp OD;Eku” [kqd kxd kufayonf tb,fa=umif hqd kaomf(1950) ckESpfaemufyd kif; OD;Ektpdk;&vufxufwGifbl;oD;awmifESifharm ifawmud kuGufjyD; 4if;a'oESpfckwnf;&S drlq vifvlrsdK;rsm;. vlOD;a&xlxyfr_udkrlwnfjyD; &dk[if*sm [kuifyGef;wyfum rJqG,fpnf;&Hk;cJ hygonf,if;ckESpfrsm; twGif; rD'D,mrsm;jzif hyH k= uD;csh h JcJhaomfv nf; ae0if;tpd k;&wufvmaomtcg rD'D,mtpDtpOfrSm &kwfodrf;jcif; ud kcH&jyD; &d k[if*smt oHvnf; rS D0g;oGmcJ hygonf/ / wzef bl;oD;awmifESif harm ifawma'orsm; ud krlqvifjynfe, ftjzpfowfrSwf&efawmif;qd kcJ h= uaom rl*sm[pfaomif; usef;olrsm;onf4if;a'otwGif; &cd kifvlrsdK; rsm;tm; ES dyfpufowfjzwfjcif;/ trsdK;orD;rsm; tm; rw&m;usifh=uHjcif; /&cdkif&Gm rsm;tm; &GmvH k;u|wfrd k;&hd _zsufpD;jcif; / bk&m;ausmif;uefrsm; tm; zsufpD;jcif; ponfjzif hbmoa&;qdkif&m yXdyuQrsm;ud kzef wD;cJ hjcif;rsm; a=umif h1951 ckESpfwGiftpd k;&rSpwifxd k;ppfqifES d rfESif;cJ h&m b*Fvm;a'hcsfEd kifiH (,cifuta&S hygudpPwefod k @ xGuf ajy;cJ h=uonf/ / 4if;wd k @onf1970 ckESpfwGifb*Fvm;a'hcsfvGwfvyfa&;ppfyG JY vufeuftrsm;tjym;&&S dcJ h&mrS(15/ 7/ 72)wGifaZmfazgOD;aqmifum rl*sm[pfrsm; ud k“&d k[if*smtrsdK; om;vGwfajrmufa&;” [ka=uG;a=umfzG J @ pnf;cJ h&mrS &d k[if*smqd kaom toHrSm jyefvnfacgif; axmifvmcJ hygonf/ / odk @&mwGif,ae@ Ed kifiHwum pmrsufemjyifay: od k@ w[kefxd k;a&muf&S dvm&jcif;.t"duta= umif;&if;rSm 1991

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