F.

01

Nhn bit - Tch cht

A. Nhn bit Dng cc PHH c trng nhn bit cc cht, cn c vo cc hin tng ho tan, kt ta, mt mu, to mu hay i mu, mi c trng ca NH3 (khai), SO2 (xc), H2S (mi trng thi) nhn bit cc cht. c k bi, khng nhm ln gia nhn bit v phn bit cc cht. V d: phn bit cc cht A, B, C, D th ta ch cn nhn bit cc cht A, B, C cht cn li phi l D, nhng khi bi yu cu nhn bit cc cht A, B, C, D th ta cn nhn bit tng cht mt. Tt c cc cht dng nhn bit cc cht theo yu cu ca bi c coi l thuc th, cht xc tc khng c tnh l thuc th 1. Cc bc nhn bit cht Bc 1: Ly mu th Bc 2: Chn thuc th theo yu cu ca bi (thuc th tu chn, thuc th quy nh, khng dng thm thuc th bn ngoi) Bc 3: Cho thuc th vo mu th, d on cc hin tng Bc 4: Vit PTHH minh ha. 2. Cc dng nhn bit a. Nhn bit ring l v nhn bit hn hp - Nhn bit ring l: Mi mu th ch c mt cht - Nhn bit hn hp: Mu th c t hai cht tr ln Khi mu th dng dung dch ta nhn bit qua cc du hiu to ra do cc PHH to nn cc thnh phn ca mu th. Khi mu th dng rn nn dng cht thch hp ho tan mu th Khi mu th l cht kh (oxit axit hoc cc cht kh hay oxi ho khc) ta dng dd kim hoc cc cht kh hay oxi ho nhn bit 1

F.01

b. Nhn bit vi thuc th hn ch Dng ng lng thuc th cho c th nhn bit c mt, vi hoc tt c mu th. Trng hp, s dng ht lng thuc th cho m cha nhn bit c ht mu th, ta c th li dng cc tnh cht ca cc mu nhn bit c nhn bit cc mu th cn li. c. Nhn bit cc cht m khng dng thm thuc th ngoi Ta ln lt cho cc mu th tc dng vi nhau, lp bng tng kt v thng k kt qu thu c, t rt ra kt lun.

3. Cc nhm mu th a. Amoni v mui ca kim loi + Nhm 1: Mui ca kim loi kim Nhn bit qua mu ngn la, khi nhng dd mui ca kim loi cn nhn bit ln u giy Pt sch v t trn ngn la n kh s c hin tng sau: Mui ca Na: Ngn la mu vng Mui ca K: Ngn la mu tm Mui ca Li: Ngn la mu + Nhm 2: Dd mui amoni s gii phng NH3 mi khai khi cho tc dng vi NaOH v un nng nh Dd mui ca bc s to kt ta trng AgCl khi cho mui ny tc dng vi dd ca thuc th c gc clorua. + Nhm 3: Dd mui ca Cu mu xanh dng, to kt ta xanh khi tc dng vi dd kim + Nhm 4: Dd mui ca kim loi lng tnh (Al, Zn) To c kt ta khi tc dng vi dd kim, kt ta ny tan trong dd kim d + Nhm 5: Dd mui ca Ca, Mg 2

F.01 To c kt ta trong dd baz [Ca(OH)2 t tan] + Nhm 6: Dd mui ca st To c kt ta mu c trng khi tc dng vi dd baz : Fe(OH)2 mu trng xanh, Fe(OH)3 mu nu Lu : dd mui ca Ca v Sr s to hiroxit t tan khi tc dng vi dd kim b. Cc gc axit + Nhm 1: Gc ca axit yu v trung bnh Thng to kh khi tc dng vi axit mnh: CO3 hoc HCO3 to kh CO2; HSO3 hoc SO3 to kh SO2 i vi gc HPO4,, H2PO4, PO4 to c kt ta mu vng khi cho tc dng vi dd mui ca Ag + Nhm 2: cc gc ca axit mnh - Phn nhm 1: Gc ca axit c oxi HSO4, SO4 thng dng dd mui ca Ba to kt ta trng NO3 thng cho mu th ny tc dng vi kim loi Cu c un nh, sinh cht kh, kh ny ho nu trong khng kh. - Phn nhm 2: Gc axit khng c oxi Cho mu th ny tc dng vi dd mui ca Ag s to c cc kt ta c mu c trng: AgCl mu trng, t t ho en ngoi nh sng; AgBr kt ta vng, ho en nhanh ngoi nh sng. Vy dd mui ca kim loi yu v trung bnh thng to kt ta khi tc dng vi dd kim, dd mui ca cc gc axit yu thng c nhn bit bng cch cho tc dng vi axit mnh to kh hoc kt ta. B. Tch cht Nguyn tc: Tch hn hp hai cht AB Bc 1: Chn cht X ch tc dng vi A (m khng tc dng vi B) chuyn A thnh AX dng kt ta, bay hi hoc ho tan; tch khi B (bng cch lc hoc t tch). 3

F.01 Bc 2: iu ch li cht A t AX * S tng qut: B A, B

+X Tch A,B

AX

Ti to A

Cn ch n tnh cht ha hc v trng thi ca cht cn tch: tnh tan, s ho tan, to kt ta hay bay hi ... to ra cc cht cn tch tn ti nhng trng thi khc nhau, cht c th t tch hoc s dng cc phng php lc, nhit luyn, thu luyn, din phn tch cc cht. Nn a cc cht v dng cc mui (dng phng php thu luyn hay in phn dd iu ch kim loi tng ng), to kt ta hiroxit bng dd kim sau c th iu ch kim loi bng phng php nhit luyn. Ring Al khng c dng bin php thu luyn hay nhit luyn, m phi in phn nng chy Al2O3 trong cliolit thu c kim loi ny.i vi kim loi kim th (Ca, Ba...) nn to kt ta cacbonat. Khi bi ra c xut hin kim loi lng tnh, cn xem xt n kh nng to kt ta ri tan trong kim d hiroxit tng ng (thu li kt ta bng cch sc kh CO2 vo dd) to ra s tn ti khc nhau v th ca cc cht cn tch. Nu bi ra c s tn ti ca mui Zn v Al ta cn li dng tnh cht Zn(OH)2 tan trong dd amoniac do to phc, trong khi Al khng c kh nng to phc trn: NH3(k) + H2O(l) NH4OH(dd) AlCl3(dd) + 3NH4OH(dd) Al(OH)3(r) +3 NH4Cl(dd) ZnCl2(dd) + 4NH4OH(dd) Zn(NH3)4CL2(dd) + 4H2O(l) Sau , lm xut hin kt ta Zn(OH) bng dd kim Zn(NH3)4Cl2(dd) + 2NaOH(dd) Zn(OH)2(r) + 2NaCl(dd) + 4NH3(k) Cng c th p dng tnh cht th ng ho trong H2SO4(c/ngui) v HNO3(c/ ngui) ca nhm v st tch cc kim loi ny ra khi hn hp. 4

F.01 Lu : Khng tch cht bng cch to cc mui sunfat (bn nhit, tr v ho hc rt kh ho tan) hoc cc mui nitrat d gy n. V d khng tch cht khi cho to kt ta BaSO4, hoc AgCl hai mui ny rt kh ho tan v bn nhit.

F.02 Ho cht - Axit - Baz kim Gc nitrat Gc sunfat Gc sunfit Thuc th Qu tm Cu BaCl2 - BaCl2 - Axit

Nhn bit mt s cht v c Hin tng - Qu tm ho - Qu tm ho xanh To kh khng mu, ngoi khng kh ho nu To kt ta trng khng tan trong axit - To kt ta trng khng tan trong axit. - To kh khng mu. 5 Phng trnh ha hc minh ha
8HNO3 + 3Cu 2NO + O2

3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO
(mu nu)

2NO2

+ 4H2O (khng mu)

BaSO4 + 2HCl Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl

H2SO4 + BaCl2

BaSO3 + 2NaCl Na2SO3 + HCl BaCl2 + SO2 + H2O

Na2SO3 + BaCl2

F.01 Axit, Gc cacbonat BaCl2, AgNO3 Gc photphat AgNO3 Gc clorua AgNO3, Pb(NO3)2 - Axit, Mui sunfua - Pb(NO3)2 - To kh khng mu. - To kt ta trng. - To kt ta trng. To kt ta mu vng, ha en nhanh ngoi nh sng To kt ta trng, t t ho en ngoi nh sng - To kh mi trng thi. - To kt ta en. To kt ta trng xanh, sau b ho nu ngoi khng kh. To kt ta mu nu To kt ta trng To kt ta xanh lam To kt ta trng, tan trong NaOH d
CaCO3 +2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 Na2CO3 + BaCl2

BaCO3 + 2NaCl Na2CO3 + 2AgNO3 Ag2CO3 + 2NaNO3

Na3PO4 + 3AgNO3 (mu vng) HCl + AgNO3

+ H2O

Ag3PO4 + 3NaNO3

Mui st (II) Mui st (III) Mui magie NaOH Mui ng Mui nhm (hoc mui Zn) F.0 2 Ho cht Kh SO2 Kh CO2 Kh N2 Kh NH3

AgCl + HNO3 2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 PbCl2 + 2NaNO3 Na2S + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2S Na2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS + 2NaNO3 FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl Cu(NO3)2 +2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3
AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl Al(OH)3 + NaOH (d) NaAlO2 + 2H2O

Thuc th - Ca(OH)2, - dd nc brom Ca(OH)2 Que dim Qu tm m

Hin tng Lm c nc vi trong. Mt mu vng nu ca dd nc brom Lm c nc vi trong Que dim tt Qu tm m ho xanh 6

Phng trnh ha hc minh ha

SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3 + H2O SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 H2SO4 + 2HBr CO2 + Ca(OH)2

CaCO3 + H2O

F.01
to Cu + CO2
()

Kh CO Kh HCl Kh H2S Kh Cl2 Axit HNO3

CuO (en) - Qu tm m - AgNO3 Pb(NO3)2 Giy tm h tinh bt Bt Cu

Chuyn CuO (en) thnh . - Qu tm m ho - To kt ta trng To kt ta en Lm xanh giy tm h tinh bt C kh mu nu xut hin

CO + CuO
(en)

HCl + AgNO3

AgCl + HNO3 PbS + 2HNO3

H2S + Pb(NO3)2

4HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

F.03 Cht cn tch Al (Al2O3 hay hp cht nhm) Zn (ZnO) Mg (MgO) Fe (FeO hoc Fe2O3) Cu (CuO)

Tch mt s cht v c Phn ng tch v phn ng ti to li cht ban u CO dd NaOH pnc t Al NaAlO2 Al(OH)3 Al2O3 Al
2 o

t CO dd NaOH t Zn Na2ZnO2 Zn(OH)2 ZnO Zn H

2 o 2

Phng php tch Lc; in phn nng chy Lc; nhit luyn Lc; nhit luyn Lc; nhit luyn Lc; nhit luyn

t Mg MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 MgO Mg H HCl NaOH t Fe FeCl2 Fe(OH)2 FeO Fe H SO H NaOH t Cu CuSO4 Cu(OH)2 CuO Cu a, nog c n HCl NaOH
o

CO

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