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Statics Review
Free Body Diagrams
Static Problem Solutions
Elasticity
2
Newtons First Law
Law of Inertia
- Inertia is a measure of a bodys
resistance to change
- A body at rest will remain at rest
unless acted upon by an external or
internal force
3
Newtons Second Law
Newtons Second Law
(Inertial Reference Frame)
The sum of the forces on an object equal
the mass of the object times its
acceleration
The sum of the moments on an object
equal the moment of inertia of the object
times its angular acceleration



F a

= m

= o I M
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Newtons Second Law
Dynamics
Transient and steady state responses of
the body to externally applied inputs
resulting in motion of the body
Statics
Transient affects are ignored. Steady
state response results in external forces
and moments being reacted by internal
forces and moments so that the body is
not in motion (static equilibrium)

5
Static Equilibrium
For static equilibrium, there is no
acceleration. Newtons Second Law
reduces to the equilibrium
equations:


Equilibrium
Equations
F M = =

0 0
P
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Newtons Third Law
Action reaction law
- For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
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Loads and Reactions
Loads
Forces and moments applied to a body
Distributed, concentrated


Reactions
Forces and moments which restrain the
body against movement
P
w(x)
M F
F
F
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Loads and Reactions
Reactions are
dependent on
boundary
conditions:

Cantilever
Pin
Roller
Free End
M
A
Reaction forces and moment
to a cantilevered constraint
Reaction forces to a hinged
constraint
No reaction forces on
a free end constraint
Reaction force to a roller
constraint
A
x
A
y
A
x
A
y
A
y
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Check out the
cantilevered beams!
10

Check out the
pinned ends!
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Solution to the Static Problem
Normally, reactions are unknown and loads
are known
Use equilibrium equations to solve for
unknown values
For 2-D analysis, these equations are
2 force equations (sum forces in both
coordinate directions)
1 moment equation (sum moments
acting out of plane)
F M

= = 0 0
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Free Body Diagram
Define applied loads and often decide the
success or failure of the analysis
1. Isolate the objects on which external forces are
applied.
2. Establish a coordinate system.
3. Replace physical connections with reactions.

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Static Solution: Example
Block 2 is sitting on a 35
o

inclined plane and is counter-
balanced by block 1. The
coefficient of static friction is
0.08. If block 1 has a mass of
10 kg, what minimum mass
must block 2 have to prevent it
from sliding up the plane.
This problem does not
require a moment equation,
so all we need to do is sum
forces in the x and y
directions to solve for m
2
.
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Static Solution: Example
Block 1 Block 2
F T m g
T m g
y
= =
=

1
1
0
F T f m g
T f m g
F N m g
N m g
f N m g
T m g m g
x
y
= =
= +
= =
=
= =
= +

2
2
2
2
2
2 2
0
0
sin
sin
cos
cos
cos
cos sin
u
u
u
u
u
u u
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Static Solution: Example
Combining all the equations yields the
following result:
( )
T m g m g m g
m
m
m
= = +
=
+
=
+
=
1 2 2
2
1
2
10
0 08 35 35
1565
u u
u u
cos sin
cos sin
. cos( ) sin( )
.
kg
kg
Therefore, if m
2
is any less than 15.65 kg, block 2 will
begin to slide up the slope.
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ELASTICITY
Concept of Stress
Stress and Strain
Stresses for Axial and Torsion Loads
Principle Stresses (Mohrs Circle)
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Concept of Stress
Definition: The transfer of an incremental
applied load, AP, across an incremental
area, AA, located inside some body, B.
or, forget all that and just think . . .
Force
Area
o =
Force
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Concept of Stress
Two types of stress
- Normal stress
- Shear stress
The state of stress at a point in
a body is unique.
Representation depends on the
chosen coordinate system
A stress vector is often
represented in one of two ways
As a combination of the three
coordinate direction components
As a combination of the
components normal to a plane and
parallel to a plane
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Concept of Strain
Forced change in the dimensions of a member
Like stress, its representation depends on the
selected coordinate system
Two types of strain
Normal strain
Shear strain
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The Stress-Strain Curve
For testing, strain and load are the measurable
quantities. Stress must be inferred
For a linear-elastic material, stress and strain have
a predictable relationship at some stress levels
E
o
c
o c = E
for 1-D, at stresses less than
the proportional limit
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Stress and Strain
Linear elastic materials
have a linear relationship
between stress and
strain up to the
proportional limit
Points of interest
Elastic Range
Plastic Range
Proportional Limit Stress
Yield stress
Ultimate stress
Youngs Modulus
Tangent Modulus
Material Ultimate Stress
Material Yield
Stress
o
c
F
tu
F
ty
F
tp
Material
Proportional
Limit
0.002 Offset
Rupture
Modulus of
Elasticity (E)
E
E
t
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note loading direction
note reaction
Tension Loading
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note loading direction
note reaction
Compression Loading
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note loading direction
note reaction
Torsion Loading
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Principle Stress (Mohrs Circle)
Stress-Strain curve based on a uniaxial beam
loaded in the primary axis
Useful to find max stress if body is loaded in
multiple directions
For two-dimensional stress
fields
o
o o o o
t
t
o o
t
u
t
o o
p p
x y x y
xy
o
x y
xy
p
xy
x y
1 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
,
tan( )
=
+

|
\

|
.
| +
=

|
\

|
.
| +
=

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Statics Review
Free Body Diagrams (FBD)
Static Problem Solutions
Elasticity