Amino Acid Anabolic Pathways

P O L Y S A C C H A R I D E S
GLYCOPROTEINS GANGLIOSIDES MUCINS
AcNH CHOH CHOH

BLOOD GROUP ALGINATES O-ANTIGENS HYALURONIC ACID DERMATAN STARCH SUBSTANCES PEPTIDOCHITIN CHONDROITIN PECTIN INULIN CELLULOSE GLYCAN CH OH
2

GLYCOGEN
HO CH2OH O OH O OH CH2OH O OH OH OH NH

CONH 2 CH2COO OH

COO O O O O

Ribose -O - P - O - P - O- Adenosine(P)

O O

O O
+ N

COO

Ribose - O - P - O - P - O -Adenosine

COO OPC

CH2OH

2.4.99.7

6.3.2.7-10 6.3.2.13 HO O
CH3CH COO-

O COO OPPU

2.4.1.68 2.4.1.69
OPPU CH3 HO OH

1.1.1.132
O

HO CH3

Indoleacetate
(Auxin)
1.2.3.7
CH2CHO

Indoxyl
HO NH

NH

NAD( +P)
5-Hydroxytryptophan
+ CO CH2CH(NH 3)COO CHO NH

6.3.5.1 6.3.1.5
HO NH CH 2CH2NH 2

Desamino-NAD
HO

2.7.7.18

NHAC

2.4.1.17

HO

OH

OPPT OH OH CH3

HO

CMP-N-Acetyl neuraminate
AcNH O CHOH CHOH CH2OH COO OH 2.7.7.43

UDP-N-Ac-Muramate
HO CH2OH O COO OH OPPU NHCOCH 3

UDPIduronate
5.1.3.12
COO HO OH O

OH

2.4.1.29 2.4.1.21 2.4.1.1 2.4.1.11 HO etc. 2.4.1.21

HO OPPG

GDP-Fucose
4.2.1.47
CH2OH O

GDPMannuronate

TDP-Rhamnose
O OPPT OH

CH2OH O OH

LACTOSE
OH OH

+ CH2CH(NH3)COO

Nicotinatenucleotide
CH3O

Ribose- P

2.4.2.

NICOTINATE
11
N

COO

COO
+ COO N RP

2.4.2.19
CH 2CH2NHCOCH 3 NH

Quinolinatenucleotide
N

2.4.2.19

CH2CH2NHCOCH 3

COO COO

5.1.3.13 O 2.4.1.33
CH2OH O HO OH HO OH

3.2.1.23 2.7.1.38

Indoleacetaldehyde
4.1.1.43
CH 2COCOO NH

NH

Indole

4.1.1.28

5-Hydroxytryptamine 2.3.1.5 N-Acetyl-serotonin

(SEROTONIN)
+ COCH2CH(NH 3)COO COO OH NH2

NH

2.1.1.4

N-Acetyl-5-O-methyl-serotonin
(MELATONIN)
COO OCH NH2 COO

Quinolinate

1.14.16.4

OH

2.4.1.16 1.1.1.158
CH2OH O OPPU NHAC

HO OH HO OPPG

HO

3.1.3.29

N-Ac-Neuraminate
CH2OP O

(Sialate)

HO O CH2 C COO

UDP-N-AcGalactosamine
COO O

OPPU OH

GDP-Mannose
CH2OH O

TDP-4-Oxo6-deoxyglucose
4.2.1.46

ADPGlucose

CH2OH O OH HO OH HO

GALACTOSE
OPPU

+ CO CH2CH(NH 3)COO

2.7.1.6

HO

CH2OH O OH OP OH

Indolepyruvate
2.4.1.22

4.1.99.1

Formylkynurenine
1.13.11.11
NH + CH2CH(NH 3)COO

NH

3.5.1.9

Kynurenine

NH2

1.14.13.9

UDPGalacturonate
OPPU

2.7.7.13

MANNOSE
2.7.1.7
CH 2OP O

GDP-Glucose
1.1.1.22
2.7.7.27 2.7.7.34

3-Hydroxy kynurenine

OH

NH2

3.7.1.3

UDP-N-AcGlucosamine pyruvate N-Ac-Mannosamine-6-P

3.1.3.29 ACNH 4.1.3.20 HO OH OH
CH2OH O CH2OH O

HO OH HO O P

UDP-Glucose Galactose-P
2.7.7.9
CH 2OH O HO OH HO

CH2CH 2NH2

5.1.3.7

HO OH

5.1.3.6
CH2OH O

Mannose-1-P
5.4.2.8

TDP-Glucose
2.7.7.24

OH

UDP-Glucuronate

2.7.7.12

HO 5.1.3.2 2.7.7.10

CH 2OH O OH OPPU OH

4.1.3.20
OPPU

H E X O S E S

CH2OP O HO OH OH

HO OH HO OH

COO OC P OCH 2 CH2

Tryptamine

NH

4.1.1.28

TRYPTOPHAN
HO COO OH O

4.2.1.20

Indole-3-glycerol-P
COO HO OH

C-CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2OP CH

1-(o-Carboxy phenylamino) 1-deoxyribulose-5-P

COO P O OH P O

COO HOC-CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2OP CH N

4.1.1.45 3-Hydroxy 1.13.11.6 2-Amino-3-carboxy 2-Aminomuconateanthranilate muconate semialdehyde 6-semialdehyde COO H H Catechol
NH C C CH CH2OP OH OH COO NH2

OCH NH2 COO

A R O M A T I C A M I N O A C I D S

19 1. 4. 1.

1.2.1.32

4.1.1.48
COO

N-(5-P-Ribosyl) anthranilate
COO CH2

1.14.12.1
OOC OOC CH 2COCOO

2.4.2.18

Anthranilate
4.1.3.27 5.4.99.5
OOC

COO OH OH

2-Amino muconate

NH 2

ACNH HO OH OH

2.7.1.60
HO OH NHAC HO OH OP NHCOCH 3 5.4.2.3

Mannose-6-P
2.4.1.9

2.4.1.13

CH 2OP O HO OH OH NH2

OP

UDP-Galactose
CH2OH O

HOCH HCOH C

CH2

N-Ac-Mannosamine
OH H HOCH 2 C H C OH OH C C H

5.1.3.14

UDP-N-Ac-Glucosamine
COO O OH OH

2.7.7.23
OH

N-Ac-Glucosamine-1-P
OH OH OH OH OP HO OH
OH

N-Ac-Glucosamine-6-P
H H C OH C CO CH2OH C

NHCOCH 3

Glucose-1-P

3-Deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-P
O -OOC O CH2COO

OH

4.6.1.3
O

Dehydroquinate

OH

4.2.1.10

OH

Dehydroshikimate
CH2COO

1.1.1.25

Shikimate

OH

2.7.1.71

CH2COCOO

Shikimate-3-P PEP
2.6.1.5

OH

2.5.1.19

Shikimate-5 enolpyruvate 3-P

+

OH

O-C-COO

4.6.1.4

Chorismate
+

OH

OC-COO

Prephenate
CH2COCOO

OH

2.3.1.
5.3.1.8

CH2CH(NH3) COO
OH

CH2CH(NH3) COO

HOCH 2

Glucosamine-6-P
3.2.1.26 3.2.1.48 5.4.2.2

HO OH
OH

OH

COO -

HO OH

HO OH

Gulonate
OH H C H OH H C OH H C

OH H

1.1.1.19
OH OH C H O C H OH H CO

Glucuronate
OH H C H C HOCH 2

1.13.99.1
OH C H O CO CO

Inositol
HOCH 2 C H

3.1.3.25
OH H C

Inositol-P
C CO

OH

Fructose
1.1.1.14
H H C OH H C C CH2OH OH

OH OH H

SUCROSE
5.5.1.4

GLUCOSE
3.1.3.9 2.7.1.2 2.7.1.1

Fumaryl acetoacetate
OH

5.2.1.2

Maleyl acetoacetate

COO

O CH2COO

4.2.1.51 1.3.1.13

1.13.11.5

Homogentisate

OH

1.13.11.27

Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate 1.3.1.13

OH

OH

TYROSINE

1.14.16.1

PHENYLALANINE
1.3.1.13
4.1 .1.2
+

CHOHCH 2NHCH 3

CHOHCH 2NH2 OH

CH2CH2NH2

+ CH2CH(NH3) COOOH

2.6.1.5 4.3.1. 5

Phenylpyruvate

3.1.1.18 HOCH 2

OH OH C O
HOCH 2 C CH2OP O

1.1.1.

21

ATP

Gulonolactone 1.1.3.8 2-Oxogulonolactone

1.1.1.45
HOCH 2 C CO C COOOH H C OH H HOCH 2 C CO CO COO -

ASCORBATE
OH H C H C HOCH2 CO O

CO

1.10.2.1 1.10.3.3
CO

OH OH H

Sorbitol
2.7.1.3
H POCH2 C H C OH H C C COO -

2.7

.1.4

HO OH OH

2.6.1.16 1.1.1.49

Epinephrine
(Adrenaline)

OH

2.1.1.28

Norepinephrine
(Noradrenaline)
.1.6 2.1

OH

1.14.17.1

Dopamine -Tocopherol
(Vitamin E)

OH

4.1.1.28 1.14.18.1
O

Dopa
H2 C CH-COO + NH3

OH

1.14.16.2

Ubiquinone
O O O I

CH2CH2NH2

CH=CHCOO

CH2CH(NH3) COO HN I I

ADP

CHOHCH 2NH2 OCH 3 OH

Tyramine

OH

1.14.13.11

Cinnamate Menaquinone Coumarate

P E N T O S E S

3-Dehydrogulonate
OH H HOCH 2 C H OH H C OH C CHO

1.1.1.130
H

2, 3-Dioxogulonate
H C OH C CHO H HOCH 2 C H C

Dehydroascorbate
CO CH 2OH H H C

.1 3.1

.17

P-Glucono lactone

Glucose-6-P
5.3.1.9

CH2 OP O OH OH

CH=CHCOO

CH(OH)COO OCH 3

HO OH

Normetepinephrine
.3.4

CHOHCH 2OH OCH 3

NADP +
5.3.1.8

HOCH 2

OH H

L-Xylose
HOCH 2 C C

4.1.1.34
H CH2OH

D-Arabinose 5.3.1.3 D-Ribulose

OH H HOCH 2 C H C OH CO CH 2OH POCH2 OH H C H C OH CO

OH OH H

OH OH

OH C CO

2.7.1.47
CH2OH HOCH 2

HOCH 2 C

CH2OP

OH OH H OH 6-P-Gluconate NADPH

4-OH-3-MethoxyD-mandelate
CH2OP O NHCOCH 2NH2 H 2C OC NH CHO NH RP

OH

(Normetadrenaline)

1.4

4-OH-3-Methoxyphenylglycol
H 2C NH CHO NH RP

OH

Dopaquinone Plastoquinone

O O
NH OH

OH

1.14.18.1

MELANIN

THYROXINE
OOC-CH-CH 2COO HNCO C N

LIGNIN

Tannins
O C

Plant Pigments

H C

Fructose-1-P
H H H

OH OH H

NADP +

1.1.1.44 5.1.3.1
CO CH2OH H POCH 2 C H

H C

HO C CO CH2OH

2.2.1.1

POCH2 C

L-Arabitol
HOCH 2 C H OH H C

OH OH

OH OH H C OH CHO H

L-Xylulose
H OH H C C OH C OH H

2.7.1.53

L-Xylulose-5-P
H OH H C OH HOCH 2 C C OH H OH OH C H H

OH OH OH

CH2OH POCH2

H C

H C

NADPH

Fructose-6-P
C CHO

OH OH H

HN C

HOCH 2

L-Arabinose
H HOCH 2 C C C OH OH

5.3

1.1.1.10

CH 2OH

CHO

Ribitol
H H C

OH OH

ATP
ADP

Glycinamideribosyl-P
6.3.4.13
+

OH OH

HC H 2N C

N CH N

OOC

2.1.2.2

6.3.3.1 5-Amino 4.1.1.21 5-Amino-4-imidazole Formyl 6.3.5.3 Formyl carboxylate-R P imidazole-R P glycinamide-R P glycinamidine-R P
H2NCONH 2

RP

H2 N

C C

N CH N RP

H 2N

CH

H 2N

N CH RP O C C NH C

6.3.2.6

5-Amino-4-imidazole 4.3.2.2 5-Aminoimidazole (N-succinylcarboxamide)-R P carboxamide-R P

HN HC O C N C C N CH NH

RP

H 2N

C N

H CHO

.1.4
HOCH 2

Xylitol
C H

2.7.1.47

OH OH C H CO CH2OH

D-Xylose
HOCH 2 CO CH OH 2 POCH2 C

H C CHO

D-Ribulose-5-P
5.1.3.1
H POCH 2 C OH C CO CH 2OH

3.1.3.11
H POCH 2 C H C HO C

2.7.1.11

Erythrose-4-P

OH OH

Urea

H 2N
OC

COO C N H H

NH2 CO
NH

H2 N
OC

OC

3.5.3.4
CO CH2OP CH2OP O

L-Lyxose

L-Ribulose 2.7.1.16 L-Ribulose-5-P

1.1.1
H OH

D-Ribose
5.1.3.4

OH OH OH

5.3.1.6
2.7 .1.1 5

OH OH H

.9

HOCH 2 C

CO

CH2OH

D-Xylulose
H+
PHOTOSYSTEM II

OH H

2.7.1.17

D-Xylulose-5-P
H POCH 2 C H C H C CHO POCH2

OH H

4.1.2.-

2.2.1.2

Fructose1:6-bis-P

NH2

.1.4 2.6 .10 .1 20 1.4 1. 1.

2. OOCCH

GLYCINE
O
2NHCH3

CH2(NH3)COOH

Allantoate
N
HC NH2

3.5.2.5

O P O O

N CH2 O

CH

NH2 N N CH O HC O O N N -O P~O P~O P O CH 2 O O O O

Allantoin

C N H NH H

NH CO

HN OC

C N H

C C

NH CO NH

1.7.3.3

URATE
N

1.1.1.204 1.1.3.22 Hypoxanthine 1.1.3.22 Xanthine

N C CH C OC NH NH HN

O C

2.1.2.3
3.2.2. 2

H2 N HCO

N CH N RP

C A T E C H O L A M I N E S

Inosine
2.4.2.1

3.1.3.

Formylamidoimidazolecarboxamide-R P
3.5.4.10
HN HC O C N C C N CH

NH2 N C C CH C HC N RP(P) N

OOC-CH-CH 2COO

Fumarate
(AMP)

PHOTO- H+ ic otophosphoryla SYSTEM n-cycl electr tion l 2H+ yclic Ph No (ele tric cur on C

H+

H+

H C

H C

H OH C C CO CH2OP

P-Ribosyl amine
4.1.2.13

OH OH

Glyoxylate

Sarcosine

1.5.99.2
OOCCH 2N(CH3)2

1.4.4.2

Cyclic AMP

OH

4.6.1.1

ATP
d-ADP
2.7.4.6

2.7.4.6

OH OH

ADP

2.7.4.3 2.7.4.4

ADENOSINE-P Adenine
2.4.2.15

4.3.2.2

NH N C C N CH C HC NH RP N

N RP

Aspartate
6.3.4.4 3.1.4.6 2.4.2.1

INOSINE-P
(IMP)
HN O C N C C N CH N RP

1.17.4.1

Adenylosuccinate
3.5.4. 3

1.1.1.205 OC

H+

H+

O2

H+

H+
H+ H+
H+

THYLAKOID LUMEN

H+

THYLAKOID MEMBRANE STROMA CHLOROPLAST OUTER MEMBRANE

COO

Linoleate
1.3.1.35

1.14.99.25
COO COSCoA

-Linolenate

Arachidonate 1.13.11.34
CO-S-ACP

L I P I D B I O S Y N T H E S I S

1.14.99.5

Oleoyl-CoA Stearoyl-CoA
CH3(CH2)14COS-ACP COSCoA

Palmitoleoyl-ACP Dehydrostearoyl-CoA Palmitoyl-CoA

1.3.1.9 2, 1.3.1.10
CH3(CH2)n CH=CHCOS-CoA CH 3(CH2)14COSCoA CH3(CH2)14CH=CHCOS-CoA

Palmitoyl-ACP ACYL-ACP
CH3(CH2)6CH2CH 2COSACP

3-Enoyl-ACP

4.2.1.60 4.2.1.61

Decanoyl-ACP Hexanoyl-ACP Butanoyl-ACP

1.3.1.

3, 4-Decenoyl-ACP
9

CH3(CH2)5CH=CHCH 2COSACP CH3(CH2)6CH=CHCOSACP

4.2.1.
4.2.1

2, 3-Decenoyl-ACP 2, 3-Hexenoyl-ACP Crotonoyl-ACP

R-CH2COO CH3CH=CHCO-S-ACP CH3(CH2)2CH=CHCO-S-ACP

CH 3(CH2)2CH 2CH2COSACP

1.3.1.9

4.2.1.59

CH3CH=CHCO.S-ACP

CH3CH2CH2COSACP

1.3.1.9

4.2.1.58

ACYL-CoA
(Cytosol)
2.3.1.7

CH3(CH2)n+2COS-CoA

6.2.1.3

3.1.2.20

FATTY ACID
CH2O-CO-R R-CO-OCH

L I P I D D E G R A D A T I O N

Carnitine O-Acyl-carnitine
O-Acyl-carnitine
3.1.1.28
CH3(CH2)n CH2CH2COSCoA

3.1.1.3

CH2O-CO-R CH2O-CO-R"

R-CO-OCH

Triacylglycerol

FAT

2.3.1.20 glycerol 3.1.3.4 2.7.1.107

Diacyl

CH2OH

ACYL-CoA
(Mitochondria)

1.3.99.3 1.3.99.3 1.3.99.2

CH3(CH2)n CH=CHCOSCoA

2, 3-Enoyl-CoA

4.2.1.17 4.2.1.17 4.2.1.55

CH3(CH n CH(OH)CH 2COSCoA

CH3(CH2)2CH2CH2COSCoA

Hexanoyl-CoA Butanoyl-CoA
CH3CH2CH2COSCoA

2, 3-Hexenoyl-CoA Crotonoyl-CoA Pentenoyl-CoA

CH 2O-CO-R CH3CH2CH=CHCOSCoA CH3CH=CHCOSCoA

CH3(CH2)2CH=CHCOSCoA

3-OH-Hexanoyl-CoA 3-OH-Butanoyl-CoA
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH 2COSCoA CH3CH(OH)CH 2COSCoA

CH3(CH2)2CH(OH)CH 2COSCoA

Odd C Fatty acids

Pentanoyl-CoA
CH2O-CO-R R'-CO-OCH O CH2O-PO O

CH 3CH2CH 2CH2COSCoA

3-OH-Pentanoyl-CoA
CH 2O-CO-R R'-CO-OCH O O CH2O POCMP

OH

OH

R'-CO-OCH

1.3.99.7
HO OH OH

Phosphatidyl inositol

PHOSPHATIDYL SERINE
O

COO O + CH 2O PO CH 2CHNH 3

2.7.8.8 2.7.8.11
CH 2O-CO-R

Serine

Inositol
R'-CO-OCH

P H O S P H O L I P I D S

CH 2O-CO-R R'-CO-OCH

4.1.1.65

CH2O-CO-R R'-CO-OCH O

O HCO-CO-R

+ CH2OPO CH2CH2N(CH 3)3 2.1.1.17 O CH2OCH=CHR 2.1.1.71 CH 2 O-CO-R R-CO-OCH O 3.1.1.32 O R'-CO-OCH + + CH2OPO CH2CH2N(CH 3)3 CH2OPOCH2CH2N(CH 3)3 O O

Phosphatidyl ethanolamine CEPHALIN

O

O + CH 2O P OCH 2CH2 NH 3

CH2 O-POCH 2CH(OH)CH 2 O-P-OCH 2 O O

Cardiolipin

2.7.8.1

CDP-Ethanolamine
CH2O-CO-R HOCH O

+ CPP- OCH 2CH2 NH3

OPhosphatidylglycerol

2.7.7.14

Ethanolamine-P
CH2OH HOCH O + CH2OPO CH2CH 2N(CH 3) O

- Lysolecithin

3.1.1.5

Glycerophosphocholine
3.1.4.4 3.1.4.3 2.7.7.15
+ OCH 2CH2N(CH 3)3

Choline plasmalogen 1.3.1.35 Serine + NH

2.3.1.50
3 CH 3(CH2)14COCHCH 2OH

LECITHIN

+ CPP-O CH2CH2N(CH 3)3

2.7.8.2

Dehydrosphinganin Gangliosides
NHAcyl

+ NH 3 CH3(CH2)14CH(OH)CHCH 2OH

1.1.1.102
O

2.4.1.62

3.1.4.12 UDP-Sugars Acyl-CoA

Sphinganin

+ NH 3 CH3(CH2)12CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH 2OH

.3 2.7.8

CDP-choline

3.1.4.12

4-Sphingenin
3.5.1.23
NHCOR

+ CH3(CH2)12CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH 2O PO CH2CH2N(CH 3)3 O

SPHINGOMYELIN

2.7.8.3

CH3(CH2)12CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH 2OH

Ceramide

I S O P R E N O I D S S T E R O I D S P O R P H Y R I N S

Lycopene (C40)
To Brain - VISION

-CAROTENE (C40) Metarhodopsin

COO-

hv

1.13.11.21

Rhodopsin

Opsin
CHO

CH3O CH3O

CH3

1.2.1.36

Retinoate
1.1.1.105

Ubiquinone
(Coenzyme Q)

trans-Retinal

5.2.1.3

Retinol esters
2.3.1.76 3.1.1.21

Light

11-cis-Retinal
1.1.1.105

CHO

Menaquinone Plastoquinone
O HO
CH 3 O

CH2OH

6.

trans-Retinol
(Vitamin A)

3. 5. 5

5.2.1.7

Dark

11-cis-Retinol

CH2OH

Phylloquinone
(Vitamin K)

O CH3

CH 3

STEROIDS Progesterone Pregnenolone

H HO H H

HO

HO

1.9.3.1

CHOLESTEROL

Desmosterol
COOCH2 CH2 H3 C
H2 C

Zymosterol

HO

Lanosterol

5.4.99.7 1.14.99.7

Squalene
(C30)
COOCH2

1/ O 2 2

IV

ADP +

Pi

HEMOGLOBIN
CH2 CH H3C HC N H3 C CH2 CH2 COOC H N Fe N CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH3 C H C N CH CH3 CH CH

CHLOROPHYLL
CH2 CH H3 C
H2 C

COOH2 C N H H N C H2 CH3 COOCH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 COO-OOC

H 2C H 2C H 2C

H2 C N H H N C H2

CH3 CH 2 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2 H 2 C N H H N CH2 CH2 COOC H2 N H H N

CH2

COOCOOCH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

H2 O
TRA NS L O

H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

P +1 P i

N H H N

N H H N CH2 CH2 COO-

H3 C

CH2 CH2 COO-

COO-

HEME

1.3.3.4 4.99.1.1

Protoporphyrinogen

1.3.3.3

Coproporphyrinogen

P H O T O S Y N T H E S I S

2H+

H+

Ferredoxin

2eQB QA
Pheophytin P680 Chl.a Mn
2e-

PQ PQH2 PQH2

PQ
1e-

2e-

* 2eFe-S

H+

ren t)

f lo
w

D-Ribose-5-P

OH OH OH

Sedoheptulose-PP
2.2.1.1

OH OH OH H

Dimethylglycine
2.1.1.5
OOCCH2N(CH3)3
+

2.7.7

.7

DNA RNA
HN OC O C

2.7.7.7
2.7.7.7

d-GTP d-CTP GTP TTP 2.7.4

2.7 .7.6

d-GDP
2.7.4.6

XANTHOSINE-P
(XMP)
2.4.2. 1
6.3.4.1 6.3.5.2
HN H2 N C O C N C C N CH N RP

P U R I N E S

H+
PC PC PC

Cyt bf
2e-

1e-

PQ

H+
H+ H+

NADP+

2PQH2

2PQ
2e-

Cyt bc _ 2e-

A1 Chl.A0 P700

2PQ

NADPH+H+
Pi

Dihydroxyacetone-P
(Glycerone-P)

HOCH2COCH2OP 2.2.1.1

5.3.1

.1

3-P-Glyceraldehyde
Pi
6.3.4.7 Pi NAD+ 1.2.1.12 2.4.2.14

POCH 2CHOHCHO

Betaine
1.2.1.8
+

d-ATP
2.1.2.1

2.7

1.1

OHCCH 2N(CH3)3

Fe-S 2e- Cyt.f

H+
a

H2O

Translocated protons

H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Protons from Water H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

4H+

H+ H+

ADP
2

.1 5.3.1 2.7.1.28

Betaine aldehyde
1.1.99.1

FOLIC ACID C1 POOL

4.1.2.5

ATP
4.2.1. 20

2.7.7.6

2.7.7.6 2.7 .7.6

.7.7

7.4

.1

Guanine GDP

2.7.4.8

.6

1.17.4

.1
O C

GUANOSINE-P
(GMP)
N OC

H+

ADP

Pi

Ribulose-1,5-bis-P

Glyceraldehyde
CH2OP O

+ HOCH2CH2N (CH3) 3

CH3 H2NCH 2 CHCOO

1.2.1.13

CHOLINE
2.6.1.51 1.4.1.7

ATP

Fixation

CO2

NADH

HOCH2CH(NH3)COO

SERINE
3.1.3.3

4.2.1.22 4.1.1.11

3-Aminoisobutyrate

H2NCONHCH 2CHCOO

CH3

3.5.1.6
2.

1.

-Ureido isobutyrate
1. 13

3.5.2.2

Dihydro thymine
3.5.2.2

CH-CH3 CH 2 NH

HN OC

C CH3 CH NH O C

O C

TDP
2.4.2.4
HN OC O C CH CH

2.7

.4.9

HN OC

1.3.1.2

Thymine

C-CH3 CH 2.1.1.45 N DP

HN OC

THYMIDINE-P
2.4.2 .4

d-UMP
N

CH CH N DP 3.5.4.12 NH 2 C CH CH OC NH

NH2 C CH CH
DP

d-CMP

2.7.4.14

d-CDP

HN

2.7.6.1
OH OH

ATP synthase
3.6.1.34

ATP

ATP
HO COO

OP O P

1:3-bis-P-Glycerate
ADP
2.7.2.3

POCH 2CHOHCOOP

H2NCH 2CH2COO

HOCH2COCOO

-Alanine

3.5.1.6

H2NCONHCH 2CH 2COO

P-Ribosyl-PP

Hydroxypyruvate

ADP

+ P OCH2CH(NH3)COO

-OOC NH2 CH2 OC CH-COO N

Carbamoyl -alanine
HN OC O C

Dihydrouracil
HN OC O C

CH2 CH2 OC NH

1.17.4.1
NH 2

1.3.1.2
HN OC

Uracil
O C

N H

3.5.4.1
O C HN OC

CH2

COO

HO

ATP
OH COO

1.1.1.29

Phosphoserine
2.6.1.52

Carbamoyl aspartate
2.6.1.22
H H C H C H C

3.5.2.3

URIDINEDihydro Orotate Orotidine-P Uridine-P UDP 4.1.1.23 (UMP) 2.7.4.4 2.4.2.10 2.7.4.6 triphosphate orotate 1.3.1.14
(UTP)
H P OCH 2 C H C H C H C NH2 N OC C NH CH C HC N N H P OCH 2 C H C CO CH2 CONH 2 N NH C CH C HC N N RP

CH-COO NH

CH C-COO NH

CH
C-COO RP

O C

Cytosine
CH CH

CDP

CH OC N CH RP HN

2.4.2.9

N RPPP

N OC

CH 2.7.4.6 CH

6.3.4.2

RPPP

CYTIDINEtriphosphate
(CTP)
H H C C C H CH N

P Y R I M I D I N E S

5. 1.1 3.99 4.9 .3 9.1

Leukotriene B4
COO

3-P-Glycerate
2.7.1.31

POCH2CHOH COO

1.1.1.95

P-Hydroxypyruvate
2.4.2.17
HC N

P OCH2COCOO

P OCH2 C

Prostaglandin PGE 2
COS-CoA CH3(CH2)14CH(OH)CH 2COS

HO

OH

5.3.99.5

HO

P-Ribosyl-ATP
C CH 2CHCOO NH C H

OH OH O

3.6.1.31

NH2 N + C C N CH C HC N N RP(PP)

P-Ribosyl-AMP
C NH CH + CH2CH(NH 3)COO

3.5.4.19

OH OH O

Thromboxane B2
CH3(CH2)14COCH 2COS-CoA

OH

OH-Stearoyl-CoA

CH3(CH2)14COCH 2COS-CoA

Oxostearoyl-CoA
Mitochondrial

2, 3-Diphosphoglycerate

POCH2CH(OP) COO

5.4.2.1

HOCH2CH(OH) COO

Glycerate

Carnosine
4.1.1.22

NHCOCH 2CH2NH2

HC N

HC N

C NH CH

P-Ribulosylformimino P-Ribosylformimino 5-aminoimidazole- 5.3.1.16 5-aminoimidazolecarboxamide-R P carboxamide-R P + ++

+ CH2CH(NH 3)CHO HC N C CH 2CH(NH 3)CH2OH HC N C

RP

OH OH

P OCH 2 C

OH OH HN

Imidazole glycerol-P
HC N C H C NH CH2COCH2 OP

CH2CH(NH 3)CH2OP

Endoplasmic Reticulum
CH 3(CH2)n COCH 2COSACP

Chain elongation
CH 3(CH2)n CH(OH)CH 2COSACP

2-P-Glycerate
4.2.1.11

HOCH2CH(O P)COO

ACETATE
HC C C H NH

CH 3COO

HISTIDINE
4.3.1.3

1.1.1.23

Histidinal
OOC HN

1.1.1.23

Histidinol
OC N

NH CH

3.1.3.15

Histidinol-P

NH CH

4.2.1.19

2.6.1.9
CH N C

CH2CH2NH2

Imidazole acetol-P
CH CHCOO

1.2.1.4

CHCH 2CH2COO NH CH

CHCH 2CH2COO NH CH

3-OH-Acyl-ACP

1.1.1.100

3-Oxoacyl-ACP

HISTAMINE

2.3.1.41

ETHANOL
1.1.1.1

CH3CH 2OH

2.1.3.2

2.3

60 CH3(CH2)6CH(OH)CH 2COSACP 1.1.1.100

.60

3-OH-Decanoyl-ACP
CH3(CH2)2CH(OH)CH 2COSACP

3-Oxo-Decanoyl-ACP
CH3(CH2)2COCH 2COSACP

CH 3(CH2)6COCH 2COSACP

.1.3

Formimino glutamate

3.5.2.7

Imidazolone propionate
2.7.1.25

4.2.1.49

NH CH

4.3.1.3

Urocanate 2SO 4
1.2.1.32

+ CH2CO-OCH2CH(NH 3)COO

2.3.1.41

3-OH-Hexanoyl-ACP 3-OH-Butanoyl-ACP
CH2OH HOCH CH2OH HOCH CH3CH(OH)CH 2COS-ACP

1.1.1.100

3-Oxo-Hexanoyl-ACP Acetoacetyl-ACP
CH3COCH 2COSACP

P-enolpyruvate
ADP
2.7.1.40

CH2=C(OP ) COO

Acetylserine
+ S-CH 2CH(NH 3)COO + S-CH 2CH(NH 3)COO

HS
.99

1.8.99.1

HSO -

1.8.99.2

Acetaldehyde HS
4.1 .1.1

CH3CHO

4.2

Phosphoadenylylsulphate
(PAPS)
4.2.1.22 4.4.1.8

Adenylylsulphate
(APS)

2.7.7.4

+ .8 HSCH 2CH(NH 3)COO

2.3.1.41

CYSTINE
4.4.1.15

1.6.4.1

CYSTEINE

4.4.1.1

+ CH2CH(NH 3)COO + SCH 2CH2CH(NH 3)COO

4.2.99.9

Cystathionine

+ HSCH 2CH2CH(NH 3)COO

Homocysteine
3.3.1.1

2.1.1.13 2.1.1.14

+ CH 3 SCH CH CH(NH )COO 2 2 3

METHIONINE
+ CH 3 SCH CH CH(NH )COO 3 + 2 2

1.1.1.100 1.1.1.8

CH2OH CH2O P

2.3.1.41

Malonyl-ACP
2.3.1.39

HOOCCH 2CO-S-ACP

1.13.11.20
+ HO 2SCH 2CH(NH 3)COO + HO3SCH 2CH(NH 3)COO

Glutamate
.1.2 9

Adenosyl

Adenosyl

2.5.1.6

2.3.1.15

Glycerol

2.7.1.30

3-P-Glycerol

2.3.1.51
CH2O-CO-R

Acetone 3-OH-Butyrate
2.7.8.5 4.1.1.4 1.1.1.30

CH3COCH 3

KETONE BODIES

3.7

.1.2

ATP

4.4.1.15

HSO3
+ CH3CH(NH3)COO

HO2SCH 2COCOO

CH3CH(OH)CH 2COO

Malonyl-Co-A Acetyl-ACP
2.3.1.38
CH 3CO-S-ACP

HOOCCH 2CO-SCoA

PYRUVATE
1.2.4.1 2.3.1.12 1.8.1.4

1.4.1.1

2.6.1.2
4.1.3.
1.1

3-Sulphinyl pyruvate

Cysteine sulphinate

Cysteate

4.1

6.3.2

.2

R-CO-OCH CH2O P

ALANINE

4.1.2.5
+ CH3CH(OH)CH(NH 3)COO

4.1.1.29

Hypotaurine

HO2SCH 2CH2NH2

1.8.1.3

HO3SCH 2CH2NH2

CH2SH + OOCCH(NH 3)CH2CH2CONHCHCOO

S-Adenosyl homocysteine

+ SCH 2CH2CH(NH 3)COO

2.1.1.10 2.1.1.20

S-Adenosyl methionine
(SAM)

Taurine

-Glutamylcysteine
6.3.2 .3

Glycine

Phosphatidate

Acetoacetate
3.1.2.11

CH3COCH 2COO

4.1.1.9

18
7

+ OOCCH2CH2COOCH2CH2CH(NH 3)COO

4.1.1.12 2.6.1.18
CH3CH(OH)COO

Succinylhomoserine
2.3.1.46
CH3 CH3

CH2SH + OOCCH(NH 3)CH2CH2CONHCHCONHCH 2COO

.1.2

PYRUVATE
3-OH-Acyl-CoA
1.1.1.35 1.1.1.35
CH3(CH2)n COCH 2COSCoA CH3(CH2)2COCH 2COSCoA

CH3COCOO-

LACTATE
52

THREONINE
4.1.3. 18

+ POCH 2CH2CH(NH 3)COO

4.2.99.2

3-Oxoacyl-CoA

2.3.1.
2.3.1.

16

3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA
CH3CH2COCH 2COSCoA CH3COCH 2COSCoA

16

NAD ATP CO2

6.4.1.1

1.2.4.1 2.3.1.12 3.1.3.43

HOH GDP CO2 GTP

4.

2.

1.

1.2.1.18
4.1.1.32

Malonic semialdehyde

OHCCH 2COO-

O-Phospho- 2.7.1.39Homoserine homoserine

COO

+ HOCH 2CH2CH(NH 3)COO

Bile Acids
HCHO
4.1.2.12
CH3 + CHCH(NH CH3
3)COO

Glutathione

HOCH 2 C(CH 3)2COCOO

1.1.1.3 1.1.1.86

CH3

Oxopantoate

4.2.1.16

Oxobutyrate
4.1 .3.1 8

CH3CH2COCOO

2-Acetolactate
CH3 HOCH 2CHCOO

CH3COC(OH)CH 3

2-3-Dihydroxy 4.2.1.9 2-Oxo- 1.4.1.8 VALINE isovalerate isovalerate

CH3 CH2 = CCOSCoA CH3 CH3CHCO-SCoA CH3

C (OH)CH(OH)COO CH3

CHCOCOO

1.1.1.169

2.6.1.32

1.1.1.157

2.3.1.9

1.2.1.25

Pantoate -Alanine 3.5.1.22

6.3.2.1

HOCH 2 C(CH 3)2CH(OH)COO

NADH+H+
4.1.3.5

1.1.1.35

3-Oxopentanoyl-CoA
OHCCOO

NAD+
.1.44 2.6.1.4 2.6

ACETYL-CoA
1.1.1.39
-OOCCOCH COO2

CH3COSCoA

Methylmalonyl semialdehyde
2.6.1.1 4.1.3.7 CH2COOC(OH)COOCH2COO4.2.1.3
CH(OH)COOCHCOOCH C 2COO-

CH3 OHCCHCOO

1.1.1.

31

3-Hydroxyisobutyrate
COO CH3COC(OH)CH 2CH3

3.1.2.4

3-Hydroxy- 4.2.1.17 Methyl 1.3.99.3 Isobutyryl-CoA Isobutyryl-CoA acrylyl-CoA

CH3 C(OH)CH(OH)COO CH3 CHCOCOO CH3CH2 CH 3 + CHCH(NH 3)COO CH3CH2

HOCH 2CHCOS-CoA-

HOCH2 C(CH3)2CH(OH)CO NHCH 2CH2COO

PANTOTHENATE
2.7.1.33

P OCH 2C(CH 3)2CH(OH)CONHCH 2CH2COO

2.7.7.41

Glyoxylate
1.1.1.79 1.2.3.5
HOCH 2COO

4.1.3.5
CH2COO CH3C(OH)CH 2COSCoA

4.1.3.4

CDP-diacyl glycerol
O

Glycolate
1.2.1.21 2.7.8.5
HOCH 2CHO

-OH--Methylglutaryl-CoA
1.1.1.34
CH2COO CH3C(OH)CH 2CHO

NADH+H+
4.2.1. 18

OXALOACETATE
NAD+
4.1.3.8

2.3.1.

16

4.2.1.9 2-Aceto-22-Oxo-3-methyl 2:3-Di-OHhydroxy- 1.1.1.86 3-methylvalerate valerate butyrate

CH3COCHCOSCoA CH3 CH3CH(OH)CHCOSCoA CH 3 CH3 CH3CH=CHCOSCoA

CH3CH2

2.6.1.32

ISOLEUCINE
CH 3

COO P OCH 2C(CH 3)2CH(OH)CONHCH 2CH 2CO NHCHCH 2SH

4-P-Pantothenate Cysteine 6.3.2.5

CH2O-CO-R CH2O-PO CH 2CHOHCH 2OH

HOOC-COOH

Oxalate

FMN
I

I
1.1.1.37

4.1.3.2

CITRATE
Glyoxylate Cycle
-OOCCHO

Glycol aldehyde
1.4.3.8
+ HOCH 2CH 2NH 3

Propanoyl-CoA
2.1.3.1 4.1.1.41 5.1.99.1
CH3 OOC-CH-COSCoA

CH 3CH2COSCoA

2-Methylaceto2-Methyl-3-4.2.1.17Tiglyl-CoA 2 Methylbutyryl1.1.1.35 1.3.99.3 acetyl-CoA hydroxyCoA butyryl-CoA

COOH

CH3CH 2CHCOSCoA

1.2.1.25

4-P-Pantothenylcysteine
4.1.1.36

P OCH 2C(CH 3)2CH(OH)CONHCH 2CH 2CO NHCH 2CH 2SH

4-P-Pantetheine
2.7.7.3

1.6.5.3

+ POCH2CH2 NH3

Mevaldate
1.1.1.32
CH COO

FMNH2
2H
+
4.1.3.1
CH3CH(OH)CH2CO.SCoA

6.4.1.3

COOH

ISOCITRATE
1.1.1.41

(CH3)2CHC(OH)CH 2COO

2.7.1.82

Ethanolamine
CH3COCH 2CH 2N(CH 3)3

2 Acetylcholine CH C(OH)CH CH OH 3 2 2 3.1 .4.2 Mevalonate

4H+

2Fe -S (5 Clusters)
1.6. 5.3

2-Isopropylmalate
4.2.1.18
4.2.1.18 1.1.1.3

3-Isopropyl- 1.1.1.85 Oxoleucine 4.2.1.33 malate

CH3

(CH3)2CHCHCH(OH)COO

(CH3)2CHCH 2COCOO

2.6.1.6 1.4.1.9

+ (CH3)2CHCH 2 CH(NH 3)COO

LEUCINE
1.2.1.25

ADP- OCH2 C(CH 3)2CH(OH)CONHCH 2CH2CO NHCH 2CH2SH

Dephospho-Coenzyme A
2.7.1.24

2.3.1.6

MALATE 4H+ 2H+ 4.2.1.2

or 2H+ -

-OOCCOCH CH COO2 2

GLUTARATE
1.2.4.2 2.3.1.61

2-OXO-

4.1.1.71

Methylmalonyl-CoA
2.7.2 .4

ASPARTATE
4.3.1.1 6.3.5.4

3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
H C N

OOCCH 2C = CHCOSCoA

6.4.1.4

3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
H2 C
N

CH3 CH3C = CHCOSCoA

1.3.99.10

Isovaleryl-CoA

(CH3)2CHCH 2COSCoA

P-ADP- OCH 2 C(CH 3)2CH(OH)CONHCH 2CH 2CO NHCH 2CH2SH

Coenzyme A
+ NH3 OOCCH-CH 2CH2CH2CHCOO + NH 3

Choline-P

+ HOCH 2CH 2N(CH 3)3

2.7.1.36 2.7.4.2
CH2COO

CH3C(OH)CH 2CH2OPP + NH 3 CH3(CH2)12CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH 2O- Galactose

2.7.1.32

CHOLINE

UQH2

FUMARATE
1.3.5.1

OOCCH=CHCOO-

+ P OOCCH 2CH(NH3)COO

Aspartyl-P

1.2

2.4.1.23

Psychosine
NHCOR

Diphosphomevalonate
4.1.1.33

FADH2
Fe-S Cyt.b

SUCCINYL-CoA
6.2.1.4

-OOCCH2CH2CO.SCoA

5.1.99.1 5.4.99.2
1.2.1.16

.1.1

UDP-Galactose

Acyl-CoA Cerebroside
CH3 CH2

UQ
UQH2
1.10.2.2

FAD

II

SUCCINATE

-OOCCH2CH2COO-

2.3.1.37

Glycine

1.3.1.26 OOCCH 2CH2CHO Aspartyl 4.2.1.52 2, 3-DihydroPiperideineSemialdehyde dipicolinate 2, 6-dicarboxylate Succinic semialdehyde OH
+ (CH3)3NCH2CH(OH)CH 2COO

+ OHCCH 2CH (NH3)COO

HC OOCC

CH 2 CH-COO

H 2C OOCC

CH2 CH-COO

OOCCH 2CH2CONH OOCCH 2CH2CONH OOCCOCH 2CH2CH2CH-COO OOCCHCH 2CH2CH 2CH-COO + NH3

A M I N O A C I D S

2H+

+ H2NOCCH 2CH (NH3 COO

CH3(CH2)12CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH 2O- Galactose

3.2.1.46 2.4.1.47 1.3.99.7

Isopentenyl-PP
(C5)
2.5.1.1
CH3

CH3C-CH2CH2OPP

2UQH2

Phytoene
(C40)
2.5.1.32

Dimethylallyl-PP
(C5)
2.5.1.29
CH 3

CH3C = CHCH 2OPP

4H+

UQH2 1e_ UQ.

5-Aminolevulinate

Asparagine

Carnitine

+ + (CH3)3N(CH 2)3 CH2CH(NH 3)COO

1.14.11.1

2.6.1.19 1.3.99.7
OOCCH 2CH 2CH2COSCoA

N6-Trimethyl3-OH-lysine

+ + (CH3)3N(CH 2)3 CH2CH(NH 3)COO

N-Succinyl- 2.6.1.17 N-Succinyl-2, 6 3.5.1.18 Diamino2-amino-6-oxodiaminopimelate pimelate pimelate

++ H2N(CH 2)4 CH(NH 3)COO

1.14.11.8

N6-Trimethyllysine

LYSINE

.7 5.1.1 20 4.1.1. 1.5.1.7 - 10

Geranyl-geranyl-PP
(C20)

CH3C= CHCH 2 CH2C= CHCH 2OPP CH2OPP

Geranyl-PP
(C10)
2.5.1.10

2e- 2UQ_ . III 2eFe-S Cyt.bL Cyt.c1 2UQ

1.10.2.2

2H+

2-AMINO ACID 2-OXO ACID

MI
2.6.1.R-CO-COO

+ R-CH(NH3) COO

4.1.1.70

Glutaryl-CoA

OOCCH 2CH2CH2COCOO

2-Oxoadipate

4-Aminobutyrate
(GABA)
4.
2.7.2.

OOCCH 2CH2CH2NH2

2-Aminoadipate 1.2.1.31 2-Aminoadipate 2.6.1.39 semialdehyde

Adenosyl
+

++ OOCCH 2CH2CH2CH (NH3) COO

+ OHCCH 2CH2CH2CH (NH3) COO

COO NH CHCH 2CH2COO

+ CH 2CH2CH2CH2CH (NH3) COO

1.5.1.9

Saccharopine

H2N(CH 2)3NH(CH2)4NH (CH2)3NH2

1eCyt.bH
A A

+ OOCCH 2CH 2CH (NH3) COO

1.

1.

15

Spermine

S-Adenosylmethyl thiopropylamine
(Decarboxylated SAM)
Biosynthesis Degradation

CH3-SCH 2CH2CHNH 2

TR A
NS

LEGEND
Carbohydrates Amino Acids
Biosynthesis Degradation

NA T IO N

GLUTAMATE
1.4.1.14

11 POOCCH CH CH(NH ) COO 3 2 2

2.5.1.22
H2N(CH 2)4NH (CH2)3NH2

UQ
1.4.1.2 3.5.1.2 6.3.1.2
+ H2NOCCH 2CH2CH (NH3) COO

Glutamyl-P
1.2.1.41

Spermidine

Phytol (C20)
CH3

CH2OH

OPP CH2

Cyt.c

Farnesyl-PP
(C15)
2.5.1.21

Cu Cu
Heme a

CuB

+-

n tra

r ting AT spo .6.1.3 P syn

3

2H+

oscp

th

1.6.6.1 1.7.99.4

NO3NO2N2

-Tocopherol
(Vitamin E)

2H+

Heme a3
2e-

F6

F1

.7.1 1.7 .6.4 1.6 .1 .6 18 6.3.4.16 1.

+ NH4

2.5.1.16
H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2

Lipids

ATP CO2

Glutamine

+ OHCCH 2CH 2CH(NH3) COO

Biosynthesis Degradation

Purines & Pyrimidines

Glutamic semialdehyde
2.6.1.13

Putrescine
CH2 CH2 CH N CHCOO

Biosynthesis Degradation

e as

6.3.5.5

Pyruvate Glyoxylate
4.1.3.16
OOCCH(OH)CH 2COCOO

CH3COCOO

OHCCOO

Vitamins Co-enzymes & Hormones

Biosynthesis Degradation

2H

ATP
AD

ATP

Carbamoyl-P
2.1.3.3

H2NCOOP

+ H 2NCONHCH 2CH2CH2CH(NH3) COO

CITRULLINE
2.1.3.3

Pyrroline-5carboxylate
4.1.1.17 1.5.99.8 CH2 1.5.1.2
CH2 CHCOO CH2

Pentose Phosphate Pathway Photosynthesis Dark Reactions

Human Metabolism is identified as far possible by black arrows

T A

+ H2NCH 2CH2CH2CH (NH3) COO

4-Hydroxy2-oxoglutarate
2.6.1.23

Biosynthesis

Degradation

F1

H+ H+

ORNITHINE

6.3.4.5
OOCCHCH 2COO N + H2NCNHCH 2CH 2CH2CH(NH3) COO

F0
H+

2.1.4.1

H2NCONH 2

1.14.11.2

PROLINE
HOCH H2C N H CH2 CHCOO

NH

COMPARTMENTATION
The "Backbone" of metabolism involves GLYCOLYSIS in the CYTOPLASM, the TCA CYCLE (mainly) in the Mitochondrial matrix and ATP FORMATION spanning the MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEMBRANE

CH2 H2NCH2C=O

+ H+ H+

COOlevulinate -OOC
H2 C H2C

5-Amino-

b 10 c-suc -u

n it

Glycine +

UREA

+ OOCCH(OH)CH 2CH(NH 3)COO

CH 2 CH 2 N H

AT E

+ H2NCNHCH 2CH2CH2CH (NH3) COO

NH2

3.5.3.1

3.5.3.6

1.14.13.39

NO

Argininosuccinate

4-Hydroxyglutamate
HOCH HC

1.5.1.12

CH2 CHCOO

OOC

CH2 CH2

COO-

4.2.1.24

D PROTONS

ADP Pi

H+ H+ H+ H+

ARGININE
+ NH2

4.3.2.1
+ NH

HYDROXY PROLINE
HN C NH CO CH 2 N CH3

3-Hydroxypyrroline5-carboxylate

An electron flow (an electric current) generated from NADH and UQH2 drives the translocation of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. The retrolocation of these protons through the F0 subunits of ATP synthase to the matrix then supplies the energy needed to form ATP from ADP and phosphate

COO-

4.1.1.37

Uroporphyrinogen

4.3.1.8 4.2.1.75

H2 N

ATP
EN D

Porphobilinogen

ERGONIC REACTION

Guanidoacetate

H2NCNHCH 2COO

2.1.1.2

H2NCN(CH 3)CH2COO

Creatine

2.7.3.2

P- HNCN(CH 3)CH2COO

+ NH2

Electron Flow

Proton Flow

P-Creatine
3.5.2.10

1.5.1.2

Creatinine

Small Numbers ( eg. 2.4.6.7) refer to the IUBMBEnzyme Commission (EC) Reference Numbers of Enzymes