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Preface This Instructor’s Solutions Manual contains solutions for essential...
From Kiti OldFisherMan
Additional Problems:1)Find the general solution in real form to
x x
−−−−=′
012011203.Solution:First find the eigenvalues:21,20674
12011203
23
i
±−−=⇒=−−−−=
−−−−−−−
λ λ λ λ
λ λ λ
Next find the eigenvectors:
−=⇒−==⇒
= −−−−=
122,2000212011201:2
2131
321
x x x x x
x x x
λ
is an eigenvector.
( )
+ −= +−=⇒= +=⇒ = −−−−−−+−=
20211021122,2210002112
0212022
:21
2113
321
iii x xi x xi x
x x xiiii
λ
The general solution is:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t t t
et t C et t C eC x
−−−
+ −+ − −+ −=
2cos2022sin1102sin2022cos110122
3221
2)Find the solution to the initial value problem
( )
−−= −=′
30210,263014001
x x x
Solution:Eigenvalues are
λ
=1, 1, 2 by inspection.The eigenvectors are:
=⇒==⇒
= −−−=
100,0000063014001:2
321321
xarbitrary x x x
x x x
λ
is an eigenvector.
−=⇒=+=⇒
= −=
61006,0
000163004000:1
321321
x x x x
x x x
λ
is an eigenvector and there are no other linearly independent eigenvectors.Two solutions are:
( ) ( )
t t
e xe x
−= =
610,100
221
Look for another solution of the form
( ) ( )( )
t t t
ete xu
uuuu
uuuue xt x
−−+ −=⇒ −−=⇒−=++−=⇒
−= −⇒+⋅=
421041610421041663,
41610163004000
33211
32123
is another solution. Therefore
−−+ −+ −+ =
t t t t
eteC eC eC x
421041610610100
3221
is the general solution.Applying the initial conditions gives
−−+ −+ −+ =⇒===⇒
−−= −−−
t t t t
eteee x
C C C C C C C C
4210416104610210033,2,4
3021421641
212332123
is the solution.3)Show that
( ) ( ) ( )
01
t Y t Y t
−
=Φ
is a fundamental matrix with the property that
( )
I t
=Φ
0
if
Y(t)
is a fundamental matrix.Let the ith column of
Φ
be given by the linear combination of solutions
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
nini
yC yC
+⋅⋅⋅+
11
where
( )
j
y
is the jth column of the matrix Y. Thecollection of coefficients
( )
i
C
need to be chosen so that
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
⋅⋅==+⋅⋅⋅+
001000
00011
inini
C t Y t yC t yC
where only the ith element isnonzero. Therefore
of 00
HW7
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