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FIGURE 2.8
From FENEC
TABLE 2.18
From FENEC
9.1
SECTION 9
OVERHEADTRANSMISSIONLINESANDUNDERGROUNDCABLES
Richard A. Rivas*
Electrical Engineer, M.Sc. Assistant Professor Universidad Simón Bolívar Caracas, VenezuelaPh.D. CandidateUniversity of British Columbia British Columbia, Canada
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2Conductor Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2Inductance of Single Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.3Inductance of Two-Wire Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.4Inductive Reactance of Two-Wire Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.4Inductance of Stranded-Conductor Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.5Inductance of Three-Phase Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.6Per-Phase Inductive Reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.7Inductance of Six-Conductor Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.7Inductive Reactance of Six-Conductor Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.9Inductive Reactance of Bundled Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.9Inductive Reactance Determined by Using Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.10Effect of Mutual Flux Linkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.12Inductive Impedances of MulticonductorTransmission Lines Including Ground-Return Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . .9.13Inductive Sequence Impedances ofThree-Phase Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.15Inductive Reactance of Cables in Ducts or Conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.16Inductive Impedances of Multiconductor Underground CablesIncluding Ground-Return Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.18Inductive Sequence Impedances ofThree-Phase Underground Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.22Capacitance Associated with Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.22Capacitance of Two-Wire Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.23Capacitive Reactance of Two-Wire Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.24Capacitance of Three-Phase Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.24
*Original author of this section was John S. Wade,Jr.,Ph.D.,The Pennsylvania State University.
9.2
HANDBOOKOFELECTRICPOWERCALCULATIONS
Capacitive Reactance of Three-Phase Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.25Capacitive Susceptances of Multiconductor Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . .9.25Capacitive Sequence Susceptances ofThree-Phase Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.26Capacitive Susceptances Associated with Underground Cables . . . . . . . . .9.27Charging Current and Reactive Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.28Transmission-Line Models for Power-Frequency Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.29Medium Transmission-Line Models for Power-Frequency Studies . . . . . . . .9.29Long Transmission-Line Models for Power-Frequency Studies . . . . . . . . . .9.30Complex Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.31Surge-Impedance Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.32Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.32
INTRODUCTION
Overhead transmission lines are composed of aluminium conductors that,even inmodest capacities,are stranded in spiral fashion for flexibility. These are primarilyclassified as:AAC:all-aluminum conductorsAAAC:all-aluminum alloy conductorsACSR:aluminum conductors,steel reinforcedACAR:aluminum conductors,alloy reinforcedAluminum conductors are compared in conductivity with the International AnnealedCopper Standard (IACS) in Table 9.1.The table lists the percent conductivity, as well as
the temperature coefficient of resistance,
,expressed per
C above 20
C.
CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE
Calculate the resistance of 1000 ft (304.8 m) of solid round aluminum conductor,typeEC-H19 (AWG No.1) at 20 and 50
C. The diameter
0.2893 in. (7.35 mm).
TABLE9.1
Comparison of Aluminum andCopper ConductorsMaterialPercent conductivity
Aluminum:EC-H1961.00.004035005-H1953.50.003546201-T8152.50.00347Copper:Hard-drawn97.00.00381
OVERHEADTRANSMISSIONLINESANDUNDERGROUNDCABLES
9.3
Calculation Procedure
1.Calculate Resistance at 20°C
Use
R
l
/
A
,where
R
is the resistance in ohms,
is the resistivity in ohm-circularmils per foot (
cmil/ft),
l
is the length of conductor in feet,and
A
is the area in circularmils (cmil),which is equal to the square of the conductor diameter given in mils. FromTable 9.1,the percentage of conductivity for EC-H19 is 61 percent that of copper. ForIACS copper,
10.4
cmil/ft. Therefore,for aluminum,the resistivity is 10.4/0.61
17.05
cmil/ft. The resistance of the conductor at 20°C is
R
(17.05)(1000)/289.3
2
0.204
.
2.Calculate Resistance at 50°C
Use
R
T
R
20°
[1
(
T
20°)],where
R
T
is the resistance at the new temperature,
R
is the resistance at 20°C,and
0.00403. Hence,
R
50°
0.204[1
0.00403(50
20)]
0.229
.
INDUCTANCE OF SINGLE TRANSMISSION LINE
Using flux linkages,determine the self-inductance,
L
,of a single transmission line.
Calculation Procedure
1.Select Appropriate Equation
Use
L
/
i
,where
L
is the self-inductance in H/m,
is the magnetic flux linkage inWb
turns/m,and
i
is the current in amperes.
2.Consider Magnetic Flux Linkage
Assume a long,isolated,round conductor with uniform current density. The existingflux linkages include those internal to the conductor partially linking the current andthose external to the conductor,which links all of the current. These will be calculatedseparately and then summed,yielding total inductance,
L
T
L
int
L
ext
.
3.Apply Ampere’s Law
The magnitude of the magnetic flux density,
B,
in Wb/m
2
produced by a long currentfilament is
B
i
/2
r
,where
the permeability of the flux medium (4
10
7
H/mfor free space and nonferrous material) and
r
radius to
B
from the current center inmeters. The direction of
B
is tangential to encirclements of the enclosed current,andclockwise if positive current is directed into this page (right-hand rule). The differentialflux linkages per meter external to a conductor of radius
a
meters are
d
i dr
/2
r
Wb
turns/m and
r
a
.
4.Consider Flux Inside Conductor
The calculation of differential flux linkages is complicated by
B,
which is a functionof only that part of the current residing inside the circle passing through the measuringpoint of
B.
The complication is compounded by the reduction in current directly affect-ing
d
. Thus,if
B
(
i
/2
r
)(
r
2
/
a
2
) Wb/m
2
,then
d
(
i
/2
r
)(
r
2
/
a
2
)
2
(
i
/2
)(
r
3
/
a
4
) Wb
turns/m for
r
a
.
of 00
09. Overhead Transmission Lines and Underground Cables
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