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- 14 -
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ok 0 P bl rd
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jrwfpmG bk&m;onf *0Hywdyifah Mumif;udo
k
d ypE& mZf omoemawmft&Snx
f eG ;f vif;rnf taMumif;udk
jrifawmfr
l r[mou&mZf 111 ckEpS t
f wGi;f <uvmNy;D ok0Pbrl o
d aYkd &mufonf/ wdro[
D &mZmrif;ESihf
jynfolrsm;obifBuD;pGmcHvsuf w&m;emMu\/ teDta0;&Sd&aohwdkYvnf; w&m;awmfema&mufvmMu?
bk&m;&Six
f rH S ud;k uG,pf &mqHawmfukd vdck sipf w
d &f MdS uuke\
f / xdt
k aMumif;udk odawmfr
l bk&m;&Siu
f &aohukd
udk;uG,f&ef qHawmfrsm;ay;oem;awmfrlonf/
1/ *p*D&dawmif? wdukrm&aoh
2/ AE0*D&dawmif? oD[ukrm&&aoh
3/ 'd;k uarmhuwG*H vdik af wmif (usKu
d x
f ;D d;k )? Ak'O mP&aoh (wd&aohBu;D )
4/ 'd;k cvGe;f (auvmo) awmif&aoh
5/ rJvHawmif&aoh
6/ ukodem&Hawmif&aoh
wdYk aygi;f (6) a,mufaom &aohwq
Ykd aH wmfO;D pGm&Mu\/ rMumrD
- 19 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
7/ rGwv
f tdawmif? uy&aoh
8/ rGwv
f tyfawmif? em&'&aoh
9/ usKdurDawmif&aoh
10/ aum,uZkwfokwfuRef;rS ewfbDvl;nDaemif-2-a,muf
12/ 'dk;,Gef;awmif&aoh
13/ aqmifcJawmifrS tvuy&aoh
aygi;f (7) OD;aom yk*Kd vx
f ;l wdYk jrwfpmG bk&m;xHtzl;tajrmfa&mufMu qHawmfwpfqpl D ay;oem;awmfro
l nf/
wd"ro[
D &mZmrif;tm;vnf; qHawmfEpS q
f al y;oem;awmfrjl yefonf/ xdt
Yk jyif bk&m;y&deAd m efpH
vGefawmfrlaomf oGm;awmfrsm;udk*0Hywdaqmif,l oD[&mZmrif;tm;ay;vmvdrfhrnf/ apwDjyK xyfrH
ud;k uG,af wmh[k Asm'dwaf y;cJo
h nf/ uJo
h Ykd bk&m;&Siq
f aH wmf (15)ql&aMumif;udk rGe&f mZ0if apwDawmf
ordik ;f aygi;f csKyu
f qdyk gonf/ (oxH&k mZ0if? pm 6. 0-63)
oD[&mZmrif;onf w&m;awmfuekd mcdu
k ?f aowwfaomoabmudk jrifojzifh xdwv
f ef
Y ]aeYao
rnf? naornfrod? rjrifEdkif (37) ESpfMumrS pG,fawmfudk udk;uG,f&[efr&Sd} [k pdwfu&SdaMumif;udk
bk&m;&Sio
f ad wmfro
l nf/ odjhk zpf bk&m;&Si\
f kyw
f ak wmfukd vky
f ud;k uG,&f efciG hf jyKawmfro
l nf/ &ufvnfatmif
aeawmfr
l bk&m;a&SaY wmfwiG f a&Tqif;wkukd bk&m;ud,
k af wmftwdik ;f oGe;f oD[&mZmrif;ud;k uG,&f onf
[kqo
kd nf/ (oxH&k mZm0if? pm- 61-2) (rSe&f mZm0if? pm-4-5)
qHawmf? kyyf mG ;awmf? "gwfawmfrsm; Xmyem apwDwnfMujcif;

wd"ro[
D &mZmrif;onf jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\
f qHawmfEpS q
f u
l kd ok0Pbrl jd ynftwGi;f ou&mZf
111 ckEpS rf mS yif Xmyem apwDawmfwnfvyk u
f ;kd uG,o
f nf/ (,ck a&Tpm&HapwD[k trnfwiG o
f nf/)
xdak emuf ou&mZf 148 ck? tZmwowfrif;NzKd aomESp?f bk&m;y&deAd m ef pHveG af wmfral om tcg?
oGm;awmf "gwaf wmf 33 qlukd txufAsm'dwpf um;twdik ;f *0Hywd&[EmydaYk y;vmojzif?h 4if;ESpt
f wGi;f rSmyif
wd"ro[
D &mZmrif;onf oGm;awmf 33 qlwu
Ykd kd rdz&k m; 33 yg;? wpfyg;vQif wpfqu
l spaD y;tyf?
ausmufapwD 33 qlwnfvyk af p\/ (OD;a&Taemf? pm -24)
*p*&D ad wmifu wdukrm&&aohonf rdr&d aom bk&m;&Sif qHawmfwpfqu
l kd *p*&D ad wmifxyd f
tpGe;f wGif Xmyemvdo
k nfjzpf oD[&mZmrif;ESihf wdik yf ifNy;D ? bdeyfawmf (10) awmif apwDwnfvyk o
f nf/
xdkapwDtapmifhtxdef;vl tdrfaygif; 50 udk (oD[&mZmrif;u) awmifajc&if;wGif &Gmwnfvkyfap\/
4if;&Gm trnfum; ]uGr;f Zdik ;f usy}f wGi\
f / jrefrmjyefaom uGr;f = &Gm/ Zdik ;f = ajc/ usyf ^ usmuf = bk&m;
]bk&m;ajc (&if;) &Gm}[kq\
kd / xd&k mG trnfukd pGNJ y;D vQif aemufom;? aemufajr;wdu
Yk ]Zdik ;f usy}f &Gmudk
]Zif;usKduf&Gm}[kvnf;aumif;? bk&m;udkvnf; Zif;usKdufbk&m;[kvnf;aumif; rrSefruefac:Mu\/ 4if;
bk&m;apwD\ rlvbGJYawmfrSm ]usKdufajAmfewf}ac:\/ jrefrmbmomjyefaomf usKduf = bk&m;/ ajAmf =
rde;f r/ ewf = e*g;/ ]e*g; rde;f rbk&m;} ]e*g;rbk&m;} [k qd\
k / awmiftrnfrmS ]*p*&D }d [k rlvtrnfwiG af e\/
(OD;a&Taemf? pm- 24-25) odhkaomfvnf;? aemiftcg Zif;usKu
d af wmif[yk ifac:Muawmhonf/
- 20 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
AE0*D&ad wmifae oD[ukrm& &aohuvnf;? rdr&d &Sx

d m;aom qHawmfwpfqu
l kd rdro
d w
D if;oH;k aeaom
awmifxyd t
f pGe;f wGif Xmyemvdo
k jzifh aumZmou&mZf 113 ckEpS f aemifawmf wdukrm&&aoh? wlawmf
ok0Pbrl b
d &k ifwEYkd iS hf wdik yf ifNy;D qHawmfuXkd myem\/ AE0*D&ad wmif bk&m;[kyif ac:Mu\/ usKu
d af jAmfewf
apwDEiS hf t&G,w
f yl ifjzpfonf/ AE0*D&ad wmifajc&if;rSm avS? oabFmrsm; rMumrMumcdu
k yf csaD ESmifwwfMu
aomaMumifh (xdpk Ofu oHviG jf rpfaMumif;onf awmifajc&if;rS pD;qif;cJzh ;l [efw\
l ) rGev
f w
l u
Ykd ]'d;k u&G,f
uyef}ac:Mu\/ ]oabFmcsnf aomawmif} [kt"dyg ,&f ? bk&m;udv
k nf; ]usKu
d *f &G,u
f yef}? ]oabFmcsnf
aombk&m;} [k ac:Muonf/ umva&GUavsm ]*&G,fuyef} rS ]ZGJuAef}? ]ZGJuyif} jzpfvmcJhonf/
(OD;a&Taemf? pm- 26)
'd;k uarmhcwG*H vdik ;f ? 'd;k ukoed m&H? 'd;k cvGe;f [laom awmifo;kH vH;k u &aoho;kH yg;&aom qHawmfrsm;udk
oHk;ESpftxd Xmyemjcif;rjyK&ao;bJ? 'kd;cvGef;? 'dk;ukodemHkawmifwdkYu &aohESpfyg; tema&m*gpGJuyf
'd;k uarmhcwG*H vdik ;f awmif Ak'O mP&aohxH rdrw
d &Ykd aomqHawmfrsm;udk ay;tyfNy;D rMumrDaovGeu
f ek Mf u\/
Ak'O mP&aohvnf; qHawmfo;kH qlraysmufrysu&f atmif rdrq
d u
H sprf mS pnf;aESmifxm;\/ xdaYk emuf Z&mzdq;D
ESyd pf uf pkawawmhrnfupkd ;dk &dr\
f / odMum;rif; qif;vmNy;D &Si&f aohqaH wmfo;kH acsmif; Xmyem&efun
l o
D nf/
wpfqu
l kd &aohO;D acgi;f ESiw
hf al om ausmufw;kH ud&k mS azGNy;D aumZmou&mZf 118 ckEpS t
f wGi;f ausmufw;kH udk
xGif;azmuf qHawmfXmyem\/ &aohwjynfUvufom;wdkYu apwDwnfvkyfudk;uG,fMuonf/ rGefbmom
]usKu
d t
f o
d d }kd jrefrmbmom ]&aoh&u
G x
f m;aombk&m;} qd\
k /
useaf om qHawmfEpS q
f t
l eufwpfqu
l kd odMum;rif;u 'd;k cvGe;f awmifxyd f wpfql awmifxyd af usmuf
udx
k iG ;f Xmyemay;\/ wdu
k v
m;NrKd Y oay:rif;ESihf vltaygi;f wdu
Yk bdeyfawmftawmif (50) apwDwnfvyk f
Mu\/ rGeb
f mom ]usKu
d af uom&} ac:\/ wdu
k v
m;NrKd Y oay:rif;wnf ]usKu
d o
f v
D ay: } vnf;ac:\/
(OD;a&Taemf? pm 2. 6-29)
useaf omqHawmfwpfqu
l kd bD;vif;NrKd aY ';cifawmifwef;\ taemufajrmufaxmift
h &yf ukoed m&H
trnf&adS omawmifwiG f odMum;rif;Xmyemay;jyef\/ qHawmfXmyemaom ausmufw;kH ay:u apwDi,fwpfqu
l kd
'g,umwdu
Yk wnfvyk u
f ;kd uG,Mf u\/ bGt
YJ rnfrmS ]usKu
d u
f o
k ed m&H}ac:\/
xdkYaemuf omoemESpf 235 wGif aomPax&f? Ow&ax&fwdkYonf 'kwd,wnfaom
ok"r0wDoxHjk ynf (auvmoawmifajcrSNrKd Y )udk omoemjyKvma&muf\/ aemufomoemESpf 250 ausmw
f iG f
(xdt
k &SiEf pS yf g;) y&deAd m efjyKawmfrMl uuke\
f / tavmif;awmfukd ukoed m&H bk&m;apwDxm;\/ xdaYk Mumifh
ukEd m Ht
k rnf ajymif; wGiaf vonf/ (OD;a&Taemf? pm 3. 0-31)
rJvaH wmifum; bD;vif;NrKd eY ,f? ,if;tk&H mG txuf bD;vif;acsmif;rucGo
J mG ;aom rJvaH csmif;ajrmuf
buf&So
d nf/ a&S;u em*yAwawmifjzpf\/ awmifay: ausmufw;kH Bu;D oH;k vH;k &S\
d / tay:ausmufv;kH udk
odMum;vm oefvsuEf iS hf oH;k awmifwrdu
k af v;opfeufatmif xGi;f azmufay;ojzifh (rJvaH wmif) &aohu
ou&mZf 119 ckEpS t
f wGi;f qHawmfwpfqXl myem\/ awmifteD;tyg;vlwYkd apwDwnfvyk u
f ;kd uG,Mf uNy;D ?
qHawmfb&k m;[lyifac:Mu\/ (OD;a&Taemf? pm 3. 1)
aqmifcaJ wmifum; auvmoawmifapwDawmf\ ta&SaU jrmufbuf? oJjzLacsmif;urf; em;wGi&f \
dS /
]tvl;} &GmESiehf ;D onf/ xdak wmifrS tvuy&aohonf rdr&d aomqHawmfwpfqu
l kd awmifpeG ;f ay: Xmyemvd
k
wdu
k u
f v
k m;NrKd U oay:rif;ESiw
hf idk yf ifNy;D ou&mZf 113 ckEpS t
f wGi;f aqmifcaJ wmifpeG ;f ay:wiG f XmyemMu\/
- 21 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
Zif;usKd uf qHawmfapwD
apwDawmfvnf;wnfvyk x
f m;\/ 4if;bk&m;onf bdeyfawmfajcmufq,fah v;awmift&G,f apwDBu;D jzpfonf/
awmifcyferd ehf rd ahf y:wiG f wnfxm;rxif r&Sm;&So
d nf/
rGwv
f tdawmifonf armfvNrKd iNf rKrUd S txufyikd ;f a[mifoa&macsmif;zsm;wGif usw
d Nf rK&Ud \
dS / 4if;usw
d Nf rKd U
ta&Sw
U nfw
h nfh c&D;wmaygi;f wpfaomif;ESpaf xmif (rkid f 50 cefY ) tuGm&S\
d / xdak wmifxyd f rGwv
f tdb&k m;
apwD&\
dS / rGwv
f tdawmifwiG f oDwif;oH;k aeaom tvuy&iS f &aohonf rdr&d cJah om qHawmfuw
kd ifw
h ,fpmG
Xmyemvk
d usw
d ?f awmifbt
Ykd p&Sad om a[mif oa&macsmif;zsm;wpfavQmuf tkypf ;kd aomukvmykrif;ESiw
hf idk yf ifNy;D
ou&mZf 114 ckESpfwGif rGwfvtdawmifxdyf Xmyemwkdufvkyf\/ qHawmfudk a&TMuKwfESifhoGwfoGif;
Xmyem\/ bdeyfawmf q,fawmif? OmPfawmf wq,fhig;awmifausmufapwDwnfvkyf udk;uG,fMu\/
awmifxyd jf yif tus,f ta&St
U aemuf tawmifav;q,f? (ay 80)? awmifEiS ahf jrmufEpS q
f ,fih g;awmif
(ay 50)&S\
d / apwDbaYGJ wmfum; ]usKu
d rf w
G v
f td}? rGerf mbmom ]tNrx
J ifay:aombk&m;} qd\
k / awmiftjrihrf mS
(ay 6000) cef&Y o
dS nf/
rGwv
f tdawmifrS awmifbufc&D;jrefrmoH;k wkid f (6 rkid )f tuGm? ewfbv
D ;l awmif [kac:aom
awmif&\
dS / xdak wmifrS ta&SY p;l pl;&Sprf ikd cf eft
Y uGmwGif rGwv
f tyfawmifBu;D &S\
d / xdak wmifukd ,d;k ',m;&Sr;f wdu
Yk ydik f
\/ 4if;rGwv
f tyfawmif oDwif;oH;k aom em&'&Si&f aohonf ok0Pbrl o
d xHjk ynf jrwfpmG bk&m;<uvmpOfu
qHawmfwpfql&cJh\/ qHawmfjrwfudkaumif;rGefBuD;us,fpGm Xmyemvdkojzifh rGwfvtdXmyem wdkufuJhodkY
pDr
H rGwv
f tyfawmifxyd f Xmyem\/ bk&m;apwDbaYJG wmfrmS ]usKu
d rf w
G v
f tyf} ac:\/ rGwv
f tyf
awmiftjrifrh mS ayaygi;f (6500) jrif\
h / (OD;a&Taemf? pm 3. 9-40)
0gclNrKd aY wmifbuf? vrkid ;f NrKd t
Y wGi;f auvmoawmifb&k m;apwD&\
dS / auvmo&Sif &aohvnf;
qHawmfwpfq&l xm;\/ if;qHawmfukd rGwv
f td? rGwv
f tyfawmifxyd zf sm;rS apwD wnfvyk u
f ;kd uG,o
f uJo
h Ykd
wnfvyk u
f ;kd uG,Mf uuke\
f / (OD;a&Taemf? pm 4. 0)
- 22 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ukoed mHk qHawmfapwD
rJvaH wmif qHawmfapwD
aqmifcJawmifusdKufwJqHawmfapwD
- 23 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
usKu
d r b
D &k m;apwDrmS ? usKu
d r aD wmif&aohxq
H aH wmfwpfq&l Ny;D ? 4if;usKu
d r aD wmifay:wiG f (,ckqif
yke;f *lteD;) Xmyemwnfvyk u
f ;kd uG,Mf u\/ apwDbaYJG wmfrmS ]usKu
d r }D ac:\/ ]arQmMf unfb
h &k m;} [kvnf;
t"dyg ,&f onf/ ,ckausmufaqmifay:rS a&v,fb&k m;r[kwaf y/ (OD;a&Taemf? pm 4. 1)
bD;vif;e,fZw
k o
f w
k t
f &yfonf bk&m;ryGirhf u
DS mv ewfbv
D ;l rsm;aeaom uRe;f jzpf\/ ok0Pbrl o
d Ykd
bk&m;&Si<f uvmawmfrpl Of 4if;uRe;f aeewfbv
D ;l nDaemifEpS yf g;oGm;a&mufz;l ajrmf MuNy;D ? qHawmfwpfq&l cJo
h nf/
ou&mZf 113 ckEpS u
f p *0Hausmuftw
k w
f jhkd zifh bk&m;apwDwnf vkyNf y;D ? Xmyemwdu
fk rf mS qHawmfuakd &TMuKwf
xnfhoGif;Xmyem\/ ewfbDvl;nDaemifESpfa,mufwdkY\ orD;awmfewforD;rsm;u bk&m;ocifOD;acgif;xuf
ayguaf omqHyiftvGew
f &m twkr&Sjd rwfay onf/ igwOhdk ;D acgi;f u qHyifuv
kd nf;jzwfv;DS ylaZmfXmyemaomf
aumif;\[k oabm& rdrw
d Ykd OD;acgi;f rSqyH ifukd jzwfv;DS umBuKd ;uJo
h u
Ykd spNf y;D Xmyem\/ 4if;ewforD;qHyif
BuKd ;ylaZmfXmyem jcif;aMumifh ]usKu
d Zf w
k o
f w
G }f ac:\/ ewfbv
D ;l wnfaombk&m;jzpf ]usKu
d u
f vGw'f uf}
[l vnf;ac:onf/ apwDatmuf bdeyfawmftawmif 90? (135 ay)? 4if;bdeyfcHk (*0Hausmuf
tkwpf )D tjrifh 23awmif (35 ay) xdck akH y:rS wpfzef 'kw,
d bdeyfawmf tawmif 36 awmif (54 ay)?
8 ajrm if?h wpfajrm ifv
h Qif 18 awmif (27 ay)? OmPfawmftawmif 60 (90 ay) wnf vkyMf u\/
apwDywfvnfwiG f (*0H) ausmufx;D &Gu?f AsuEf pS af wmifwpfru
kd f (3 ay? 6 vu)? 12 pif;vSL'ge;f ylaZmf\/
xkdbk&m;apwDwnfvkyfaom *0HtkwfwdkYonf bdeyfawmfu wwd,yp,Htxd 4if;twGif;ti,fqHk;
vlwpfa,mufvQif ESpjf ym;,laqmifEidk o
f nf/ tvwfpm;tkwrf mS vl 20-25 a,mufyifch s,
D al qmifEikd o
f nf/
tBu;D qH;k tkwrf mS vl 70-80 rS ,laqmifEikd o
f nf/ (OD;a&T aemf? pm.43-44)
'd;k ,Ge;f awmifonf 'd;k cvGe;f (bDvif;auvmo) awmifxyd u
f sKu
d af uom&ESihf wpfquf wnf;?
wpfwef;wnf; ta&SpY ;l pl;&S\
d / xd'k ;kd ,Ge;f awmif&aohonf jrwfpmG bk&m;&Six
f rH &S aom qHawmfurdk rd o
d w
D if;
oHk;ae&m 'dk;,Gef;awmifxdyfwGif oifhawmfavsmufywfpGm ausmufwHk;ausmufcJ Xmyemwdkufkvkyf
qHawmfuakd &TMuKwt
f wGi;f xnfo
h iG ;f Xmyem\/ bk&m;apwDuv
kd nf; ausmuf wpfcsK?Ud ajrtkww
f pfcsKaUd &maESm
wnfvyk \
f / ,ckb&k m;apwDawmf bdeyfawmf 10 awmifcefY avmufNyKd ysuv
f suf ikww
f t
kd a[mif;twd&adS e\/
bk&m;apwD bGaYJ wmfrmS ]usKu
d 'f ;kd ,Ge;f } ac:\/ xdak pwDoYkd tzl;tajrmfwufaomtcg apwDa&mufcge;D wGif
acsmufurf;yg; jzpfaomaMumifh tvGeftoGm;cufojzifh acsmufurf;yg;udktpGJjyK 'kd;,Gef;[krGefwdkYac:\/
(,ck usKu
d af ';,sKH [k ac:Muonf) (OD;a&Taemf? pm 4. 4-45)
- 24 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ok0Pbrl ?d ok"r0wD-oxHjk ynf (topfwnfpwkw ok"r0wD) pd;k pHMuaomrif;rsm;

wd"ro[
D &mZmrif; pnf;pdrt
f ESpf (60) pHawmfr
l ewf&mG pH\/ xdrk if;vufxuf ukoed mHak wmif
teD; r*FvmblrNd rKd u
U w
kd nfco
hJ nf/ a&Tpm&HapwDEiS hf aumif;rIuo
k v
kd rf sm;pGm vSL'ge;f cJo
h nf/ xdrk if;vGeaf omf
2/ om;awmf oD&d"rmaomu&mZmrif;jyKonf/
3/ om; "rygv&mZmrif;jyKonf/
4/ om; ok0P&mZm? r[m"r"Z rif;jyKonf/
xdrk if;vufxuf &wemoH;k yg;udk txl;ojzifh ,HMk unfjcif;jzpf bk;d awmfo[
D &mZmrif; wnfcahJ om
pd&aH pwD (a&Tpm&H) udk xyfrjH yKjyifco
hJ nf/ xdrk if; rdz&k m;Bu;D ok0Pa'0DrmS yxrt&G,w
f iG f om;awmf?
orD;awmfrjrifacs/ rif;Bu;D onf xD;arGeef;arGqufco
H rl &S
d olqif;&J orD;wpfa,mufukd rdz&k m;ajrm uf&m
(ok'0 o
H a'0D) bJ&YJG \/ om;awmfwpfyg;? orD;awmfEpS yf g; tpOftwdik ;f bGm;jrif\/ om;awmfukd &mZ0HotuF&k ukrm
trnfay;onf/ orD;awmftBu;D udk pEmoD&?d ti,fukd eef;OD;oD&d bGaYJ wmfrsm;ay;onf/
xd k o k 0 P r if ; BuD ; vuf x uf rZ d r a'orS toQif r [d E E S i f h toQif a omPpaom &[E m
ig;yg;<uvmonf/ aomPkw& paom&[Emrsm;r[kwaf o;? wpfjcm;yifjzpfonf/ &[Emt&Siw
f x
Ykd rH S qHawmf
(8) qlu&kd av\/ qHawmfrsm;udk &[Emt&Siw
f
hdk eT jf yaeaom? ok"r0wDNrKd Y ta&SaY wmif&?dS od*e u
d a wmif
xdyf? omoemESpf (128)? (bDpD 416) ckESpfwGif qHawmfESpfqludk XmyemapwDwnf\/ aemiftcg
xdak pwDukd ]o*ew
d }f apwD[k trnfwiG \
f / (,ckjroydwf apwDjzpfonf/)
xdaYk emuf ok"r0wDNrKd \
Y taemufajrmufwm (500) cefY (wpfrikd cf ef)Y tuGm? om& uvsmPDuek ;f
vnf; &[EwdkhTefjy qHawmfESpfqludkXmyemNyD; apwDwpfqlwnfawmfrl\/ (,ck oxHkNrdKUajrmufbuf
ajreDuek ;f &Gmay:awmfral pwDjzpf\/) xdak pwD\ bGaYJ wmfrmS ]om&uvsmPDapwD} [kwiG o
f nf/
useaf omqHawmfav;qlukd orD;awmfEpS af ,mufwt
Ydk m; ESpq
f pl t
D yf apwDwnfxm; ud;k uG,af ponf/
orD;awmftBu;D pEmoD&rD if;orD;&aomqHawmfEpS q
f u
l kd &[Emt&Siw
f Ykd Tejf yonfah e&m? pd&aH pwD\ taemuf
ajrmufwm 700 (wpfridk cf cJG ef)h tuGmwGif XmyemoGi;f apwDwnfav\/ xdak pwDukd pEmoD&ad pwD[
l yif
wGiaf v\/ umva&GaY vsm pHo;D apwD[k ac: Mujyefavonf/
- 25 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
orD;awmfti,f&aom qHawmfEpS q
f u
l v
kd nf; pd&aH pwDEiS hf pEmoD&ad pwDttMum; wnfxm;ud;k uG,f
av\/ xdak pwDukd orD;awmfti,f eef;OD;oD&u
d w
kd nfapaomaMumifh eef;OD;apwD[
l yifac:Muonf/ umv
&Sn
f emrnfa&GaY vsmojzif?h ,cktcg eef;awmfO;D apwD[ak c: Muonf/ (,ck oxHNk rKd eY ef;awmfO;D ausmif;0if;
awmifbuf&Sd\/)
xdo
k 0k P&mZmrif;Bu;D onf ok0Pbrl Nd rKd \
Y aemufbuf? jrpfi,f\wbufurf;? om& uvsmPD
apwD\ awmifbuf? wm (300) cefY (udu
k f 1050) tuGmwGif ausmif;wdu
k w
f nf t&Sirf [dEp aom
&[Emwdu
k u
f kd wnfaqmufNy;D t&[Em&mr[korkwcf o
hJ nf/ aemufvrl sm;u xdak usmif;awmf&mudk &[Emwdu
k f
[kac:Mu\/ ,ckwikd f xif&mS ;&S\
d / (oxH&k mZ0if? pm 6. 6-70)
xdkok0P&mZmrif;BuD;\ rdzk&m;BuD;ok0Pa'0DrSm t&G,fvGefrSom;awmfESpfyg;udk tpOftwdkif;
bGm;jrifjyefonf/ rif;Bu;D u rif;rsK;d -rif;EG,rf eS af om awmifeef;pHrzd &k m;Bu;D rS om;awmfrsm;bGm;jrifjcif; aemuf
usavpG[k oHa0*&om;Bu;D udk Oya'0&mZmoHa0? om;i,fukd O'dE& mZmoHa0[k trnftoD;oD;ay;onf/
rdz&k m;i,fraS rG;aom om;awmfBu;D tuF&k rif;om;onf rif;pnf;pdru
f rkd ufarmNy;D crnf;awmfrif;Bu;D
tm;ypfrSm;ojzifh tusOf;csumxm;onf/ tpmiwfa&iwfvnf;xm;avonf/ awmifeef;pHrdzk&m;BuD;u
Oyg,fESifhtpm;taomufay;onfudkvnf; cGifhrjyKay/ aemufqHk;crnf;awmfBuD;aoavonf/ awmifeef;pH
rdz&k m;Bu;D vnf; NrKd \
Y ajrmufbuf&dS jrpfi,f (acsmif;)wpfcw
k iG f a&odYk qif;vsuu
f ,
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a&ykyfprf;jzpf\/)
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kd wfNy;D eef;wufonf/ rif;usiw
hf &m;q,fyg;? ty&d[ed,
w&m;q,fyg;? o*F[w&m;av;yg;paom aumif;aomtrlt&mwdu
Yk kd tvH;k pHpk eG v
Yf suf rw&m;aomtrIujkd yK
onf/ crnf;awmfEiS w
hf uG bd;k avmif;awmf? ab;avmif;awmfwYkd aumif;rI apwDyx
k ;kd rsm;udv
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XmyemwdkuftwGif;&Sd a&TaiG&wemOpmESifhwuG kyfwk-qif;wkrsm;udk ,liifoHk;pGJjcif;jyKav\/ txl;ojzifh
ab;avmif;awmf wd"ro[
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Yk rSeo
f iG ;f ESH
XmyemcJah om pd&aH pwD (a&Tpm&H) twGi;f &Sd Xmyemypn;f rsm;udk NzKd zsux
f w
k ,
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hf wl
tdraf &St
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hf uG aoemywdrLS ;rwfwv
Ykd nf; rw&m;usiMhf u olawmfw&m;ysujf ym;
Muaomtcg ewfwo
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d ajrrsKjd cif; ponfjzifh
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NrKd aY wmfwiG f roifrh avsmu
f siBhf uMH uaomaMumifh rif;ESiw
hf uG NrKd u
Y akd jrNrKd avonf/ (OD;ynm? pm 6. 6-73)
yrok0Pbrl d - ok"ry&l NrdKY

tuF&k rif;udk rd;k BuKd ;ypf? avmifr;D us? ajrrsKNd y;D NrKd Y Bu;D yg aysmufomG ;Ny;D aemuf ok0P&mZmrif;Bu;D \
awmifeef;pHrzd &k m;Bu;D ok0Pa'0DraS rG;zGm;aom om;awmfEpS af ,mufwo
Ykd nf NrKd yY suaf omtcg xGuaf jy;wdr;f
a&Smif toufab;rSvw
G Mf u\/ aemifawmf Oya'0&mZoHa0rif;om;onf rdrEd iS o
hf abmwlov
l t
l aygi;f udk
pkapmif;pnf;Muyfvsuf ajrrsKo
d mG ;aom NrKd &Y ma[mif;\awmifbufuyfvsuf NrKd Y ;kd oH;k xyf? usK;H oH;k xyfEiS Nhf rKd Y
Bu;D wnf\/ xdNk rKd u
Y kd ok0Pbrl w
d ikd ;f ? ok"ry&l NrKd [
Y k orkwaf v xD;eef;pd;k pHawmfrjl yefonf/
- 26 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
nDawmf O'dE& mZmoHa0rif;om;onfvnf; rdrEd iS o

hf abmwlol vltaygi;f ESiw
hf ikd yf if ok"r0wD
NrKd &Y ma[mif;\ta&SaY wmifay: NrKd w
Y nfvsuf &rm0wDNrKd [
Y k orkwNf y;D vQiaf emifawmfEiS hf xD;NyKd ief ef;NyKd if pd;k pHMu\/
wd"ro[
D &mZmrif;tm; odMum;rif;zefqif;ay;aom ok"r0wDNrKd u
U m; ,ckumv ok"rmuke;f jzpf
ownf;/ Oya'0rif;wnfaom ok"ry&l NrKd u
Y m; ,ckumvxif&mS ;&Sad om oxHNk rKd yY ifwnf;/ O'dEr if;wnfaom
&rm0wDNrKd o
Y nfum; ,ckoxHNk rKd \
Y ta&SaY wmifay:&Sad om v0NrKd Y ac:aom NrKd &Y ma[mif;yifwnf/
(OD;ynm? pm 7. 5)
Oya'0rif;onf omoemou&mZf (161) ckEpS f (bDpD 382) wGif ok"ry&l NrKd u
Y kd wnfaxmif
rif;usiw
Uf &m;q,fyg;paom usi0hf wfEiS jhf ynfph pkH mG rif;jyK Edik if aH wmfom,m\/ ok&Yd mwGif aemifawmftuF&k rif;
vufxuf bk&m;ykx;kd ponfwu
Ykd kd NzKd zsu
f &aom a&T? aiG? &wem wdu
Yk kd rodoH;k pGrJ &d mwGif rif;Bu;D \ud,
k f
uk|a&m*gpu
JG yfav\/ xdt
k cg rSL;rwf? aoemywdpaom jynfow
l u
Ykd xD;jzLaqmif;csi;f wpfyg;aom rif;wdMhk um;
ravsmo
f jzifh NrKd aY wmf\taemufawmif yifv,fwiG ;f &Sd uRe;f i,f wpfco
k Ykd ydv
Yk u
dk Mf u\/ xdo
k Ykd uRe;f i,foYkd
tydcYk &H onft
h cg rif;\pnf;pdrt
f ouf (30) &S
d ? uRe;f i,foYkd a&mufNy;D rMumrDuu
H ek af v\/
q|rok0Pbrl d - "n0wD (rkwr ) jrdKY

ok"ry&l NrKd &U iS f aemifawmfOya'0rif;tm; uk|a&m*gEel mpGu
J yf uRe;f i,foyYkd aYkd Mumif;udk &rm0wD
NrKd &Y iS f nDawmfO'dE& mZmrif;Mum;odvQif xdwv
f efjh cif;jzpf tuF&k rif;wdu
Yk kd ajrrsKad om ok"r0wDNrKd aY [mif;ESihf
eD;aomaMumifh jzpf&onf[x
k ifvsu?f a0;&modaYk jymif;a&TrY aS wmfrnf[k rSL;rwfrsm;ESiw
hf ikd yf ifNy;D vQif &r0wDNrKd rY S
onf awmifpOfawmifwef;wpfavQmufoYkd ajymif;a&TaY v aemufq;kH wpfcak om awmifwef;\tpGe;f tzsm;?
yifv,furf;em;odYk a&mufaomtcg awmBu;D udk ckwx
f iG &f iS ;f vif;apvsuf NrKd w
Y nf "n0wDNrKd [
Y k orkwNf y;D vQif
rif;vkyaf wmfro
l nf/ xdk "n0wDNrKd u
Y kd awmifpeG ;f ausmufpeG ;f wnfonfjzpfaomaMumifh rGeb
f momtm;jzifh
'Hrk ;l warmh[k ac:Muonf/ aemufpum;a&GaY vsm rkwr [kjzpfvmonf/ (OD;ynm? pm- 76-77) xd"k n0wD
(rkwr )NrKd Y O'dE& mZmtp? ode**Fgrif;tqH;k rif;aygi;f 12 qufwiG f xD;eef;ysu
f awmBu;D twdjzpfav\/
"n0wDNrdKYwnfaomESpfrSm omoemawmf 236 ckESpfjzpfonf[k rGef&mZm0ifqdk\/ aemufqHk;
ode**Fgrif;vufxufwiG f e*g;rOrSayguzf mG ;aomoli,frudk rdz&k m;ajrm uf om;awmfEpS yf g; orvESi0hf rd vwdu
Yk kd
zGm;onf/ e*g;rrSe;f od&aomtcg rdz&k m;udo
k wfavonf/ om;i,f ESpaf ,muftrdrjhJ zpf bd;k awmf&iS &f aohxH
tyfavonf/ &Si&f aohvnf; ajr;ESpaf ,mufukd auR;arG; t&G,af &mufaomf oxHrk if;xHtyfxm;onf/
rMumrD orvrif;om;ESihf oxHrk if;orD;wdYk &nfiMH uonfukd rif;uodvQin
f t
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Ykd kd [Hom0wD&&dS mod
hk eT jf yNy;D oGm;a&mufumrif;jyKaponf/
[Hom0wDwiG f orv? 0drvwdYk rif;jyKMuum yxr[Hom0wDrif;qufux
kd al xmifMuonf/
owrok"r0wD? r&dblrd (NrdKufobH)k NrdKY

Oya'0rif;udk xD;eef;ucs uRef;i,fodkYtydkYcH&onfhtcg xdkrif;\om;awmf &mZmaZmeDrif;om;
(oD0d&mZmrif;) ESifh om;awmf&mZmaZma0ac: aZmwukrmrif;om;wdkYonf ok0Pblrd? ok"r0wD?
ok"ry&l ae&monf igwEYkd iS rhf xdu
k w
f efNy[
D k oabmydu
k Nf y;D vQif xdwv
f efaY Mumuf&v
YHG su?f xdak e&mudk pGechf mG
xGuaf jy;Mu&efBuMH uonf/ rSL;rwfwEYkd iS w
hf idk yf ifNy;D aemuf omoemawmfou&mZf 191 ckEpS f (353 bDp)D
- 27 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
uwdu
k Bf u;D NrKd aY [mif; ESiUf eef;awmf&muke;f
wGif &mZmaZmeDrif;om;onf aus;vufawm&Gmaetdraf jcaygi;f (6700) ausmw
f u
kdY kd qifah c:ppk nf;Ny;D vQif
xdo
k 0k Pbrl d oxHNk rKd \
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wdkYudkaygif; NrdKYwnfaxmifxD;eef;pdkufaqmufvsuf crnf;awmfuJhodkY &mZmaZmeDrif;om;pdk;pHonf/
Oya'0NrKd rY yS gcahJ om "g;? vS?H av;jrm ; paomvufeufwu
Ykd v
kd nf; a&uefBu;D wl; aq;aMumonf/
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Ykd dk XmyemoGi;f xm;avonf/ odaYk omf oH;k ESpw
f ikd af tmif NrKd aU wmf
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h wGuf pdwrf csr;f om? a&m*g
pGu
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l nf/ ,ckxNdk rKd aY [mif;udk rdu
k o
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wnfaMumif;udk azmfjyrxm;ay/ jiKyfaumif;yifrsm;pGm aygufaomuRef;udk ygVdwpf0uf? rGefwpf0ufjzifh
aumhr&dof[k ac:jcif;jzpfonf/ xkdrS r&doblrd[laomNrdKYtrnfjzpfonf[kqdk\/
uRef;i,fig;ckwdkY\trnfrsm;rSm
1/ aumhcwwfww
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d u
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2/ aumhcwwfEw
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k Bf u;D
3/ aumhuoD - (pyg;avSu
h Re;f )? aumhuoJuRe;f
4/ aumhEiS ;f ES;D - (avSqyd u
f Re;f )? qdyu
f Re;f
5/ aumhr&dof - (jiKyaf umif;uRe;f )? r&rf;uke;f
wdjhk zpfMu\/ vTi,fuRe;f ? vTBu;D uRe;f ac:onfrmS xdpk OfubD;vif;jrpfonf ta&SzY ufurf;odx
Yk u
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hJ efw\
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f nf; xdu
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k u
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- 28 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
uwkdufBuD;wdkY teD;v,fuGif;jyif jrpfaMumif;a[mif;ae&mudk awGYEdkifygonf/ uJhodkY uRef;ig;uRef;udk

pkaygi;f NrKd w
Y nfaomaMumifh ypKd iyf [
kH v
k nf; ac:Muonf/ (oxH&k mZ0if? pm- 80)
t|rok0Pbrl ?d [&do&blr?d a&Tavmif;NrdKY

xdkjiKyfaumif;aygaom r&doblrd-ok"r0wDNrdKYonf a&v,fuRef;jzpf jynfolqif;&Jom;wdkYrSm
rd;k umvwGif toGm;tvmcufcv
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aMumifv
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NrKd EY iS hf a0;aomt&yfa'oodYk a&TaY jymif;vdo
k nf[t
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hf ikd yf if&m oabmwlMu
ojzifh xdNk rKd rY S taemufajrmufc&D;wmaygi;f (15000)? (rkid f 30 cef)Y uGma0;aomt&yf? aqmifcaJ wmifteD;?
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k vnf; ac:Muonf/( oxH&k mZ0if? pm
8. 0-81) xdNk rKd \
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bk&m; (usKu
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a&Tavmif;NrKd Y a&m*gtemxlajym qif;&Jom;ESiw
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kd jf yefav\/ NrKd t
Y eHum; ta&SaY emuf wm 500 (udu
k f 1750?
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k f 2625? rDwm 2400) &S\
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- 29 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
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f v
k m;NrKd aY [mif;ae&mrSm 'd;k cvGe;f awmif (auvmo awmif)\
taemufajrmufbuf? awmifwef;awmifajc&if;wGi&f o
dS nf/ (,ck t,ufor&Gmae&mjzpf\/) xdNhk rKd w
Y nfxm;
yHrk mS awmifbufrsuEf mS u awmifurf;yg;,Hausmufurf;yg;,Hwu
Ykd kd NrKd Y ;kd vky\
f / ta&Sb
Y uftaemufbuf
rsuEf mS wdw
Yk iG v
f nf; ausmufurf;yg;w0ufEiS v
hf yk
f tay:uausmufcpJ cD o
hJ nf/ ausmufcw
J pf0ufukd NrKd Y ;kd
vkyo
f nf/ ajrmufbufwpfrsuEf mS rSm ausmufEiS ahf jra&maESmzd
hk NrKd Y ;kd vky\
f / wHcg;rSm ta&S?Y taemuf? ajrmuf?
awmifaygi;f (1000)?(457 rDwm)? ta&SEY iS t
hf aemufawmifaygi;f (2000)? (915 rDwm)om&So
d nf/(41 8. 2)
wufwmcefY us,f0ef;rnf/ &mZmaZma0rif;wnfaom ok"r0wD? ok0Pblrdf wdkufukvm;NrdKYu (384
[wfwm) t&G,ftpm;rQ&Sdonf/ xdkhaMumifh 4if;wdkufukvm;(0if;u)onf? t,uforwdkufukvm;xuf
t&G,t
f pm;csi;f EdiI ;f ,SOv
f Qif &Spq
f ausmrf QyBkd u;D onf/
- 30 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
t&Siaf omPrax&fEiS hf t&SiOf w&rax&fwYkd ok0Pbrl wd ikd ;f odYk <uvmNyD; omoemjyKjcif;

&mZmaZma0rif;onf NrKd jU yxD;eef;wnfaxmifNy;D aomf rdr\
d bGt
YJ rnfuv
kd nf; od&"D rmaomu&mZm
[kbGJYudkcH,lonf/
oD&"d rmaomurif;? ok"r0wDNrKd w
Y nf eef;pHEpS f (27)ESpcf ef&Y adS omtcg omoem ou&mZf (235)
ckEpS f (309 bDp)D twGi;f ok"rm0wDoxHjk ynf( wdu
k u
f v
k m;?0if;uNrKd )Y odYk toQiaf omPESihf toQiOf w&
wdo
Yk nf tazmf&[EmBu;D oH;k yg;ESiw
hf uG omoemjyK&ef<uvmawmfro
l nf/ aygi;f &[EmBu;D ig;yg;jzpfonf/
xdktoQifoljrwfwdkYum;
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
toQifaomP
toQifOw&
toQiftEkk'g
toQifwd*kw
toQifaomrm, [krGef&mZ0ifqdkonf/
xdo
k Ykd aomPkw& paomt&Siw
f Ykd omoemjyK<uvmawmfral omtcg xdo
k xHjk ynf (wdu
k u
f v
k m;?
0if;u) onf ork'& mESiehf ;D uyfaomaMumifh a&apmifb
h v
D ;l rwdo
Yk nf rif;\tdrf om;zGm;wdik ;f vQif pm;av\/
rax&fjrwfwdkYa&mufaomaeYwGifvnf; rif;tdrf om;zGm;cdkufBuHK bDvl;rwdkYonf pm;ygrnf[k
t&Hig;&mESiv
hf monf/ vlwjhkd rifMuvQif aMumufvef
h a<u;aMumfMu\/ xdpk Of rax&fwv
Ykd nf; aMumufrufb,
G f
aom jcaoFEh iS w
hf al om acgi;f wpfv;kH wGif ESpcf &k adS omud,
k Ef iS hf rEk[
D o@mefa&bDv;l wdx
Yk uf t&nftwGuf
ESpfqomatmifzefqif;NyD;rS? bDvl;rwdkYukdvdkuf ydwfqD;ukefvQif? bDvl;rwdkYonfvnf;ajy;oGm;Muukef\/
- 31 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
xdktcg rax&fwdkYonf wpfzefbDvl;rwdkY rvmpdrfhaomiSm y&dwft&Htwm;udkjyK\/ xdkumv

pnf;a0;a&mufvmMuukeaf omolwt
Ykd m; jA[Zmvokww
f &m;udk a[mawmfrv
l ufaomf ajcmufaxmifrQaom
olwo
Ykd nf tuRww
f &m;&Mu t&d,mjzpfuek \
f / oH;k axmifig;&maom a,musmf ;wdo
Yk nfvnf; &[ef;jyK
Muuke\
f / xdo
k Ykd &[ef;jyKaomolww
Ykd iG f rif;om;csn;f yif wpfaxmifjynfah tmif&\
dS / <uif;useo
f w
l v
Ykd nf;
o&P*Hkwnfap\/
xdu
k mvrSp ,aehzmG ;pjzpfaom rif;om;i,ftm; aomPkw& [laomtrnfay;Mu\/ vltaygi;f
tm;vnf; bDv;l ab;udw
k m;qD;Edik af pjcif;iSm? xef;&Guo
f vl&u
G f ponfww
Ydk iG f rax&fwzYkd efqif;aom? rEk[
D
kyu
f akd &;ukev
f suf OD;acgi;f xufwifxm;Mu\/ xdt
k kyo
f @mefukd oxHNk rKd (Y ok0Pbrl ?d wdu
k u
f v
k m;)(0if;u)
\ ta&SaY jrmufaxmifah wmifxyd w
f iG f ausmufyk x
f
k ,ckxufwidk x
f if&mS ;&So
d nf[k omoem0Hopmwrf;
azmfjyxm;onf/ (oxH&k mZ0if? pm 8. 5-86)
vGecf ahJ omumv wd"ro[
D &mZmrif;tm; pG,af wmf(33)acsmif; ukEd m Hjk ynfrS &[Em*0Hywd
aqmif,al y;cJo
h nf/ umv&SnMf umonfEiS hf opfE,
G zf ;kH vsuaf wmBu;D jzpfaeonfEiS Uf uG,
f rjrif&jzpfonfukd
aomPESifhOw&rax&fwdkYu Tefjyay;vQif pG,fawmfoGm;awmfrsm;&Mu\/ NrdKYawmfBuD;\ ajrmufbuf
a&TOrifwnf pG,af wmf 33 qlukd XmyemNy;D apwDBu;D wnfonf/ ok0Pbrl Nd rKd w
Y iG ;f ? NrKd Y jyift&yfXme
&S&d o
dS rQ pG,af wmf? arGawmf[o
l rQwu
Ykd v
dk nf; apwDwnf ud;k uG,Mf uonf/
&[Emig;yg; oxHkodkYa&mufawmfrl&mwGif qHawmf? pG,fawmf? o&D&"gwfawmf? y&dabm*apwD?
y&d,wpd aom yd#uwfo;kH yHw
k wfaom t&d,oCFm? &[ef;? oljrwfwEYkd iS hf ynm&So
d al wmfaumif;? aA'if
*Pmef;wwfo?l vltoH;k taqmifypn;f jyKvyk w
f wfow
l EYkd iS hf jynfpU akH vonf/ jynfow
l cYkd sr;f ompGm ok"r0wD
NrdKYawmfonf &mZXmeDrif;aejynfawmfBuD;[l xif&Sm;pnfyifavonf/
xdo
k &D rd maomurif;vufxufwiG f rlvok"r0wDoxHjk ynf (wwd,ESiphf wkwo
"k r0wD)udk ajrrsKd
ysupf ;D oGm;pOfu qHawmfEiS o
hf mG ;awmfapwDrsm; aysmufu,
G q
f ;kH yg;aeonf/ t&Sijf rwfwu
Ykd jyefvnf&mS azG
azmfxkwfay;yg&ef rif;BuD;awmif;yefojzihf oGm;a&muf&SmazGay;onf/ qHawmfESpfql? oGm;awmf(33)ql
- 32 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
tukejf yef&onf/ ,cifu pd&aH pwD (a&Tpm&H) ae&ma[mif;rSmyif qHawmf (2) qlukd Xmyem bdeyfawmf
tawmif(50)? OmPfawmftjrift
h awmif (70) apwDwnfonf/
oGm;awmf"gwf (33) acsmif;udk rnforl qdu
k ;kd uG,v
f v
kd Qif vma&mufyifMh u[kaMujimonf/ xdt
k cg
(11) qlaom oGm;awmfwu
Ykd kd ta0;teD;NrKd &U mG rsm;u yifv
h mMu rdrw
d NYkd rKd &U mG apwDwnf vsuu
f ;kd uG,f
Muonf/ <uif;useaf om oGm;awmf"gwf (22) qlukd ,cifqaH wmfb&k m;teD;wGif Xmyem apwDBu;D wnfvsuf
ud;k uG,Mf uonf/ (11) qlaom oGm;awmf"gwu
f kd apwDwnf ud;k uG,Mf uaom NrKd Y &Gmrsm;ESiahf pwDbaYJG wmf
rsm;rSm 1/ &rm0wDac: armfvNrKd if usKu
d o
f v
H ifapwD
2/ bDv;l uRe;f NrKd Y usKu
d rf El ikd ;f apwD
3/ armfvNrKd irf ;l yGe&f yf? usKu
d rf ;l yGeaf pwD
4/ Zmojyif&yf? usKu
d yf idk Bf uKH apwD
5/ tom;NrKd -U usKu
d t
f om; (usKu
d u
f omapwD)
6/ ppfawmif;NrKd Y aZ,yAwawmifpeG ;f usKu
d u
f vGyH aHG pwD
7/ 'Hpk &pfNrKd Y usKu
d rf ;l wvifapwD
8/ yJc;l NrKd Y usKu
d rf ;l wm;ac: a&Tarmfa"mapwD (xyfoiG ;f Xmyemonf)
9/ rl;ckid Bf u;D &yf usKu
d rf ;l uarmETwaf pwD
10/ rl;cdkifuav;&yf? usKdufrl;uarmhwGwfapwD
11/ u0NrKd Y ? usKu
d u
f aG pwD
aygi;f apwD (11) ql&adS Mumif; rGe&f mZ0ifEiS ahf pwDawmforkid ;f aygi;f csKyu
f sr;f wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
(oxH&k mZ0if? pm 8. 9-90)
ok0Pbrl ?d ok"r0wDrif;qufrsm;
pOf/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
rif;trnf
oD[&mZm
oD&d"rmaomu
"rygv
"rZ (ok0P)
tuFk&
Oya'0
oD0d&mZm
aZmwukrm
("rmaomu)
tdrfedrfh
pnf;pdrf
17?
60?
20?
57?
25?
50?
30?
32?
(wpfESpfrjynfhvydkif;)
20?
32?
22?
30?
25?
45?
oufawmf
77
77
75
62
omoem
c&pf
52
52
70
wdu
k u
f v
k m;e,f? ok"r0wDrif;qufrsm;
&mZmaZma0? aZmwukrm ? "rmaomu trnfrsm;&aomrif;onf rku
d o
f zH;k NrKd U eef;pH (2) ESp?f
a&Tavmif;tif;NrKd Y eef;pHEpS f (12) ESp?f ok"r0wDwu
kd u
f v
k m;NrKd Y eef;pHEpS f (31) ESp?f tdref rd hf (25) ESpf
aygi;f oufawmf (70) wGif tedpj zpfonf/
- 33 -
ok 0 P bl rd
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
ok aw o e
aomPkw& ukrm
umv0P&mZm
r[momv&mZm
&mru&mZm
e&ol&mZm
r[mbj'&mZm
t&"&mZm
od*w
kF & &mZm
Okem*b0&mZm
rif;jyKav\/ oD&"d raomutp? Okem*b0tqH;k &Sad om xdw

k pfusyd af omrif;wdo
Yk nf rud#k o
f &zl? av;?
oefvsu?f ig;yg;aom rif;ajrmufwefqmud&k Mu\/
'r ok0Pbrl ?d ok"ry&l

wdu
k u
f v
k m;e,f ok"r0wDoxHjk ynfwiG f Olem*b0&mZmrif;ewf&mG pH xdrk if;\ om;awmf18/
,k*Eurk o
nf xD;arGeef;arGu&kd rMumrD ok"r0wDwu
dk u
f v
k m;NrKd o
U nf yifv,fEiS ehf ;D uyfonfjzpf
yifv,furf;NyKd ysuo
f jzifh NrKd w
Y pfyikd ;f ygNyKd ysuaf v\/ wdik ;f oljynfom;wdo
Yk nf tdr,
f mNyKyd sujf cif;? v,f,m
ajr? O,smOf? yef;ref? tm&mrf ponfNyKd ysuMf u\/ qif;&JBu;D pGmawGBY uKMH u&avonf/ xdt
k cg ,k*Eurk m rif;onf
jynfolqif;&Jom;wdkY 'kuawGY BuHKqJjzpf wdkif;jynfukd tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaomfvnf;? tbdodufudkrcHao;yJ?
rSL;awmfrwfawmfrsm;ESiw
hf idk yf ifNy;D a&S;tcgu bd;k avmif;awmf Oya'0&mZmoHa0rif;Bu;D wnfaxmifcahJ om
ok"ry&l NrKd aU wmfa[mif;ae&modYk jyefajymif;a&TY Ny;D vQif xD;eef;pdu
k x
f
l eef;pHonf/ ok"r0wDwu
dk u
f v
k m;NrKd rY S
ok"ry&l oxHjk ynfoYkd jyefajymif;vmaom omoemou&mZf (450) jynfEh pS f (94 bDp)D jzpfonf/
wdu
k u
f v
k m;ok"r0wD? oxHjk ynf oD&"d raomurif;tp? Okem*b0rif;tqH;k rif;aygi;f wpfusyd f
NrKd o
Y uf (24) ESp&f cdS \
hJ / omoem (450) jynfEh pS w
f iG f ok0Pbrl ?d ok"ry&l ? Oya'0NrKd o
Y Ykd jyefajymif;cJo
h nf/
xdrk if;vufxuf ork'& murf;NyKd uRe;f i,fwyYkd suv
f Qif xdNk yKd &muRe;f i,facsmif;wpfcrk S a0blv?
ywjrm;&wemudk& rif;tm;qufonf/ xdka0blvywjrm;udk&aomaMumifh aZmwdygvbGJYudkcJh,lonf/
19/
20/
21/
22/
23/
24/
25/
,k*E&mZm? aZmwdygvrif;tedpjzpfNyD;aemuf
om;? okeE&mZm
om;? jA['|&mZm
om;? y&mZm
om;? t"du&mZm
om;? tya&m"d&mZm
om;? om"k&mZm
om;? "rygv&mZm
rif;jyKMuonf/ (oxH&k mZ0if? pm 9. 1-93)
- 34 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
"rygvrif;vufxuf toQifr[mAk'a Cmorax&f<uvmjcif;? yd#uwfawmfrsm;a&mufjcif;?

y&d,wod ifMum;ydcYk sMu omoemawmfxeG ;f vif;jcif;
oxHNk rKd Y azmifawmfO;D bk&m;
ok0Pbrl o
d xHjk ynfwiG f "rygvrif;vufxuf omoem 930 jynfEh pS o
f aYkd &mufaomtcg t&Sirf [m
Ak'a Cmorax&f? oD[|kd u
f Re;f rS yd#uwfo;kH yHyk gVad wmfEiS hf t|uxmudk rm*"bmom jzifah &;ul; ok0Pbrl d
oxHkjynfodkY ,laqmifcJhonf/
t&Sirf [m Ak'a Cmorax&f pD;eif;vdu
k yf gvmaom oabFmazmifawmfonf ok0Pbrl q
d yd u
f rf;odYk
qku
d o
f jzifh jynfo?l vl? &Si?f &[ef;wdpYk pkH rf;ar;jref;Muonf/ yd#uwfawmf? edAm efuek u
f dk oxHjk ynfow
l \
Ykd
tusK;d iSm ul;,laqmifMuOf;cJah Mumif;udk odMuav\/ xdt
k cg vGepf mG 0rf;ajrmuf Muukev
f su?f ylaZmfMuNy;D vQif
yGo
J bifBu;D pGmcH rif;ESiw
hf uGjynfot
l aygi;f onf yd#uwfawmf wifvmaomavS? azmifawmfukd ok0Pbrl Nd rKd \
Y
taemufrsuEf mS NrKd Y ;dk oH;k xyfusK;H oH;k xyf&o
dS nfaU e&mwGif tjyifbufq;kH aomtxyfusK;H odaYk &mufatmif yifv,frS
azmifawmf0if&ef awmif;yefMuukef\/
azmifawmfqu
kd u
f yfrv
d Qif pnfarmif;ywfom? wl&,
d mrsK;d wdjhk zif?h ylaZmfa<u;aMumfvsuf yd#uwfawmfukd
NrdKYwGif;odkYyifhaqmifonf/ NyD;vQif pd&HapwDawmf r[m&mrfwHwkdif;\twGif; ajrmufwHcg;\teD; &wem
- 35 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHkNrdKY? a&Tpm&HapwDawmf0if;twGif;&Sd yd#duwdkufapwDawmf
(7) yg;jzifNh y;D aom r@dKyBf u;D aqmufvyk

f yd#uwfawmfukd aumif;pGmxm;vsuf &[ef;&Siv
f w
l Ykd zwfMuonf/
xdkYaemuf jynfoljynfom;wdkYonf yd#uwfawmfwdkYukd &ufvnfatmifylaZmfMuavukef\/
xdaYk emuf "rygvrif;Bu;D uvnf; &wemr@yfae&m tkw?f ausmuf? t*Fawwdjhk zifh OrifBu;D
wnf txufwiG af pwDqifv
h suf xdt
k wGi;f yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f Ny;D aomf xdOk rifapwDawmfukd
yd#uw,apwD[k orkwfonf/ jynfol? vl? &[ef;wdkYonf rnfolrqdk OrifwGif;&Sd yd#uwfawmfudk
zwfemoifMum;ap[k trdex
Yf w
k jf yefxm;onf/ uJo
h yYkd if xdu
k mvrSp oxHjk ynf yd#uwfawmfjyefyh mG ;
av\/ y#dyw?d y#da0"wnf;[laom omoemawmfvnf; xGe;f um;jyefonf/
xdyk #d uwfxm;aom apwDukd ,ckumv yd#uwfb&k m;[k ac:Muonf/
t&Sirf [mAk'a Cmorax&fazmifawmfqu
kd
f yd#uwfawmfukd NrKd aY wmfoYkd yifah qmif&mqdyu
f rf;
aemifvmaemufom;wdkY trSwfw&jzpfapjcif;iSm? apwDwpfqlwnfxm;avonf/ xdkapwDudk ,ckumv
azmifawmfOD;bk&m;[k ac:Muonf/
t&Sifr[mAk'aCmorax&fonf a&S;tcgu ok0P&mZm r[m"rZrif;BuD;\aumif;rIawmf
t&[Em&mrausmif;wkdufBuD;udk xyfrHjyKjyifap xdkausmif;wkduf oDwif;oHk;aexdkifawmfrlvsuf&Sdaom
t&SifaomPkw&rax&fwdkY\ tquftEG,foHCmawmfwkdYESifh twlwuG oDwif;oHk;aexdkifawmfrlonf/
y&d,wdpmayrsm;udkvnf; ydkYcsay;awmfrlonf/
xdkausmif;wkduf\taemufajrmuf wm 1000 (udkuf 1050 cefY) tuGm? om&uvsmPD
qHawmfapwD\ ta&SaY jrmufaxmifh odrBf u;D wpford v
f nf; orkwaf wmfryl gonf/ xdo
k rd u
f kd t&SiAf 'k a Cmo
- 36 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
odrf[ktrnfwGifavonf/(,ck oxHkay:awmfrl&Gm? ay:awmfrlbk&m;wHwdkif;twGif; ta&SYajrmufaxmifh

&Sd\)/
oxHNk rKd w
Y iG f t&Sirf [mAk'a CmowdYk oDwif;oH;k aexdik af om t&[Em&mrausmif;wdu
k Bf u;D udk ,ck
tcg &[Emwdu
k [
f k ac:Muonf/
t&Sifr[mAk'aCmoonf y&d,wd? y#dywd? y#da0"wnf;[laom omoemawmfoHk;&yfudk
xGe;f vif;awmufyapvsu?f toufawmf\tqH;k oxHjk ynf y&deAd m efjyKawmfr\
l / xdt
k cg t&SiAf 'k a Cmo
tavmif;awmfukd om&uvsmPD (ay:awmfr)l apwD\ taemufawmifaxmift
h &yf rif;ESiw
hf uG jynfow
l Ykd
onf aumif;pGmoN*F dKvfMu\/ om&uvsmPDapwDawmf\ taemufaxmifb
h ufvnf; t&SiAf 'k a Cmo\
ud,
k af wmfpm;? kyyf mG ;awmfBu;D jyKvyk u
f ek
f ud;k uG,Mf uonf/ ,ckwikd f xif&mS ;awGY jrifMu&\/ xdt
k &Sijf rwf\
"gwaf wmfrsm;udv
k nf; a&S;&[EmBu;D wk\
Yd "gwak pwDawmfrsm;\teD; apwDwpfqx
l yfr
H wnfxm;Muonf/
"rygvrif;rSp rEk[mrif;txd oxHjk ynfrif;qufrsm;

xd"k rygvrif;onf w&m;awmfEiS rhf nD rif;jyKawmfrNl y;D vQif omoemawmfukd cs;D ajrm ufvsuf touf
twkid ;f ae ewf&mG pHonf/ "rygvrif;r&So
d nfah emuf?
26/
27/
28/
29/
30/
31/
32/
33/
34/
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
ok'e&mZm
'dA& mZm
to*&mZm
bkr& mZm
AE&mZm
r[d o
H &mZm
"rpu&mZm
olZrw&d mZm
AE&mZm
35/
36/
37/
38/
39/
40/
41/
42/
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
e&ol& ZrL'dA& mZm

oDv&mZm
Agvu
d &mZm
ZrKw& &mZm
a'0&mZm
oD0&d mZm
r[mpu0&mZm
auo&mZm
rif;jyKonf/ xdrk if;onf rif;jzpfrMumrD?S yifv,f0odYk xGuaf omacsmif;jrpf0,f a&obifusi;f y aysmyf g;&mwGif
ab;avmif;awmf aZmwdygvrif; (trSw-f 18) vufxufawmfr&S xm;cJah om a0blvywjrm;&Sio
f nf a&odYk
usaysmufqHk;av\/
xdak 0blvywjrm;udk awm0ufBu;D wpfaumifjrif tpmtrSwjf zifu
h u
kd o
f nft
h cg rudu
k Ef ikd
f iHo
k nf
ESio
hf rk'& ma&jyifay:vrS ;f oGm;Edik af Mumif;od&\/ xdyk wjrm;ud0k ufBu;D xHrS rkq;kd wpfa,muf& Bw[
d ukrN rKd Y
(oHvsi)f rif;xHqufonf/
xdo
k Ydk ywjrm;&wema&odu
Yk s aysmufq;kH aomok"r0wD? oxHrk if;auo&mZmonf vGepf mG pd;k &drf
ylyefjcif;jzpf rpm;Edik ?f rtdyEf ikd &f adS ejcif;aMumifh jynfow
l u
Ykd xdrk if;udrk [maomurif;[k orkwMf uonf/
auo&mZm-r[maomu rif;BuD;vufxufwGif? rif;BuD;\ol&JBuD;Z,"&ESifh &ra'0ESpfa,muf
wd&hk MdS u\/ xko
d &l BJ u;D wdo
Yk nf jcaoFw
h pfaumifuakd wmrSm& zrf;,lcNhJ y;D vQif rif;tm;quf\/ ykPE iS Zhf eu
- 37 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
trnf&Sdaom rkqdk;ESpfa,mufvnf;&SdMu\/ zm;BuD;wpfaumifudkawmrSm& rif;xHqufoMu\/ rkqdk;

wpfa,mufuvnf; c&rf;uapmhyifBuD;udk &av,lcJhonf/ odkYaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk raemrkE&D
trnf&adS om rkq;kd \q&monfMum;od jynf&h iS rf if;xHyefMum;Ny;D c&rf;uapmhyifukd pnfvyk o
f nf/ zm;\
om;a&udk pnfrsuEf mS usuo
f nf/ jcaoFo
h m;a&udk BuKd ;jyKpnfBu;D udck wfonf/ jcaoF\
h vuf;kH d;k udk pnf
vufcwfjyKonf/ odpYk rD NH y;D vQif rif;Bu;D tm;qufavonf/
pnfukd wD;cwfaomtcg toHMum;olx;D jzLaqmif;rif;wdo
Yk nf raeEdik
f orD;unm? &wema&TaiG
ay;qufvmMu&onf/ xdt
k cg rif;onfaysmufq;kH aom ywjrm;&wemaMumifh pd;k &drjf cif;uif;av wpfzef
&J&ifjh cif;ow&d v
dS maomaMumifh r[maomu[laom trnfaysmuf auo&mZmbGt
YJ rnfa[mif;wGijf yefonf/
auo&mZmrif;tedpa&mufvQif
43/
44/
45/
46/
47/
48/
49/
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
red&mZm
wu&mZm
uko&mZm
Ze'dA& mZm
okv&k mZm
pdw& mZm
'DC&mZm
50/
51/
52/
53/
54/
55/
56/
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
om;?
Owr&mZm
oD&"d r&mZm
r[mpdw& mZm
0E&mZm
Z,okre&mZm
0'u&mZm
tZdP& mZm
rif;jyK\/ xdrk if;vufxufwiG f ol&BJ u;D ? ykwBf u;D ? ykwif ,fEpS af ,muf&o
dS nf/ (rGe&f mZ0ifwiG f ol&BJ u;D ?
y&wfBuD;? y&wfi,f[l azmfjyonf/ if; pm 11) jAwf0d? jAw[kac:aom ol&JBuD;rsm;yifjzpfMu\/
(oxH&k mZ0if? pm 9. 6-100)
xdkrif;tedpjzpfvQif
57/
om;? O'dE& mZm rif;jyK\/ rif; 48 quf (wku
d u
f v
k m;e,f? ok"r0wDrif;qufrsm;ryg) wGif
ok"r0wDNrdKUpnfyifom,monf/ omoemawmfxGef;awmufy a&Tausmif;? a&TZ&yf? a&Tjy'fapwD?
kyfwkqif;wkawmfrsm;? y#dywdESifhjynfhpHkaom &[ef;ynm&Sd? ykPm;? aA'ifwwf vlynm&SdoljrwfwdkYESifh
jynhpf jkH yefyh mG ;jcif;ESiw
hf uG wm0wd o
H muJo
h Ykd Nird ;f csr;f om,m0ajympGm&Sad vonf/ (rGe&f mZ0if? pm 1. 1)
O'dE&mZmrif;tedpa&mufvQif58/
om;? rEk[mrif;onf touf 18 ESp&f

dS rif;jyKonf/
xdkrif;vufxufwGif q'gefqifrsKd;csnf;ESifESifjzpfaom qifjzLawmfoHk;q,fhESpfpD; &awmfrlonf/

xdrk if;onf ]oD&Bd wb
d 0em"dwsmy0& "r&mZm} [laom bGt
YJ rnfuckd
H bdou
d cf v
H surf if;jyK\/ bd;k awmf
tZdPr if;ESifh crnf;awmfO'dEr if;wdYk cs;D ajrm ufoal umif;jyKcahJ om ol&BJ u;D ukvm;nDaemif jAuf0?d jAwwu
kY d v
kd nf;
txufuenf;wl NrKd pY m;? &Gmpm;ay; cs;D yifah pvsuf trIxrf;aponf/ ab;avmif;awmf auo&mZmrif;Bu;D
vufxufu&aom &eftaygif;udkatmifEdkifaom zm;pnfawmfBuD;udkvnf;&awmfrlonf/
- 38 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHyk suf&onfU taMumif;t&if;

xdt
k cg ytm0eNrKd Y rif;Bu;D xHorD;unmvufaqmifyEmquf o&efawmif;onf/ ytm0erif;vnf;
orD;awmfudkrvTJomay;&awmhrnfh tcsdefwGiforD;udkac: rEk[mrif;onf ukvm;nDaemifvlpGrf;aumif;
jAwf0?d jAwEpS af ,mufEiS hf zm;pnfBu;D ? qifjzLawmf (32) pD;wd\
Yk wefc;dk aMumifh bke;f wefc;kd tmabmfBu;D
rckc?H raeomvSy?J orD;awmfuq
kd uf&awmhrnf/ xdrk Ek[mrif; tcspt
f cifBu;D vQif zm;pnfBu;D ESihf ol&BJ u;D jAwf0?d
jAwwahkd ysmufysu
f zsuq
f ;D &atmifvv
hkH jyKyg/ odaYk ysmufysuv
f Qif trsK;d wumudk Nird ;f atmifjyKonfvnf;
rnfonf/ ig\orD;onfvnf; rdbxHwpfzefjyef a&muf&awmhrnf[k rSmvdu
k
f orD;udak y;qufvu
kd \
f /
ytm0erif;orD;vnf; ok0Pbrl jd ynf rEk[mrif;xHa&mufvQif rdz&k m;jzpf rEk[mrif;u cspcf if?
arwmBu;D aMumif;udk ytm0erdz&k m;odavvQif rde;f rwd\
Yk rm,mtm;jzifh crnf;awmfrmS vdu
k o
f nfh pum;twdik ;f
tm;xkwfBuHpnfBudK;pm;av\/
ytm0eNrKd o
Y nf ,cktcg 'ke&f if;[kac:aomt&yfteD;&Sad om NrKd aY [mif;? NrKd yY suyf ifjzpfonf/ AEm*D&d
(ZJGuyif)awmif\teD;&Sdaom awmBuD;udk a&S;u ytm0e-ytm0kPfawmBuD; [kac:onf/ xdkawm
wnfaxmifaom NrKd u
Y v
kd nf; ytm0eNrKd [
Y
l yifac:onf/ ytm0eNrKd &Y ma[mif;udk 'ke&f if;[kac:MuNy;D aemuf
xdyk tm0e[laomtrnfa[mif;onf rlvNrKd &Y ma[mif;\ taemufajrmufteD;&Sd zm;tH(bm;tH) [kac:aom
t&yfoaYkd &mufonf/ xdb
k m;tHtrnfonf ytm0eNrKd t
Y rnfa[mif;jzpfonf/ (OD;ynm? pm 1. 06)
ol&JBuD;nDaemifwdkYonfvnf; rif;oHk;qufajrmufatmif olrwlaompGrf;&nfowdESifh jynfhpHk
rmefrmeaxmifvmT ;vsu&f MdS u\/ Asw0f o
d nf oxHNk rKd 0Y ef\ orD;rtdpk mudk r,m;jyKonf/ rtdpk mu MunfjzL
ojzifh tjypfrjzpfay/ nDi,fAswu 0if;awmfrSL;orD;rapmeef;udk,lonf/ xdkrapmeef;um;Aswudk rESpf
oufojzifU eef;awmfwiG ;f od0hk if; ytm0erdz&k m;Bu;D xH cHpm;Ny;D vQif Aswt
m; raumif;BuaH wmhonf/
ytm0erdz&k m;Bu;D vnf; rif;Bu;D urdrt
d m; cspMf unfav;jrwfonfukd tcGiahf umif;,l ukvm;nDaemif
wdo
Yk nf rif;Bu;D udv
k nf;ta&;rjyK? eef;awmfx0J if rdz&k m;armif;rwdu
Yk kd usL;vGeaf pmfum;aMumif;? r,Hv
k Qif
NrKd 0Y efEiS hf 0if;awmfrLS ;ygppfar;awmfryl g[k avQmuf\/ xdo
k Ydk tBurd Bf urd *f ek ;f acsmpum;jzifh ajymqdzk efrsm;vQif
rSL;awmfrwfawmfwdkYukd ar;jref;&mtrIxif&Sm;ojzifh rdzk&m;pum;atmifavonf/
oxHrk if;rEk[mvnf; ukvm;nDaemifuzkd rf;ap\/ tpfuu
kd rkd v
d Qio
f wfav\/ nDi,fru
l m; oxHjk ynfrS
xGuaf jy; yk*g&mr (yk*)H odaYk &mufvQif taemf&xmrif;apmxH cpm;\/
rEk[mrif;vnf; jAwf0t
d avmif;udk ya&m*pD&if jrKyaf v\/ xdak eYrpS oxHNk rKd u
Y kd &eftaygi;f wdYk
rvIyfacsmufjcm;EdkifyJjzpf\/
ytm0erdz&k m;onf zm;pnfBu;D udzk suq
f ;D &ef tBujH yKjyef\/ ,HMk unf&olukd wHp;kd vufaqmifay;
apcdik ;f onf/ xdo
k o
l nf reD;ra0;t&yfwnf;cdNk y;D vl,MkH unfatmif ynm&St
d a,mifaqmif a[majymvsuf
aeonf/ ausmaf pmxif&mS ; vlwq
Ykd nf;uyfu;kd uG,o
f nft
h cg rif;Bu;D xHa&mufvmonf/ rEk[mrif;Bu;D vnf;
xdkoludk,HkMunfvmonf/ xdktcg zm;pnfBuD;a[mif;EGrf;vSaomaMumifh wefckd;tmPmaumif;pGm r&Sdjzpf
aeygonf/ tu,f zm;pnfBu;D udzk suNf y;D EGm;eufa&jzifjh yif usu&f vQif a&S;uxuf wHc;kd Bu;D rnf[k
- 39 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
avQmuf\/ xdo
k al wmfa&mif vlpOf;vJ\pum;udk vku
d ef m bd;k avmif;awmfw\
hkd vufxufrS zm;&nfpnfBu;D udk
zsu
f EGm;eufa&udx
k nfah ponf/ xdzk m;a&udk zsuo
f nfrpS rEk[mrif;Bu;D wefc;kd tmPm,kwaf vsmah v\/
olawmfa,mif ipOf;vJvnf;xGuf ajy;wdr;f a&Smifav\/
ok"r0wDjynf&h iS rf if; bke;f tmPmedrv
hf suf aus;vuf&mG jynf rk'ed ;f xlxyf tiwftrGwBf u;D onf/
t&d,moHCmawmfwdkYvnf; vGifhjym;av\/
wpfyg;aom omraPrSm t&dr'emyl& yk*NH rKd \
Y e,fy,foYkd a&mufojzifh rkq;kd wpfa,mufuawGaY v
xdkomraPtm; tEkk'a'0rif;odkY qufonf/ xdkrif;onf &wemoHk;yg; txl;ESpfoufygaomfvnf;
y&d,wdooemawmftrSefudk rMum;em&ao; tvZD&[ef;wdkYESifhom ae&avonf/ oxHkjynfonf
omoemwnf yd#uwfwwfajrmufaom &[ef;awmftrsm;&Sad Mumif; omraPxHrMS um;od&vQif omoemawmf
udk taMumif;jyK ppfonfAv
dk yf grsm;ESihf ok"r0wDoYkd csw
D ufNy;D wpfq,fw
h pfvvkyBf uv
H Qif oxHjk ynfysuaf v\/
(oxH&k m Z0if? pm 1. 08-110)
rGe&f mZ0if
oxHNk rKd yY su&f aMumif;udk rGe&f mZ0ifwiG f atmufygtwkid ;f azmfjyxm;onfukd awG&Y \/
oxHNk rKd o
Y nf omoemawmfwnf "E"&l ? 0dyem"l&udk usiahf om&[ef;rsm;&Sad Mumif;? &wem
oH;k yg;? pG,af wmf"gwaf wmfrsm;&Sad Mumif;? yd#uwfawmfrsm;&Sad Mumif;? omoemawmfwnfrnfuv
kd nf; taMumif;
jyK ppfav;rsuEf mS Adv
k yf gtrsm;ESihf odE0 jrif;udpk ;D ok"r0wDNrKd u
Y adk &muf &Jrufwo
Ykd nf wq,fw
h pfv
0ef;&HaerS NrdKYysufavonf/ tEkk'ga'0rif;vnf; rEk[mrif;udk oHusKdifvkyf csnfaESmif? avSmiftdrf
ESifh,lcJhonf/ trwfrsm;udkvnf; NrJNrHatmif? qdkifoihfooludktyf ,lcJhonf/ *E'l&? 0dyem'l&udk
usifhaqmifaom &[ef;? oDv0k'd? *kP0k'd&Sdaom &[ef;? yd#uwfwwfaom&[ef; jrwf&maqmif&Guf
aA'ifav;yHw
k wfaomykPm ;? AdaEmybw
k f usr;f *Hwwfaom aq;orm;ynm&S?d rEmefwwfaomol? tvkyf
wwfaomynmonftaygi;f olaX;ol<u,fwEYkd iS hf rqkid o
f ifrh awmfou
l ckd sxm; tEk'k g rif;onf Adv
k yf grsm;ESihf
tol&mrif;udk odMum;rif;Edik o
f uJo
h Ykd om,mpGmt&dr'emyl&jynfoYkd jyefawmfro
l nf/. (rGe&f mZ0if;? pm-12)
"rapwDrif;\ rSww
f rf;
"rapwDrif;\ yJcl;uvsmPDodrfausmufpmrl oxHkjynfysufokOf;onfrSm rEk[mrif;vufxuf
tm;enf;vsu&f adS om taMumif;aMumifjh zpf&onf[q
k \
kd / xdt
k aMumif;udk uvsmPDygVd ausmufpmjrefrmjyef
wGifaMumif; 23/ odv
Yk Qif &mrna'o omoemwnfonfrpS Mumjrifph mG aomumvywfv;kH wifw
h ,f
ajymif&Tef;xGef;ycJh\/ &SnfjrifhpGmaomumvvGefvwfaomf &mrnwdkif;onf us,f0ef;aom
t0ef;&Sad omfvnf; toD;oD;rif;tjzpfukd tvk&d o
dS jzifh vk,ufaESmuf,u
S jf cif;udk jyKaomtm;jzihf
aMumif; 24/ ysuaf omaMumifv
h nf;aumif;? ,iftemjzifEh ydS pf yfaomaMumifv
h nf;aumif;? rGwo
f yd f jcif;ESyd pf uf
aomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? jrwfaomomoemudkusOf;ajrmif;apwwfaom rif ; ck E S p f O D ; wd k Y \
ppfonf ESdyfpufaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; &mrnt&yfonf tm;enf;jcif;jzpfvm\/
- 40 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
25/ xko
d t
Ydk m;enf;aomaMumifh xk&d mrnwkid ;f aeukeaf om &[ef;wkt
Ud m; csr;f omojzifh y&d,wfukd
vnf;aumif;? y#dywfuv
kd nf;aumif; jznfph rG ;f jcif;iSm rwwfEidk af omaMumifh omoemonf
wjznf;jznf;tm;enf;vm\/ txl;ojzifh tm;enf;onfrmS ol&,
d rif;om;[l i,frnf&adS om
rEk[mrif;jyKaomtcg xk&d mrnwkid ;f t&yfonf vGe
f yiftm;enf;vm\/
26/ xkt
d cgjrwfpmG bk&m;y&deAd m efpv
H eG o
f nfrS (1600) o
. m&SNd y[
D
l rSwt
f yf\/
omoemou&mZf (1601) ckEpS jf refrmou&mZf (419) ckEpS af &mufaomtcg t&dr'emrnfaom
yk*Hjynfudktpkd;&aom
27/ taemf&xmrif;apmonf yd#duwfoHk;yHkESifhwuG &[ef;oHCmtaygif;udk &mrnwkdif;rS

aqmif,cl
hJ t&dr'em yk*jH ynfBu;D omoemawmfjrwfuw
kd nfapcJo
h nf . . .
[ltusO;f H;k azmfjyxm;onf/ (jrifo

h ef;aiG? pm? 82) (oxHu
k kd taemf&xmwku
d af Mumif; tus,u
f kd rSeef ef;
&mZ0ifwiG Mf unhyf g/ )
taemf&xmESiphf pfjyKaom oxHo
k nf,ck (atmufjrefrmEkid if )H oxHrk [kw?f xkid ;f (,k;d ',m;) Ekid if ?H
euGeyf xkrjf zpfrnf[al om t,ltqESiyhf wfouf OD;ynmjyKpak om oxH&k mZ0ifrS atmufazmfjyygtaMumif;
t&mwku
Yd kd qufvufzwfyI g/
yk*jH ynf (tEk'k a '0) taemf&xmrif;apmESihf oxHjk ynf(raem[&D)rEk[mrif;wkYd ppfBu;D jzpfMupOf
taemf&xmrif;apmonf twkid ;f rod ppfonfo&l w
J jhdk zifw
h yfBu;D csv
D m\/ xkt
d aMumif;udk rEk[mrif;
Mum;vQif ok"r0wDNrKd aY wmf usKH ;(3)xyf&o
dS nfukd xyfrjH yKjyif\/
ajrmufrsuEf mS rSm NrKd t
Y a&SaY jrmuf (v0) NrKd aY [mif;&mESihf wpfqufwnf;jzpfaom awmifneG ahf wmif
wef;rSquf taemufpl;pl;okdYyifv,furf;ajcta&muf usKH;ajrmif;ESifh NrdKYdk;BuD;jyKvkyf\/ xkdcHwyfNrdKUdk;ESifh
rlv&S&d if; NrKd Y ;kd wkt
Yd Mum;tMum;vnf; qifcvkw?f jrif;cvkwf jzpfapjcif;iSm? NrKd Y ;kd usK;H ajrmif; (2) xyfpv
D yk f
ap\/ xkaYd Mumifo
U xHNk rKd rY mS y|ruNrKd Y ;kd (3)xyf? usK;H oH;k xyf&adS omfvnf;? ,cktcg ajrmufrsuEf mS u NrKd Y ;kd
(6) xyf? usK;H (6) xyf&adS vonf/
okNhd rKd aY wmfukd ckid v
f akH tmifjyKvyk Nf y;D vQif ypfpif? &ifwm;? vufeufvo
l pl rD NH y;D vQif tjyif bufcH
wyfrsm;udv
k nf;vuf0?J vuf,m (4) wyfpw
D nfvyk af ponf/ cHwyfw\
Ydk trnfrsm;um;
1/
aumhcwyfwGwf
(uwkdufuav;)
2/
aumhcwyfEGwf
(uwku
d Bf u;D )
3/
r&doblrdNrdKYa[mif;&m
(rdu
k o
f zH;k ) (r&rf;uke;f )
4/
aumhumvmaomu
(qifjzLuRef;)
vuf0rJ S (4) wyfprD
H rsKd ;d;k &dum ? vufeufvo
l t
l jynft
h pHo
k iG ;f ckcaH ponf/ vuf,m
bufvnf;
1/ usKd uaf umfb&k m;a&SY uzawmif\ta&SaY jrmufwiG f 0uFygcw
H yf (,ck0if;y&Gm)
2/ uzawmif\taemufawmifaxmifh Akv
d cf idk cf w
H yf/ aemufxadk e&m bk&m;wnf usKd uAf v
dk f
ckdifbk&m;ac:onf/
- 41 -
ok 0 P bl rd
3/
4/
ok aw o e
a';wGwf (ac:) uke;f uav;cHwyf? ,ckom,muke;f [kac:onf/

ETwu
f v
k m;cHwyf/ ,ckaemifuv
k m;&GmcHwyfrsm;jzifch ck aH ponf/
taemf&xmrif;\ yk*HjynfrS a&aMumif;ESifh Munf;aMumif;csDwufppfonfrsm;? OyJcl;

NrKd Y aygi;f qH
k ppfawmif;jrpfuu
kd ;l Ny;D vQif oxHNk rKd aY us;pyf a&S;tom;rif;ae&m uom(usKd uu
f om)rnfaom
t&yf wyfwnfvsufpcef;csonf/ ppfonfol&JwkdYudk oHk;aMumif;oHk;oG,fcGJcsDwufap\/
Munf;wyfrmS usepf pfom;Akv
d rf LS ;jyK taemufbufaMumif;cs&D \/ iaxG;l udAk v
kd rf LS ;jyK ta&Sb
Y uf
aMumif;csw
D ufvyk Bf uaH p\/ yifv,fa&aMumif;rS anmifO;D bD;ESihf ivH;k vufz,fwu
Ydk kd yifv,fraS pvTw
f
ok"r0wDNrdKYudkawmifuwkdufckdufap\/
taemf&xmrif;onf ajrmufrsuEf mS uomvQif tBu;D tus,cf w
H yfjyK ckcaH ponf/ yifv,fc&D;rS
csDwufvmaom a&aMumif;wyfonfoxHkNrdKYudk taemufrSauGYywfvsuf &if;Nidrfqdyfuwufavonf/
xk&d if;Nird q
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Y Ydk
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d )f okYd uyfvsuw
f u
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Y ta&SaY wmif (aumh) rnfaomt&yf
wGif wyfpv
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d cf u
dk f
odr;f ,l&ef awmifwef;\tqH;k rkcp&eDjrpf (,ckqm;acsmif;) urf; wyfwnfoxHNk rKd u
Y 0kd ef;&Hav\/
xkdokdYa&aMumif;? Munf;aMumif;ppfBuD;csDvmaomtcg rEk[mrif;\vuf0J? vuf,mcHwyfwkdYonf
wpfwyfNyD;wpfwyf qkwfcGgvsufaemufqHk;NrdKYwGif;uom pkckcHMu&awmhonf/
taemf&xm\uke;f aMumif;ppfonf wkv
Yd nf; tpOftwkid ;f atmifjrif taemufaMumif; ppfonfwo
Ydk nf
rEk[mrif;\qifjzLawmf 32 pD;xm; &mumvaomuac: (qifjzLuRe;f cHwyf)u wyfp
JG oxHu
k kd 0ef;&Honf/
ta&Sb
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Y ta&SaY jrmuf usKd uaf uom& taemufawmifajc&if; wyfp
JG
oxHk NrKd u
Y 0kd ef;&Honf/
oxHkajreDukef;(Z,blrd)ay:awmfjyefapwD
- 42 -
taemf&xmrif;apmvnf; uom
wyfawmfpcef;rScsaD wmfr
l rl;oD(rkoif)
wyfpcef;csonf/ xkrd cS sjD yefaomf
usKu
d af umfb&k m;\ ajrmufbufwiG f
pcef;csonf/ xkpd cef;rSae pnf;pdrf
rysu?f toufrao? aevkv
d Qif "gwf
awmf? arGawmf? yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESihf
xD;eef;udt
k yf&rnf[k rEk[mrif;xHap
vTw
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NrKd u
Y v
kd NkH cKH pmG ydw
f wdwq
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pum;rjyefacs/ taemf&xmrif;vnf;
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oxHNk rKd \
Y ajrmufbufuek ;f jyifwpfck
wyfp
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Y v
kd yk Bf uaH wmfr\
l /
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
xdt
k cg oxH\
k ta&SY awmifrS aumhwyf? taemufawmifrS rkcp&eD wyf? taemufajrmufrS umvmaom
uwyf? ta&SaY jrmufrS usKd uaf uom &wyf? ajrmufwnfw
h nfrh S bk&ifrif;\ wyfawmfukd oxHNk rKd u
Y (kd 5)wyf
vH;k 0kid ;f wku
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dk af omaMumifh atmifjrif Ekid ef if;av\/ xko
d Ydk ajrmufbuf wyfawmfpcef;cs&mae&mudZk ,blrd
[korkwcf o
hJ nf/ ,ckajreDuek ;f [k ac:onf/ taemf&xmrif;onf Z, blrw
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l ? rif;rdz&k m;ESiw
hf uG? yd#u
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arGawmf? kyw
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k nf;
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xkt
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f om) wyfawmfpcef;okYd a&muf
aomtcg? oxHjk ynfryS ifch ahJ om oHCmawmf (1000) wko
Yd nf? igwyhdk *k jH ynfoYdk vku
d yf goGm;vQi?f oxHjk ynf
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f ,
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[k owdoaH 0*jzpfawmfru
l ek Mf u? wyfawmfpcef;ESihf reD;ra0;awmBu;D ok0Yd if psmeformywfjzifh aeawmfrl
Muuke\
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Ydk
omoemuG,faysmufrnfpdk; rvdkufvdkMuojzifU psmef0ifpm;aeaMumif; avQmufxm;Muav\/ yifh
&rnfr[kwaf Mumif; Oyg,w
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d aYdk vQmufonft
h wkid ;f t&d,moHCmawmf (1000) wk\
Yd ae&mawmf bk&m;aygi;f
apwDaygi;f (1000) wnfNy;D rS ]t&Sib
f &k m;wkyhd *k jH ynfo<hdk u omoemawmfujkd yKpck s;D jri ahf wmfryl g/ oxHNk rKd Y
usdKuom bk&m;wpfaxmifukef;rS a&S;a[mif;(apwD;ukef;)rsm;
- 43 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
t&Siw
f \
Ydk q&mjrwfpmG bk&m;\ O'd
apwDawmf (1000) vnf;&S&d pfygNy/D aemufaemifuv
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xkt
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Yd usKd uv
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k &k m;wpfaxmifawm[k jrefrmbmom
jzifh yifah c:Muuke\
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m&Gm? bk&m;
wpfaxmifuek ;f awGEY idk yf gonf/) (oxH&k mZ0if? pm 113-19)
oxHrk if;qufrsm;udak zmfjyjcif;

ok0Pbrl ?d ok"r0wD? oxHjk ynfonfum; bk;d awmfterif;NzKd <uif; ou&mZf (110) jynfEh pS f
(682 bDpD) oD[&mZmrif;tm;? odMum;rif;zefqif;ay;aom ok0Pblrd? ok"r0wDNrdKY oD[&mZmtp
tuk&F rif; tqk;H rif;(5)quf/
xdaYk emuf ok0Pbrl ?d ok"ry&l NrKd Y Oya'0&mZoHa0rif; tpwnfpHaeonf rif; (1) quf/
xdaYk emuf r&doblr?d ok"r0wDNrKd U &mZmaZmeDrif; if;aemufom;awmf&mZmaZma0rif; ESihf aygi;f rif;
(2) quf/
xdkYaemuf if;&mZmaZma0rif;yif [&do&blrd? ok"r0wD a&Tavmif;tif;NrdKYudkwnf (12)ESpf
eef;pHNy;D rS? wdu
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Y w
kd nf eef;pHjyefonf/ (31)ESp&f rdS mS NrKd aY ygi;f (3)NrKd Y
eef;pH pnf;pdrf (45)? tdref rd hf (25)? touf (70) wGif tedpj zpfonf/ xdw
k u
kd u
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ok"r0wDNrKd Y &mZmaZma0ac: oD&"d rmaomutp Okem*b0rif;tqH;k rif;aygi;f (10) quf/
xdrk if;onf ,k*E&mZm? aZmwdygvrif;\vufxuf Oya'0rif;wnfcahJ om ok0Pbrl ?d ok"ry&l NrKd o
Y Ykd
ajymif;cJjh yef xdak Zmwdygvrif;tp? rEk[mrif;tqH;k rif;aygi;f (41) quf? aygi;f (6) NrKd rY mS rif;aygi;f
(58) qufjynfaU v\/
rif;trnfrsm;udk ,d;k ',m; (xdik ;f ) edik if rH &S aom aypmrlrS ygV*d gxmudak tmufygtwkid ;f awG&Y ygonf/
ok"r0wdre rd H / / uwarxmZm/ / oD[ukrm ok"r&mZm/ oD&"d rmaomu&mZm/ oD&"d r&mZm/
"r'D&mZm/ "r'Z&mZm/ tuF&k &mZm/ Ava'0&mZm/ oD&&d mZm/ aZmwukrm &mZm/ oD&"d rmaomuH
yumodwH/ wawmy&H 'k',&mZm/ umv0P&mZm/ tZdEu&mZm/ r[mov&mZm/ OkPu&mZm/
e&ol&mZm/ r[mbj'&mZm/ tEk"0&&mZm/ oD&d*kwd,&mZm/ OkPu&mZm/ ,k*E&mZm/ okeE&mZm/
jA['w&mZm/ ykn&mZm/ b0du&mZm/ yla&m"dw&mZm/ om"k&mZm/ "rygv&mZm/ 'e&mZm/
a,m*'d,&mZm/ tou &mZm/ y'kr& mZm/ AEK&mZm/ oDv&mZm/ r[d o
H &mZm/ Amvdu&mZm/ ZrKw& &mZm/
a'0&mZm/ auo&mZm/ rle&d mZm/ ou&mZm/ uko&mZm/ e&m"dw&mZm/ a0vk&mZm/ pdw& mZm/ AE&mZm/
'DC&mZm/ od0d&mZm/ Oku&mZm/ "nw&mZm/ oD&d"rmaomu - r[mpu0&mZm/ AE&&mZm/
Z,okre&mZm/ AE&mZm/ tZdE& mZm/ O'dE& mZm/ rEk[m&mZm/ arememowynmo&mZm/ r[d'u
d m/
omoeywdwDwm/
- 44 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ygVd*gxm rif; (57) quf&SdaMumif;udk qdkonf/ odkY&mwGif omoemjyKaomrif; (57)

quf[q
k akd omaMumifh omoemudzk suaf om (tuF&k ) rif;ESiahf ygi;f aomf rif; (58) qufEiS hf nDavonf/
,d;k ',m;rIEiS hf oxH&k mZ0ifr?l rif;trnfrwlujJG ym;rIrsm;&Syd gonf/ odaYk omf rif;wpfa,mufwnf;udyk if? ESprf nf?
oHk;rnfwGif&aMumif; a&SYwGifazmfjyNyD;jzpf emrnfomuGJjym;aomfvnf; rif;qufudktwlwlyif,lMuyg/
(OD;ynm? pm 1. 19-121)
rEk[mrif;yk*o
H yYkd goGm;NyD;aemuf oxHrk if;qufrsm;
oxHNk rKd u
Y kd taemf&xmodr;f Ny;D vQif rif;udyk g,al qmifomG ;Ny;D aemuf
1/
2/
3/
4/
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6/ jcaoFhrif;jyK
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aygif;
25 ESpf
12 ESpf
11 ESpf
1 ESpf 2 v
12 ESpf
1 ESpf
24 ESpf
86 ESpf 2 v
xdaYk emuf rif;qufjywf oxHq

k akd om ok"ry&l NrKd o
U nf aysmufu,
G
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f rf;[kvnf;
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xkwfEIwfNyD;qef;ppfwifjyygOD;rnf/
tcsdefumvtm;jzifh Ak'rwdkifrDacwf? Ak'acwfESifhAk'vGefacwftaMumif;wdkY yg0ifaeygonf/
ok0PblrdoxHkjynfudk Ak'jrwfpGmryGifhrDumvyif pwifwnfaxmifonf[kqdk\/ tdEd,rS pGefYpm;vm
a&mufaom rif;om;wpfyg;ESihf aemufvu
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ay:ayguv
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d ok"r0wDNrKd rY sm; jzpfMu\/ yxrok"r0wDonf ]ok'r me0}
udk ]ok"r&mZm}tjzpf eef;wifay;aomNrKd Y jzpfonf/ odMum;rif;u xdNk rKd Yukd NrKd Y ;kd ckEpS x
f yf? usK;H ckEpS x
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kd / xdt
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taMumif;rl oxHak 'owGif NrKd Y ;kd txyfrsm;rsm;ESihf wnfxm;aomNrKd aY [mif;&mrsm;udk aumif; uif"gwyf akH y:rS
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dS m;jcif;aMumifyh ifjzpf\/ Oyrm usKu
d o
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k Qif NrKd Y ;kd txyf (7) xyf xufrenf;&So
d nf/
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vnf;rao;i,fvSay/ NrdKYwnf&mtaetxm;uvnf;aumif;onf/ usKduomrSm ppfawmif;jrpf0 &Sd?
- 45 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ZkwfokwfrSm bD;vif;jrpf0wGif&Sdonf/ a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHkt<uif;tusef? ,Ofaus;rIvuf&mt<uif;

tuserf sm;vnf; awG&Y &dS ygonf/
'kw,
d ok"r0wDNrKd u
U kd oD&,
d ukrm rif;om;twGuf &aohEpS yf g;wdu
Yk pDrzH efw;D ay;\/ odMum;rif;u
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hJ nf/ xdNk rKd w
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rSef;qEdkifygonf/
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ae&mrSm ,ckoxHNk rKd Y ta&SaY wmifwef;Bu;D rS a*gah wmif\ ajrmufbuft&yf[k ae&mtnTe;f ay;xm;onf/
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Y iG f "rZrif;rsK;d (16) qufEpS af ygi;f (237) ESpo
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pwkwo
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jzpfygonf/ &aohESpfyg;tjyif odMum;rif;vnf;ygonf/ 0dZmESifhe*g;rwdkYrS&aom OBuD;ESpfvHk;vnf;ygonf/
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aomfvnf; jrefrmhordkif;rlxif&Sm;onf/ yk*Hacwfrlv xdk;ausmufpmwpfcsyfwGif *0Hywdtrnfyg&Sd\/
atmufjrefrmEdik if H oxHak 'otwGuf *0Hywd&[Emonf z,fxw
k yf pfr&aom ordik ;f 0ify*k Kd vjf zpfaeygonf/
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aH wmfapwDawmfrsm;vnf; trsm;
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d Qif pwkwo
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f u&mZfukd NrKd u
Y srS taotcsmod&onf
rSmvnf; ta&;Bu;D ygonf/ oD[&mZmrif;touf (17) ESpt
f G,?f bd;k awmftOerif;NzKd <uif;ou&mZf(100)
jynfEh pS [
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pwkwo
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hJ / oxHek ,frS qHawmfapwD
aygif; (15) ql? oGm;awmf"gwfapwDaygif; (11) ql? trnfxif&Sm;vsuf ,aeYwdkifwnfwefhaejcif;udk
axmufxm;p&m&Syd gonf/ oxHNk rKd w
U iG ;f ok0Prif;Bu;D vufxufwnfonf[k qkad om a&Tpm&HapwD (xyfrjH yKjyif)
jroydwfapwD? om&uvsmPDukef; (ay:awmfrl) apwD? ZHoD;apwD? eef;awmfOD;apwD? &[Emwkdufawmf
ponftaqmufttkrH sm; ,aeYwikd w
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okawoeenf;jzifh pl;prf;avhvm tajz&Sm&rnfUae&mXmersm;yifjzpfMu\/
- 46 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
xkx
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pHepfwus pl;prf;avhvmazmfxkwfoihfygao;onf/
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usKH ;oH;k xyf ( ,ckoxHNk rKd aY [mif;ae&m) wnfxm;onf[k qd\
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l ufoaMumif;yg&\
dS / xkq
d aH wmfut
kd aemf&xmrif;u yk*w
H iG f bk&m;pnf;cHk (a&Tpnf;cHrk [kw)f
wpfqw
l nf ud;k uG,af wmfro
l nf/ xkb
kd &k m;udrk [mydEJ (a&TqaH wmf) [lorkwcf yhJ gonf/ ,if;taMumif;udk
rSeef ef;&mZ0ifwiG f -
- 57 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
Omrif;uqufvkdufaom qHawmftaMumif;um; wykbvdu nDaemifESpfyg;wnfaom

apwDEpS q
f w
l iG f bvduwnfaomapwDukd (oa&acw&m) 'Gwa ygirf if;Bu;D zsu
f qHawmfav;acsmif;udk
,lNy;D aomf oa&acw&mjynf apwDwnf ud;k uG,af wmfr\
l /
oa&acw&mysuv
f Qif rGerf if;wkYd xdak pwDuzdk su
f qHawmfav;acsmif;udyk ifjU yefav\/ a&Tarmfa"m
bk&m;rSm qHawmfEpS q
f l usKd uu
f b
Ykd &k m;rSm wpfqXl myemavonf/ qHawmfwpfqu
l u
kd m; &wemyef;
awmif;ESix
hf m; rGerf if;tqufqufwYdk (yJc;l ) eef;awmfwiG x
f m; ud;k uG,af omqHawmfwnf;/
[lawG&Y ygonf/ (4if;pmrsuEf mS yif- ]oxHrk if;rEk[mudv
k nf; om;r,m;ta>ct&HEiS w
hf uG? aumif;rIawmf
a&Tpnf;cHb
k &k m;rSm vSLawmfr
l tBu;D jyK&\/ [kawG&Y ygao;onf/)
pifppf oxHo
k nf yk*x
H ufvnf;apmonf? oa&acw&mxufvnf;apmygonf/ waumif;wnfaxmif
aomacwfESifh acwfNydKifNrdKUa[mif;[kyifqkdEkdifygonf/
'Gwa ygirf if;Bu;D onf bke;f Bu;D aomrif;jzpf\/ ZrL'DyguRe;f rSp tol&mjynf? e*g;jynfwidk af tmif
vufeufEdkifiHjzpf tcGefcH&onf[kqkd\/ xdkrif;tdrfedrfh (35) ESpf? pnf;pdrf (70) oufawmf (105)
ESpw
f iG f tedpa &mufonf[k rSeef ef;&mZ0ifwiG af wG&Y ygonf/ (rSeef ef;? pm 172) 'Gwa ygiu
f o
kd moem
(66) ckEpS f (bDp-D 488) wGizf mG ;onf? omoem (171) ckEpS f (bDp-D 373) wGif tedpa &mufonf[q
k o
dk jzif?h
oxHrk if; oD[&mZmwuf? oufawmftESpf (120) i,fayonf/ oxHb
k &k if wd"ro[
D &mZmrif;qufrS
ok0P&mZmrif;? tuF&k rif;? Oya'0rif;ESihf &mZmaZmeDac: oD0&d mZmrif;wkEYd iS hf acwfNyKd ijf zpfaMumif;awG&Y \/
if;oxHrk if;rsm;\ eef;oufrsm;rSmatmufyg twdik ;f jzpf\/
1/ oD[&mZmrif;? r[mou&mZf (89) ckEpS f (bDpD 603) zGm;?
tdref rd hf 20? pnf;pdrf 60? oufawmf 80/
(omoem 21-ckEpS f (bDp-D 523) wGit
f edpa &muf
2/ om;oD&"d rmaomu (omoem? 21? bDpD 523 eefwuf?
tdref rd hf 20? pnf;pdrf 53? oufawmf& 3/
(omoem 124? bDpD 420) wGit
f edpa &muf/
3/ om;? ok0P&mZm? "rZrif; (omoem? 124? bDpD 420 eef;wuf)
tdref rd hf 30? pnf;pdrf 35? oufawmf 62?
(omoem 156? bDp?D 385) wGit
f pd a &muf
5/ om;tuF&k - (eef;oufwpfEpS rf jynf)h
6/ nD-Oya'0rif; (omoem 160? bDpD 384-eef;wuf)
f edpa &muf
(xdkrif;vufxuf ok"ryl&udkwnfonf/)
7/ om;? &mZmaZmeDac:
oD0&d mZmrif; (omoem 192? bDp-D 352) eef;wuf?
tdref rd hf 22? bDp?D 322) wGit
f edpa &muf
(if;rif;-7-quf? eef;oufaygi;f 260? yQr;f rQwpfyg; 37 ESpf
- 58 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
8/ om;aZmwukrm? "rmaomu
(omoem 222? bDpD 322) eef;wuf
f edpa &muf)
xkdrif;vufxufwGif rm&dblrdok"r0wD
a&Tavmif;NrdKYESifh ok"r0wD-ok0Pblrd-wkdufukvm;NrdKUwkdYudkwnfonf/)
omoemou&mZf 235-ckESpf? bDpD 309? ckESpfwGifaomPESifh Ow&ax&fwkdYtzGJYom oemjyK
<ua&mufvmcJhonf/)
if;aZmwukrm ? "raomurif;quf (10) quf? wko
Yd nfeef;ouf 214 ESpMf umatmif? wdu
k f
ukvm; ok"r0wDwiG pf ;dk pHMu\/ if;rif;wpfyg;ysr;f rQeef;ouf (24) ESp&f MdS u\/
xkaYd emufomoemESpf 450? bDp-D 94-ckEpS w
f iG f wku
d u
f v
k m;rS,ckoxH?k ok"ry&l NrKd aY [mif;ae&mokYd
a&TaY jymif;xD;eef;pdu
k x
f o
l nf/ rif;aygi;f 41 quftyk pf ;dk onf/ NrKd o
Y uf (1151) ESp&f
dS rif;wpfyg;ysr;f rQ
eef;pHEpS f (28) ESppf &D MdS uygonf/ omoemESpf 1601? ckEpS f (at'D 1057) a&mufonft
h cg yk*rH if;taemf&xm
ESihf ppfjzpfrif;qufjywfc\
hJ / (Tun Aung Chain, 2010, PP-11-20)
tcsufrsm;udkaxmufvQif oxHkonfoa&acw&mwnfaxmifonfrS? yk*HokdYa&mufNyD;? yk*Hrif;
taemf&xmvufxufwidk af tmif ('Gwa ygirf pS ? taemf&xmtqH;k ) rif;aygi;f (67) qufwEYdk iS ahf cwfNyKd ijf zpf
vsu&f adS Mumif;awG&Y onf/ oufwrf;tm;jzifh ESpaf ygi;f (1500) jzpfygonf/
a&S;acwfa[mif;jrefrmEkid if o
H rkid ;f wGif ok0Pbrl [
d
l r&Sad Mumif;? oxHk (ok"r0wD) vnf;r&Scd ahJ Mumif;?
orkid ;f ynm&Sit
f csKd u
U awG;awm,lqxm;ayonf/ tcsKd u
U vnf;oa&acw&m uJo
h Ydk ysLNrKd Y Bu;D wpfNrKd w
Y nfwefY
ae&m? if;ywf0ef;usirf mS oxH&k v
dS Qiv
f nf; oa&acw&m\ vufatmufco
H mjzpfrnf/ oa&acw&m\
e,fpeG ef ,fzsm; (Periphery) ydik ;f omjzpfrnf/ okrYd [kwf tapmif?h cHwyfNrKd Y (garrison) rQomjzpfEidk rf nf/
xkaYd Mumifh oxH,
k Ofaus;rIrmS vnf; ysL,Ofaus;rIo
Y mjzpfrnfponfjzifh aqG;aEG;wifjycJMh uygonf/ ( Aung
Thwin, 2005. )
a&S;a[mif;okawoetjrift& Munfv
h Qiv
f nf; oa&acw&mNrKd aY [mif;Bu;D onf t0kid ;f t0ef;yHpk rH sKd ;
jzpfaom jrefrmEkid if t
H Bu;D qH;k NrKd aY [mif;Bu;D jzpfayonf/ ta&SaU wmiftm&SwpfciG rf mS yif uJo
h cYdk ef;em;Bu;D
us,faomNrdKUa[mif;udk &SmrawGY&ay/ a&S;NrdKYa[mif;BuD;wpfckyDopGm? Adokumvuf&m taqmufttHkrsm;
xif&mS ;&S\
d / ,Ofaus;rI tEkynmvuf&mypn;f rsm;? ausmufpma[mif;taxmuftxm;rsm;ESiv
hf nf; jynfph pkH mG &S\
d /
oxHrk mS rl [Hom0wD (yJc;l )? auwkrwDawmifi?l tr&yl&ESihf rEav;NrKd aY [mif; xku
d o
hJ hkd av;axmifh
yHo
k @mef&\
dS / NrKd aY [mif;\yEuyf pkH t
H & oa&acw&m? rkid ;f arm? 0wD;paom ysLNrKd aY [mif;rsm;uJo
h Ydk t0ef;
t0dik ;f yHrk sKd ;r[kwo
f jzifh a&S;usaomtoGit
f jyifr&Sad Mumif; axmufjyygonf/ ( Aung Thwin, 2005. )
pifppfuJo
h Ydk rsO;f ajzmifEh iS hf rsO;f auG;yHo
k @mefjzifah &S;vlae&Gma[mif;uke;f ? NrKd aY [mif;uke;f rsm; wnfxm;
avh&adS Mumif;rSm tjiif;yGm;zG,rf &Sad y/ jrefrmEkid if w
H iG af wG&Y aom a&S;NrKd aY [mif;rsm;udk aumif;uif"gwyf akH y:rS
wpfqifh zwfaI vhvmNy;D ? ajray:wiG v
f nf;uGi;f qif;um a&;om;jyKpck ahJ om? opfawmrif;Bu;D OD;atmifjrifh
(opfawm"gwyf kH tif*sief ,
D m) uif;\ ]aumif;uif "gwyf rkH aS wG&Y aom jrefrmhNrKd aY [mif;rsm;} pmtkyw
f iG f
- 59 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
t,ltqrsdK;wifjyxm; uREkfyfwkdYod&Sd vdkufemrSwfom;&ayonf/ odkYaomfa&S;NrdKUa[mif; avhvmtuJ

jzwfou
l pOf;pm;qH;k jzwf&rnfh taMumif;t&m? tcsut
f vufrsm;pGm&Syd gonf/ ud,
k w
f idk u
f ,
dk u
f s uGi;f qif;
dS ? tb,ftaMumif;
ppfaq; ajrjyiftajctae Topography udk pl;prf;&ygrnf/ tb,fah Mumifh rsO;f ajzmifyh &kH
aMumifh rsO;f auG;? t0ef;t0dik ;f yHrk sKd ;&Syd goenf;qko
d nfukd qef;ppf&ygrnf/ av;axmifyh kH rsO;f ajzmifh yHyk Eu&f w
dS idk ;f
oxHkudkacwfopfNrdKY (odyfra[mif;bl;)[k qHk;jzwfonfrSm a,sbk,sqefvGef;ygonf/
oa&acw&m NrKd aY [mif;\aumif;uif"gwyf u
kH Mkd unfyh g/ t0ef;t0dik ;f yHt
k jyif NrKd Y ;kd \ tv,fA[kcd suf
ae&m (arSmfZm&Gmpufwkdifbk&m;udkA[kdjyKvsuf) wGif av;axifhyHkNrdKYuGufi,ftm; awGYEdkifygonf/ xkdyHkrSm
oa&acw&mNrKd aY [mif; eef;awmf&mtuGuyf ifjzpfygonf/ tjyifut0ef; t0dik ;f yHpk jH zpf a&S;usaMumif;,lqvQif
twGi;f uav;axmifyh u
kH akd &m rnfuo
hJ q
Ykd ;kH jzwf&rnfenf;/ pifppf? av;axmifah &m? t0kid ;f yHu
k akd &m? wpfcsed f
wnf;wnfaqmufcJhjcif;omjzpfygonf/
xked nf;wlpmG t0ef;t0kid ;f yH&k adS om rkid ;f arm (yifv,f) NrKd aY [mif;yHrk mS vnf; tjyifu t0kid ;f yHt
k v,f
av;axmifhNrdKYuGufwpfckyg&Sdaeygonf/
pifppfridk ;f arm(yifv,f)? 0wD;? usKd uo
m? oJuek ;f ponft
h opfawGY NrKd aY [mif;rsm;udk 1970 jynfv
U eG f
ESprf sm;u opfawmrif;Bu;D azmfxw
k af y;onft
h cg? ,if;NrKd aY [mif;wko
Yd nf yHo
k @meft& a&S;usaMumif;? oufaojy
csuw
f pfco
k mjzpfygonf/ a&S;NrKd aY [mif;jzpfaMumif;oufojy&ef tjcm;tcsut
f vufrsm;vnf; &Syd gao;onf/
Oyrm-tkwcf syyf gvufa&;pif;aMumif;rsm;? '*Fg;ESiyhf w
k ;D aphrsm;? tjcm;pmayta&;tom;taxmuftxm;paom
a&S;a[mif;ypn;f udv
k nf; xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;p&m&S\
d / oxHw
k iG f a&S;a[mif;rGeaf usmufpmrsm;? omoedutaqmuf
ttHrk sm;? ,Ofaus;rIypn;f rsm; awG&Y x
dS m;Ny;D jzpfygonf/ if;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk arhxm;Ny;D yHo
k @mefrmS
axmifrh eS pf wk*jH zpf a&S;a[mif;NrKd rU [kw[
f
l tjiif;yGm;&eftaMumif;r&Syd g/
oxHNk rKd aY [mif;yHo
k @mefEiS yhf wfouf NrKd aY [mif;&mudk 1865-ckEpS u
f pwifawGcY o
hJ ?l oxHck dik f
vufaxmufaumfr&Sifemrif;BuD;u oxHkNrdKYa[mif;onf jrefrmEkdifiHa&S;NrdKYa[mif;BuD;rsm;jzpfaom? rEav;?
dS nf[k OD;pGmwifjyxm;cJjh cif;jzpfyg
tr&yl&wku
Yd twk,v
l u
dk ef m&aomav;axmifyh kH (Rectongular) o@mef&o
onf/ if;tpD&ifcpH mudk NAw
d o
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a*Zufw;D ,m;(Burma Gazeteer, Thaton District) wGiaf zmfjycsut
f wkid ;f ]if;av;axmifyh kH NrKd u
Y u
G \
f
NrKd aY xmifrh sm;onf 0ef;0kid ;f aomo@mef&adS Mumif;} xnfo
h iG ;f azmfjyxm;ayonf/ ok&Yd mwGif if;usr;f udx
k yfrH
ud;k um;azmfjyMuonft
h cg xkt
d csuu
f ckd sev
f yS x
f m;cJMh u\/ (Aung Thaw, Aung Thwin) oxHNk rKd aY xmifrh sm;
onf 90 'D*&Daxmifrh eS u
f saxmifrh sm;r[kwaf Mumif;? NrKd aY xmifrh sm;onf axmifcU Rerf sm;r[kwyf J axmifv
h ;kH rsm;
omjzpfaMumif; azmfjyrxm;Muawmhay/ okjhd zpf oxHNk rKd aY [mif;yHo
k @mefonf 19-&mpkEpS u
f wnfxm;aom
rEav;? tr&yl&NrKd rY sm;ESiv
hf nf;aumif;? 16 &mpkEpS u
f wnfonfU yJc;l (uarmZom'D)? awmifil (auwkrwD)?
wkEYd iS v
hf nf;aumif; wpfwef;wnf;usomG ;awmhonf/ oxHNk rKd Y ;kd rsm;onf ajrmufreS t
f wkid ;f wnfraeyJtaemuf
okYd 15 'D*&Dapmif;aejcif;udv
k nf; azmfjyjcif;rjyKcMhJ uay/ tcsuu
f o
kd ;kH Ny;D q&mBu;D a'guw
f moef;xGe;f u
oxHu
k akd t'D 4-&mpkxuf aemufrusaom NrKd aY [mif;rsm;pm&if;wGif xnfo
h iG ;f azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/
(oef;xGef;? awmifajrmufwef;ESifh jrefrmhNrdKYa[mif;rsm;)
oxHNk rKd w
Y nfyu
kH kd aumif;uif"gwyf EkH iS hf ppfo;kH ajryHrk sm;wGif avhvmrnfqv
dk Qif NrKd w
Y nfyt
kH aetxm;udk
tvG,w
f uloabmayguEf idk yf gonf/ NrKd aY [mif;\ ta&SY NrKd Y ;kd rsm;ESihf ajrmufbufNrKd Y ;kd rsm;udk aumif;uif
- 60 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHNk rKd aY [mif; aumif;uif"mwfykH
"gwfyHkwGif ay:vGifxif&Sm;pGmjrifEkdif\/ ta&SYajrmufNrdKYaxmifh? taemufajrmufNrdKYaxmifhESifh ta&SYawmifNrdKY

axmifhae&mrsm;udkvnf; xif&Sm;pGmjrif&\/ taemufawmifNrdKYaxmifhrSmrl vHk;0aysmufuG,foGm;NyDjzpfonf/
taemufNrdKYdk;rsm;ESifh awmifbufNrdKYkd;rsm;wdrfaumaeNyD? ay:vGifxif&Sm;jcif;r&Sdawmhay/
aumif;uif"gwyf akH y:rS ta&SaY jrmufNrKd aY xmifu
h kd tvku
d o
f ifah uG;aeyHt
k wkid ;f jrifEidk o
f nf/ tvm;wl
pGm taemufajrmufNrKd aY xmifu
h v
kd nf; auG;0ku
d v
f suaf wGEY idk o
f nf/ NrKd aY xmifrh sm;onf axmifu
h s,f 95
'D*&D ESiahf xmifu
h sO;f 85 'D*&Dp&D MdS u NrKd Y ;kd rsm;rsO;f NyKd if taetxm;wnfaeMuonf/ [(4? 1? 58) &ufaeYu
kd f
aumif;uif"gwyf t
kH rSw-f 94-H-5, 5, (515-146) ESihf (515-147)? (12? 12? 58) aeYu
kd f aumif;uif"gwyf kH
trSw?f 94-H-5, 5, (674-13)] [ pH0if;? ppfawmif;ESifh oHvGifjrpfESpfoG,fpyfMum;&Sd a&S;NrdKYa[mif;rsm;tm;
yPmravhvmcsuf? r[m0dZbGJY,lusrf;? &efukefwuokdvforkdif;Xme? 1986/ pm-145
pm-145]
- 61 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHkNrdKYa[mif; ajryHk
ppfo;kH ajryHk (94? H. 5) ay:wiG o

f xHNk rKd aY [mif;&mudk &SmazGawGEY idk yf gonf/ NrKd aY [mif;\ ta&Sb
Y uf?
awmifbufEiS t
hf aemufbufwhdk awmifwef;rsm;ywfvnf0ef;&Hxm;\/ awmifbufu Zif;usKd uaf wmifx;kH ESihf
NrKd aY [mif;tMum;ajrjyefrh mS vnf; v,fuiG ;f jyifukd awmifwef;ywfvnf&u
H mvsuNf rKd aY [mif;uke;f ESihf wpfquf
wnf;awG&Y \/ taemufbufyikd ;f rSm yifv,fpyftxd 10 rkid rf S 15 rkid t
f xd v,fuiG ;f jyifus,Bf u;D &S\
d /
ajrmufbufwiG f ay 50 rS 100 tMum;qifajcavsm uke;f jyifus,&f
dS taemufbufv,fuiG ;f pyfwiG f
- 62 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
tem;oyfxm;onf/ ajrjyiftaetxm;t& awmifwef;ESihf v,fuiG ;f tMum;awmifEiS ahf jrmuf tvsm;&Snf

uke;f ajray:wiG f tvsm;&Snpf wk*NH rKd u
Y u
G u
f kd tvku
d o
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Y ufNrKd Y ;dk onf
awmifajc&if;wGi&f
dS ? taemufbufNrKd Y ;kd onf v,fuiG ;f pyfoaYdk &mufvsu&f \
dS / NrKd aY jrjyifonf ta&SrY t
S aemuf
ok?Yd ta&SaY jrmufrt
S aemufawmifoYdk wjznf;jznf;edrahf vsmaeonf/ taetxm;wGif t0kid ;f yHNk rKd Y Bu;D udw
k nf
NrdKUuGufus,fus,f&Ekdifrnfr[kwfay/
oxHkNrdKYa[mif;awmifbuf NrdKYdk;rsm;tjyifrSm Zif;usdKufawmifajctpyftxd v,fuGif;rsm;onf
NrdKYa[mif;acwfu pkdufysdK;ajryifjzpf\/ if;pdkufysdK;ajrudk NrdKYa[mif;twGif;xnfhoGif;xm;&rnfomjzpfonf/
oa&acw&mNrKd aY [mif;twGi;f pyg;pku
d v
f ,fuiG ;f rsm; xnfx
h m;onfo
h abmESihf qifwal yonf/ xkt
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f kd
axmufxm;vQif oxHkNrdKY\ta&SYbuf? awmifbufESifh taemufawmifbufwkdYrS ywf&HumqD;xm;aom
obm0awmifwef;rsm;onf? NrdKYa[mif;\ tjyifNrdKYdk;BuD;yifjzpf&ayrnf/ twkdif;rSefygonf/ uGif;qif;
ppfaq;csut
f & oxHt
k a&SaY jrmufoydwf awmifwef;rSta&SaY wmifwef;? 0if;pdeaf wmifwef;rsm;txd? awmifxrd f
ausmwpfavsmuf ausmufw;kH pD NrKd Y ;kd a[mif;ae&mrsm;udak wG&Y ygonf/ taemufawmifbuf atmif;pdik af wmifpeG ;f
rSp &if;Nird ?f jzLbpaom awmifwef;ay:wiG f ausmufw;kH pDNrKd Y ;kd a[mif;ae&mrsm;awG&Y onf/okjhd zpfoxHNk rKd aY [mif;
tus,t
f 0ef;ud?k awmifwef;wpfywf twkid ;f twmESihf wGuq
f rnfqv
dk Qif oa&acw&mNrKd aY [mif;xufy
kd
BuD;us,faeayonf/
NrKd aY [mif;\ajrmufbuf? ay:awmfr&l mG ? ajreDuek ;f &Gm? aemifuv
k m;&Gm? aemifb&dk mG ESihf usKd uaf umf&mG
txdukef;ajrrSm? a&S;a[mif;ok"r0wDNrdKYa[mif;rsm;wnfcJhaom *0HajrcHukef;jyifBuD;jzpfonf/ oxHkNrdKYonf
if;awmifbufv,fuiG ;f rsm;rS &dum twGupf yg;pdu
k yf sKd ;Ekid Nf y;D ? ajrmufbuf *0Huek ;f rsm;wGif NrKd u
Y w
kd nfaxmif
xm;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ ta&Sb
U ufawmifwef;udyk if ta&SY NrKd Y ;kd jyKxm;onf/ taemufbufv,fuiG ;f rsm;rS wl;ajrmif;
qufo,
G af &;jzifh oHviG jf rpf0ESihf bD;vif;jrpf0? ppfawmif;jrpf0wkt
Yd xd a&aMumif;qufo,
G af &;jzifh jynforl sm;
azmufum;a&mif;0,fomG ;vmEdik f ap&efvnf;aumif;? b*Fvm;yifv,fuek o
f ,
G af &mif;0,fa&; avSBu;D ? avSi,f
rsm;0ifxu
G q
f u
kd u
f yfEidk af p&efvnf;aumif; pDrzH efw;D xm;cJah yonf/ taMumif;rsm;aMumifh ok"r0wD? oxHk
jynfonf tdE,
d ? oD[Vdk u
f Re;f paom Ekid if &H yfjcm;a'orsm;u ok0Pbrl Nd rKd aY wmfBu;D tjzpfocd MhJ uaom yifv,f
qdyfurf;NrdKY BuD;jzpfcJhayonf/
oxHNk rKd aY [mif;onf oa&acw&mNrKd EY iS rhf wl? uGjJ ym;onft
U csurf sm;&Sad eonfrmS vnf; if;\yifukd
tm;jzifx
h ;l jcm;rI[q
k &dk rnf/ NrKd aY [mif;ESpcf w
k \
Ydk NrKd w
Y nfykH tpOftvmcsi;f vnf; rwlnMD uay/
oa&acw&mudk bk;d awmf&aohBu;D ESiw
hf uG oljrwfcEk pS af zmfwu
Ydk wnfay;cJo
h nf[al om rSeef ef;&mZ0if
tqkEd iS hf oxHNk rKd u
Y &kd aohEpS yf g;? odMum;? 0dZm wkw
Yd nfaxmifzefqif;ay;&onf[al om oxH&k mZ0iftqkw
d rYdk mS
tpOftvmqefcsi;f qifwal yonf/ okaYd omf oa&acw&mNrKd w
Y nfyo
kH nf txufjrefrmEkid if H waumif;NrKd aY [mif;
tpOftvmud,
k x
l m; oxHo
k nfrw
k r yifv,fauGY 0ef;usi&f dS a&S;NrKd aY [mif;tpOftvmudk ,lxm;ygonf/
oa&acw&mwnfonfh acy'lw&aohBuD;onf waumif;rif;owkd;r[m&mZ\ a,uawmfol?
tdraf &SrY if;om;jzpfczhJ ;l oljzpfonf/ r[mor0? plVor0wkEYd iS hf awGY Ny;D NrKd w
Y nfay;&ef pDpOfMuonft
h cg orm0
nDaemifwu
Ydk waumif;rif;xHomG ; NrKd w
Y nfciG ahf wmif;onf/ xkt
d cg zcifrif;Bu;D uom;a&wpfcsyu
f akd y;
xko
d m;a&jzifeh ef;qGNJ y;D NrKd u
U u
G w
f nfawmh[k cGiahf y;onfq\
dk / (waumif;&mZ0if) if;wkjhd yefa&mufvmonft
h cg
tif;rtif;\ta&SYbuf? if;tif;ESifh dk;rawmifajctMum;ajrjyefhvGifjyif &aohNrdKYac: oJukef;NrdKYudkwnf
onf/ xkNd rKd yY o
kH @mefrsKd ;udk waumif;NrKd aY [mif;trSwf (3) wGiaf wG&Y onf/ okjhd zpfwaumif; trSwf (3)
NrKd EY iS hf oJuek ;f NrKd Y (&aohNrKd )Y a[mif;wkYd yHo
k @mefcsi;f qifwv
l su&f o
dS nf/ t&G,t
f pm;rSmvnf; qwlrQyif{u
- 63 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
(700) cefpY &D MdS uonf/ waumif;rS a&mufvmaomrif;nD? rif;om;wku

Yd Bu;D Muyfvsuw
f nfonfh NrKd Y jzpfjcif;aMumifh
waumif;yHpk ?H qifwjl zpf&onf[q
k &dk rnf/ aemufwpfzef oa&acw&mudw
k nfo
U nft
U cg if; tvsm;&SnNf rKd Y
k rJ u onfyU o
kH @mefjzpfvmonf/
0ef;yHu
k ykd if ab;ESpzf ufum;Ny;D puf0ef;vnf;rus? tvsm;&Snf oblong yHv
okjhd zpf oa&acw&mwnfxm;onfyU pkH o
H nf waumif;NrKd w
Y nf Adou
k mtpOftvmwkid ;f wnfonf[k qd&k ygrnf/
ok"r0wDoxHNk rKd w
Y nfyrkH mS if;waumif;tpOftvmyHpk EH iS hf jcm;em;ayonf/ tjyif0ef; NrKd u
Y u
G yf rkH mS
ajcz0g;yHo
k @mef&\
dS / twGi;f xyfNrKd u
Y u
G rf mS av;axmifyh &kH \
dS / if;av;axmifyh u
kH kd NrKd Y ;kd txyfrsm;rsm; xyfqif&h NH y;D
wnfygonf/ oxH&k mZ0ifwiG f yxrok0Pbrl ?d ok"r0wDNrKd u
Y kd ok'r me0vkviftm; odMum;rif;u wnfaxmif
ay;onft
h cg NrKd Y ;kd ckEpS x
f yf? usK;H ckEpS x
f yfwnfvyk zf efqif;ay;cJah Mumif; azmfjyxm;\/ wpfzef 'kw,
d ok"r0wDukd
oD&,
d ukrm rif;om;tm; &aohEpS yf g;ESio
hf Md um;rif;wku
Yd wnfaxmifay;cJjh yefonft
U cgvnf; if;twkid ;f yif
NrdKUdk;ckESpfxyfusHK;ckESpfxyf tpDtpOftwkdif;wnfcJhonf[kqkd\/ tpOftvmudk wwd,ok"r0wD?
pwkwo
"k r0wDww
Ydk nfpOfvnf; vdu
k ef mcJo
h nf/ NrKd aY [mif;rsm;udk ppfawmif;jrpfEiS o
hf v
H iG f jrpf0wdt
Yk Mum;
yifv,furf;d;k wef;wpfavsmuf? awmifwef;ESiyhf ifv,ftMum;rSmyif wpfae&mNy;D ? wpfae&ma&TaY jymif; wnf
axmifMujcif;jzpf\/ xdahk Mumifh tpOftvmysurf oGm;bJ? ok"ry&l (,ckoxHNk rKd aY [mif;) wnfonftxd
vkdufemcJhjcif;jzpf\/
NrKd Y ;kd txyf? t&pfrsm;rsm;twGi;f xyfwnhx
f m;Ny;D tjyifuajcz0g;yH&k adS omNrKd Y ;kd ukd
1/ usKu
d o
m (usKu
d x
f )kd (ajrmuf 17? 12'? 70'? ta&SY 96? 55')
2/ Zkwo
f w
k f (2) (bD;vif;) (ajrmuf 17? 10'? ESifh ta&SY 97? 10')
3/ uwdu
k Bf u;D (oxH)k (ajrmuf 17? 1'? 30'ESihf ta&SY 97? 14'? 30')
4/ uwdu
k u
f av; (oxH)k (ajrmuf 17? 3' ESifh ta&SY 97? 14')
wdkhwGifawGYEdkifygonf/
usKu
d o
monf tus,f 693 {u (289 [ufwm) rQBu;D onf/ xkrd QBu;D rif;aejynfNrKd Y wpfNrKd Y
[k owfrw
S Ef ikd yf gonf/ Zkwo
f w
k f (2) rSm tus,f 450 {u (182 [ufwm) rQtG,&f o
dS nf/ xdZk w
k f
okwf (2) \ xl;jcm;csurf mS vnf; pdw0f ifpm;zG,af umif;\/ if;\ajrmufbufwiG f uyfvsuw
f nfaeaom
Zkwo
f w
k f (1) (ajrmuf 17 ? 10' ? ESifh ta&SY 97? 10') onf tus,f 92 {u (37[ufwm) rQ&o
dS nf/
Zkwo
f w
k f (2) u uke;f ydBk u;D onft
U jyif? yd
k vnf;jrihyf gonf/ rif;aejynfNrKd aY wmfwpfct
k oGiu
f akd qmifonfh
oabmrSm if;\ tv,fA[dkcsufeef;awmfukef;ae&m NrdKYdk;txyft&pfrsm;pGm (7 xyfrS 9 xyfcefh)
&pfywfwnfxm;jcif;jzpf\/ xdAk [du
k ek ;f ukd Zkwo
f w
k f (1)u ajrmuf bufu&Hxm;yH?k ta&Sb
Y ufrS aumhuu
JG ek ;f ?
awmifbufrZS *JG vmuke;f wd&hk aH eyHo
k nf [dEL jA[PESihf Ak'b
mom0ifw,
hkd MkH unfrt
I & pBumF 0Vmwnf[efEiS fh
wlonf/ jrif;rd&k f (odMum;rif;ae&m)awmifukd A[kx
d m;vsuf uRe;f Bu;D av;uRe;f ywfvnf&v
H su&f ydS rkH sK;d yifjzpfyg
onf/ t&HuRe;f i,f (500) vnf; yg0ifvsu&f o
dS nfo
h abmt&? if;Zkwo
f w
k f (1) ESiUf (2) wkyYd wfvnfwiG f
aumhuwGw?f rkoif? 0kid ;f ywf? opfwu
kd Re;f ? rde;f rvSuRe;f ? rkq;kd ruRe;f ? a&jzLuef? anmifyvif? anmifvef;?
vdyfcHk;? a&TavS ponfh uRef;yHko@mef *0Hukef;rsm;0dkif;&Hxm;ayonf/ ta&SYbuf? awmifbufESihf
taemufbufwiG f bD;vif;jrpf0u 0ef;&H&pfywf pD;qif;aeNy;D ? ajrmufbufwiG f oJjzLacsmif;pD;qif;vsu?f
a&ywfvnf0ikd ;f xm;vsuf &S\
d / ywf0ef;usiaf jrjyifrmS vnf; a&eufuiG ;f rsm;ESihf acsmif;ajrmif;rsm; omjzpf
- 64 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ppfawmif; NrKd aY [mif;
rkoifNrKd aY [mif;
uuwpfNrKd aY [mif;
vdycf ;kH NrKd aY [mif;
- 65 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
r[mork'& mtoGit
f jyifrsK;d o@mefwal eayonf/ uJo
h hkd NrKd w
Y nfyt
kH uGut
f uGi;f rsK;d ukd jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f
erlemjyp&m[l oxHak 'o Zkwo
f w
k rf mS yif&o
dS nf[k qdEk ikd yf gonf/
uwku
d Bf u;D (230 {u? 96 [ufwm) ESifh uwdu
k u
f av; (50 {u? 21 [ufwm) wdo
hk nf
oxHrk t
S aemufajrmufbuf (8) rdik cf eft
Y uGm&SMd u\/ uwdu
k Bf u;D rSm tvsm;ykww
kd Edk iS fh ajcz0g;yHw
k iG t
f v,f
av;axmifyh NkH rKd Y ;kd oH;k xyf? usK;H oH;k xyfxif&mS ;ay:viG v
f su&f \
dS / tjyif0ef; NrKd t
Y xyfrnfrQ&cdS rhJ nfukd rcefrh eS ;f ao;ay/
uwdu
k u
f av;rSm tjyif0ef;NrKd Y ;kd oH;k xyfrQ cyfa&;a&; awG&Y ao;onf/ twGi;f xyfrmS *0Huek ;f jrihEf pS u
f ek ;f uGJ
vsuf ta&SEY iS t
hf aemufwnfaeMuNy;D NrKd Y ;kd t&pf ryDrouseyf gao;onf/
oxHNk rKd aY [mif; (ajrmuf 16? 54'? 46'' ESifh ta&SY 97? 22') onf tBu;D qH;k NrKd aY [mif;jzpf\/
tG,t
f pm; {u 700 (283 [ufwm) rQ&ydS gonf/ oxHNk rKd aY [mif;\ ajrmufbufwiG f NrKd Y ;kd txyf (6)
xyfukd xifxif&mS ;&Sm;awGEY ikd yf gao;onf/ ta&Sb
U ufwiG f awmifajc&if;NrKd Y ;kd (2) xyfEiS hf awmifapmif;ay:&dS
NrKd Y ;kd rsm;udak ygi;f vQif oH;k xyfxufru&SEd ikd \
f / taemufbufrmS vnf; NrKd Y ;kd ig;xyfcefaY &wGu
f &ygao;onf/
awmifbufNrKd Y ;kd rsm;yGe;f wD;rIrsm;jcif;? NrKd o
Y pfval etd;k tdrf xlxyfjcif;aMumifh rrSe;f qEdik af y/ uJo
h hkd oxHNk rKd u
Y u
G f
yHo
k @mef? tG,t
f pm;ESihf NrKd w
Y nfyu
kH dk Munf
h oxHo
k nf oa&acw&mESiv
hf nf;rwl? tjcm;aomysLa'o
NrKd aY [mif;rsm;ESiv
fh nf;rwly?J uk,
d yf ikd t
f pOftvmt& NrKd w
Y nfyAkH o
d u
k mpepfukd vdu
k ef mNy;D wnfaqmufxm;onfh
NrKd aY [mif; wpfc[
k k ,lq&jcif;jzpfygonf/
oxHkNrdKYa[mif;a'orSmyifppfawmif;
aumhxif;
wdu
k u
f v
k m; (t,ufonfr)
wdu
k u
f v
k m; (0if;u)
rkoif
uuwpf
vdyfcHk;
r&rf;uke;f
qifjzLuRef;
prge*d&k f
uwku
d Bf u;D
Zkwo
f w
k f (1)
Zkwo
f w
k f (2)
88 {u
40 {u
64 {u
307 {u
153 {u
30 {u
30 {u
200 {u
67 {u
311 {u
230 {u (96 [ufwm)
92 {u (37 [ufwm)
450 {u (182 [ufwm)
wdu
hk akd wGEY ikd yf gao;onf/ if;NrKd aY [mif;i,frsm;rSmvnf; NrKd Y ;kd txyft&pf rsm;rsm;wnfxm;Muygonf/ NrKd u
Y ek ;f
ay:wiG f vufa&;pif;trSwf tom;ygaom tkwcf syEf iS t
hf aqmufttHu
k ek ;f rsm;udak wG&Y Ny;D ? NrKd Y ;kd tkwcf syrf sm;rSm
vnf; vufpif;tkwfrsm;yifjzpfaMumif; ppfaq;awGY&Sd&\/ oxHka'otwGif;awGY&SdNyD; orQNrdKYa[mif;rsm;
pkpak ygi;f tus,t
f 0ef;rSm (3601 {u) (1468 [ufwm) rQ&o
dS nf/ odjhk zpf oxHo
k nf NrKd aY [mif;r[kw[
f k
vnf;aumif;? NrKd Y jyjynfmG xGe;f um;cJjh cif; r&S[
d
l vnf;aumif; r,lqoifah Mumif; odomxif&mS ;aeayNy/D
- 66 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
tarGvck &H aom ok0Pbrl d

jrefrmEkdifiH\tdrfeD;csif;xkdif;EkdifiHonf jrefrmESifha&? ajr&moDOwkodyfruGm? &Srf;dk;r? a'geESifh
weoFm&Dawmifwef;\ wpfzufyifkd ;f wGi&f \
dS / awmifwef;\ta&SY rd;k uG,af 'o jzpfaomaMumifh rkwy ifv,fauGY
urf;d;k wef;u oxHak 'oESiphf mvQif rk;d &GmoGe;f rI xuf0ufrQenf;onf/ t"dujrpfBu;D jzpfaom rJemrf-acsmif
z&mjrpfu tv,fyikd ;f rSae awmifbuf ,d;k ',m;(xkid ;f )yifv,fauGx
Y o
J Ykd pD;qif;aevsu&f \
dS / if;xdik ;f
yifv,fauGY ywf0ef;usiaf 'oudk ok0Pbrl rd if;Ekid if H wnfae&mXmejzpfrnf[k pGv
J ef;,HMk unfr&I ydS gonf/
rkwr yifv,fauGEY iS hf ,d;k ',m; (xkid ;f ) yifv,fauGw
Y u
Ydk kd ppfawmif;jrpf0rStpjyK rav;uRe;f qG,t
f xd
awmufavsmufoG,fwef;oGm;aom ta&SYdk;rawmifwef;BuD;u ydkif;jcm;xm;vsuf&SdNyD;? xkdawmifwef;BuD;\
ta&SEY iS t
hf aemuf ausmckid ;f eHpyftaetxm;rsKd ;jzpfonf/ ouf&ifah wmifwef;Bu;D rS wGi;f xGuo
f bm0"gwf
owKrsm;xGu&f ydS gonf/ ausmufacwfopfukd vGeaf jrmufNy;D aemuf aMu;acwf? oHacwf(bDpD 2000-500)
okaYd &mufvmonft
h cg ouf&ifah wmifwef;Bu;D rS aiG? cJ? cJrjzL? tNzKd uef uf? caemufprd ;f ponfU owKikd ;f
rsm;rSm tzk;d wefypn;f rsm;jzpfvmonf/ a'oESpcf t
k wGi;f jrpfBu;D rsm;\ oJaomifajrjyifrS a&Tuv
kd nf;
]usif} ,l&Ekdifojzifh owKacwftpydkif;rSmyif ok0Pblrd[l trnfausmfMum;aecJhayvdrfh rnf/
awmifwef;BuD;\ taemufbufu rkwrauGYywf0ef;usifwGif ok0PblrdtpOftvm&SdouJhokdYyif?
awmifwef;Bu;D \ ta&Sb
Y uf&dS xkid ;f yifv,fauGY ywf0ef;usirf mS vnf; ok0Pbrl t
d pOftvm&Sad ejyefygonf/
,if;tpOftvmudk a&S;a[mif;okawoewl;azmfawG&Y rdS rI sm;u taxmuftyHjh yKygonf/ a'geawmifwef;\
ta&Sb
Y uf awmifajcwGif wap*l (spirit cave) rS ausmufacwf*al e vlom;taxmuftxm;? befah umuf
(Ban Kao) &GmrS ausmufacwfopf&mG a[mif;uke;f ? 'Hw
k m;zuf&mG rS aMu;ESio
hf aH cwfO;D &Gma[mif;uke;f wku
Yd kd
wl;azmfawGY&SdcJh\/ oHacwfa&S;NrdKYa[mif;,Ofaus;rIudk OD;axmif;NrdKYa[mif;? euGef;yxkrf NrdKYa[mif;? ulbl;
0g;NrKd aY [mif;ESihf ykew
f w
k Nf rKd aY [mif;uke;f wkhd awG&Y onf/ xkid ;f yifv,fauGY a&S;NrKd aY [mif;,Ofaus;rIukd 'Gg&0wD
NrdKYa[mif;rsm;[kac:ygonf/
tdEd,wkdif;&if;pum;jzifh ok0Pblrd[lvnf;aumif;? wkwfwkdif;&if;pum;jzifh ]usifvif} [k
vnf;aumif;ac:onfh rif;EkdifiHwpfckudk xdkif;wkdYuvnf; xkdif;EkdfifiH 'Gg&0wDrif;EkdifiHjzpfaMumif; if;wkdY\
okawoe&v'ftajzrsm;ESifh oufaoxljyo&ef BudK;yrf;vsuf&Sdygonf/ xkdif;wkdY,lqaom ok0Pblrd
ESiyhf wfouf xkid ;f Ekid if H ausmif;oH;k pmtkyf (Text Book) wpftyk rf S azmfjycsurf mS atmufygtwkid ;f jzpf\/
Suvarnabhumi, meaning The land of gold, was known to the Romans as Chryse Chersonesus. It
must have been located in Indo-China and especially within the boundaries of present day Thailand,
where gold has been discovered; some of it was at one time collected from the alluvial soil at
Kamnerd nophakun in the Bang Saphan district of the province of Prachuap khiri khan, while gold
mining was operated at Tohmoh in Narathiwat, and the metal has been found by geologists in Kabin
Buri in Prachin Buri. There has been a difference of opinion among some archaeologists and
historians as to the exact centre of Suvarnabhumi, Would it be Thaton in South Burma, Chaiya in
South Thailand, or Nakhon Pathom or Suphan Buri in the Central plain of Thailand? On account of
many relics typifying the age of Ashoka such as a Wheel of Law, a deer statue and a stupa built in
the same style at Sanchi in India, it has been established that the area extending from Nakhon
Pathom to Suphan Buri constituted the centre of Suvarnabhumi.
(Thai Civilization, Text Book, G.S. 1001 p.14)
- 67 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
if;bmomjyefrSm
]a&Gajr} [kt"dyg ,&f aom ok0Pbrl u
d kd a&mrwkid ;f om;wku
Yd cdkifpDcsmqkdaepyf [lodMuygonf/
if;ae&mXmeudk tif'ckd sKid ;f em;uRe;f qG,rf S ae&mwpfcck u
k kd owfrw
S &f ygrnf/ txl;jzifh a&TowKukd
&SmazG awG&Y &dS aom rsuaf rSmufacwf,;kd ',m; (xkid ;f ) Ekid if eH ,f edrw
d rf sm;twGi;f omvQif wnf&cdS \
hJ /
(xkdif;EkdifiHwGif) a&TowKudk y&mcRwfuD&dcefjynfe,f befpzef;cdkif? urfewfEkdzuGeft&yf&Sd
EHKS ;ajrrsm;rSpak qmif; &,lEidk o
f nf/ xkjhd yif e&moD0yfjynfe,f wkrd adk 'ovnf; a&TowKxw
k v
f yk if ef;
&Syd gonf/ blrad Aynm&Sirf sm;u y&mcsib
f &l D cdik ?f uAifb&l rD v
S nf; a&TowKawG&Y ao; onf[q
k \
dk /
ok0Pbrl Nd rKd aY [mif; wnf&mXme ae&mtwdtusukd a&S;a[mif;okawoDrsm;ESihf orkid ;f okawoDrsm;
tcsi;f csi;f rwlujJG ym;aomt,ltqwkYd &Scd MhJ uzl;ygonf/ atmuf jrefrmEkid if u
H oxHjk zpfovm;?
xkid ;f awmifyikd ;f ucsKd i;f , (Z,bkr)d jzpfovm; odrYk [kwf xkid ;f tv,fyikd ;f vGijf yifrS euGeyf xkrv
f m;?
pkzefb&l D (ok0Py&l )D vm;qko
d nft
U csuyf ifjzpf\/ taomuacwfEiS ahf cwfNyKd if a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI
f v
kd nf;aumif;?
ypn;f rsm;jzpfMuonfh "rpBumF vSn;f bD; (Wheel of Law) ESihf orifyakH usmufqpf kyu
tdE,
d Ekid if q
H efcsyD x
k ;dk awmfBu;D yHpk jH zifh apwDwpfqw
l nf&adS ejcif;udv
k nf;aumif; axmufxm; vQif
euGeyf xkrrf S pkzefb&l D (ok0Py&l )D txdjzefu
h suf aeaoma'oudk ok0Pbrl \
d A[dck suaf e&m[k
tckdiftrmowfrSwfEkdifayonf/
[ljzpfygonf/
arm&d,acwftEd ,
d tifyikd ,
f mocifBu;D taomu (274-236bDp)D onf if; ok0Pbrl w
d iG f
Ak'b
momudk xlaxmif&ef aomPESihf Ow&wkyYd g0ifaom omoemjyKtzGw
YJ pfzu
YJG kd apvTwcf ahJ Mumif;vnf;
azmfjyonf/ t,ltqudk twnfjyK&ef xkid ;f a&S;a[mif;okawoDwo
Ydk nf tESpf (40) rQtm;xkwBf uKd ;yrf;
cJh&ayonf/
xdik ;f Edik if H ok0Pbrl d pl;prf;avhvmrIaemufco

H rdik ;f
xkid ;f Ekid if H a&S;a[mif;okawoe pl;prf;&SmazGrt
I pudk ta&SaU wmiftm&Sa'oodYk Oa&mywku
d o
f m;rsm;
a&mufvmcJyh rkH S ajc&maumuf&ayrnf/ 19-&mpkEpS w
f pfavsmufv;kH Oa&mywGif odyyH nmpl;prf;avhvmrIrsm;ESihf
acwfa[mif;udk acwfopfEiS t
hf pm;xk;d aecsed f ta&SaU wmiftm&SrmS xl;jcm;ajymif;vJrrI &Sad o;ay/ a&S;a[mif;
okawoe pl;prf;avhvmrIuv
kd nf; Oa&mywku
d o
f m;rsm;uom tajccHtw
k jf rpfcsay;cJ&h ayonf/ a&mrwdik ;f om;
rmukdydkvkdrSp? aygwl*D? jyifopfynm&SiftoD;oD; tif'kdcsdKifem;a'oodkY a&mufvmcJhMuonf/ tpydkif;rSm
ukeo
f ,
G pf ;D yGm;twGuo
f mjzpfaomfvnf; aemufyikd ;f wGio
f yd n
H mpl;prf;avhvma&;? orkid ;f ESihf ,Ofaus;rIoak woe
jyKpka&;wkdYyg0ifvmonf/
[ife&D rk[
d w
G f
jyifopfvrl sKd ;[ife&D rk[
d w
G f (Henri Mouhot) (1864) onf ta&SaY wmiftm&SwiG f yxrqH;k tBurd f
odyyH nmpl;prf;avhvma&;twGuf c&D;xGucf o
hJ jl zpf\/ olonf vef'efrS 1858 ckEpS ?f {Nyv
D wGif pwif
- 68 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
xGucf gG vmcJNh y;D 1861 ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmwGif vmtkEd idk if H (iSuzf sm;a&m*gjzif)h tedpa &mufco
hJ nf/ tyifrsm;?
wd&pd m efrsm;? ausmd;k rJo
h w0grsm;rSp a'ocHwidk ;f &if;om;wkEYd iS hf if;wkx
Yd ;kH pHavhrsm;udyk g pl;prf;avhvmcJo
h nfU
ol\ c&D;oGm;rSww
f rf;udk 1864 ckEpS f (if;uG,v
f eG f Ny;D oH;k ESpt
f Mum)wGif yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0onft
h cg vltrsm;
pdw0f ifpm;cJMh u\/ okawoec&D; tpD&ifcpH mu tif'ckd sKd i;f em;wGif jyifopfta&SzY sm;a'oavhvma&;XmeBu;D
(Ecole Franoise d Extreme Orient) udk pwifxlaxmifMu&ef EId;aqmfvkdufayonf/ 1898 ckESpf
'DZifbmv (15) &ufaeUpjJG zifh toif;Bu;D xlaxmif&ef jyefwrf;xkwo
f nft
h cg tif'ckd sKd i;f em; uRe;f qG,Bf u;D twGi;f
a&S;a[mif;okawoe pl;prf;avhvma&;twGuf tNrw
J rf;tzGu
YJ kd zGpYJ nf;ay;&ef txl;u@wpfck xnfo
h iG ;f
xm;&S\
d / jywku
d Ef iS phf mMunfw
h u
dk u
f v
kd nf; wGzJ ufziG v
hf pS af pygonf/ xdt
k oif;Bu;D \ yxrqH;k nTeMf um;a&;rSL;
jzpfvmol vl0pfzad emuf (Louis Finot) \ OD;aqmifrjI zifh ta&SaY wmif tm&S (jrefrmryg) a&S;a[mif;okawoe
a&TacwfBu;D wpfacwfa&mufco
hJ nf[k qkyd gonf/ (Charles Higham, Early Cultures of Mainland Southeast
Asia, Bangkok, River Books Ltd, 2002. pp. 16-21)
vl0pfzad emuf
vl0pfzad emufonf jrefrmho0k Pbrl ad &S;a[mif; okawoetwGuq
f v
dk Qif zsujf rif;wpfaumifEiS hf
wlae\/ ok0Pbrl d oxHak 'ookhd t&Sirf [mAk'a Cmorax&fBu;D u Ak'y #d uwfawmf? tXuxmusr;f
ponfrsm; yifhaqmifvmonf[laomtcsufudk r[kwfrrSefaMumif;? Ak'aCmoonf vlyk*dKvfr[kwfyJ
pdwful;,OfZmwfaumifomjzpfaMumif;? vlyk*dKvfjzpfvQifvnf; atmufjrefrmEkdifiHom;wpfOD;rjzpfEkdifaMumif;
ponfjzifh uefYuGufcJholyifjzpf\/ jrefrmokawoezufrS q&mBuD;OD;azarmifwifESifh OD;vlaz0if;wkdYu
wefjyefajz&Si;f onfph mwrf;rsm;jzifh zdaemuf\tqdu
k kd wkejhf yefacsycJ&h \/ 1899 ckEpS w
f iG f wkwb
f mom
uRrf;usifol aygvfayvD,dk (Paul Pelliot) onf toif;BuD;\ tzGJY0ifwpfa,mufjzpfvm\/ if;u
ta&SaY wmiftm&Srif;Ekid if rH sm; wnfaxmifMuyHt
k aMumif;okawoejyKonf/ 1900 jynfEh pS w
f iG f a&S;a[mif;
h m;cJNh y;D aemuf wl;azmfoak woevkyif ef;
okawoeynm&Si[
f ife&Dygrifw&D m (Henri Parmentier) udk cefx
rsm;udk AD,uferfEkdifiHwGifpwifcJh\/ toif;BuD;onf tif'dkcsdKif;em;rS a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHktm;vHk;?
ausmufpmwkid rf sm;? kyw
f k yk yf mG ;ponfrsm;udk pm&if;jyKpNk y;D jyKjyif xde;f odr;f onf/ 1902 ckEpS o
f Ykd a&mufonfU
tcg toif;Bu;D \vkyif ef;e,fy,fukd xdik ;f Ekid if t
H xdw;kd csx
YJ nfo
h iG ;f cJyh gonf/
a*smhaq;a';
zdaemuf\&mxl;udk a*smah q;a'; (G. Coedes) uqufc\
H / aq;a';onf tif'cdk sKd i;f em; uRe;f qG,rf S
ausmufpmrsm;aygi;f csKyu
f sr;f pmtkyBf u;D 6-tkyu
f kd wnf;jzwfyEkH ydS cf o
hJ nf/ xkid ;f Ekid if H ykew
f w
k Nf rKd aY [mif;uke;f
wl;azmfrt
I pD&ifcpH m (The excavations of Pong Tuk and Their importance for the ancient history of
d MoZmoufa&mufr&I adS om ta&SaY wmiftm&SrS rif;Ekid if rH sm; (The Indianised States of
Siam) ESihf tdE,
ko
hJ nf/ toif;Bu;D uvnf;
Southeast Asia) usr;f pmtkyf tygt0if tjcm;okawoepmwrf;aygi;f rsm;pGmudk jyKpc
(bulletin) okawoepmapmifudkyHkrSefxkwfa0onf/ 1904 ckESpfxkwfokawoepmapmifxJwGif xkdif;EkdifiH
twGuf ynm&yfqkdif&mtoif;wpfckxlaxmif&eftaMumif; owif;wpfyk'fyg&SdcJhNyD;? xkdESpf azazmf0g&D 26
&ufaehwiG f befaumufNrKd t
Y a&Sw
Y idk ;f a[mfw,f (Oriental Hotel in Bangkok) pnf;a0;yGw
J pfcjk yKvyk
f
xkdif;okawoetoif; (The Siam Society) udkxnfaxmifcJhonf/ toif;\&nf&G,fcsufrSm (for the
investigation and encouragement of arts, seiences and literature in relation to Siam and neighbouring
- 69 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
]xkid ;f Ekid if EH iS w
hf uG tdref ;D csi;f Ekid if rH sm;rS tEkynm? odyyH nmESiphf may,Ofaus;rIwu
Ydk kd pl;prf;avhvm&ef
ESihf tm;ay;uln&D ef} yifjzpf\ (Higham 2002, 23)/ toif;xlaxmifcgp tpd;k &axmufyahH omaiGr&ao;
bJ? a&S;a[mif;okawoe0efxrf;rsm;vnf;r&Scd ahJ y/ ok&Yd mwGif 1911 ckEpS ?f rwfv 22 &ufaeY q|r&mrrif;
(King Rama VI) u xdi
k ;f ,Ofaus;rSKXme Fine Arts Department udk a&S;a[mif; okawoetygt0if
xkid ;f Ekid if &H dS a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rItarGtESprf sm; xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufomG ;&ef &nf&,
G cf sujf zifw
h nfaxmif
apcJhonf/ if;XmeBuD;ay:aygufvmcJhojzifh ordkif;0iftaqmuf ttHkrsm;ESifh a&S;a[mif;ypnf;rsm;udk
xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufjcif;? jywku
d rf sm;xlaxmifjcif;? a&S;a[mif;okawoeenf;jzifh pepfwusw;l azmfjcif;vkyif ef;
rsm; taumiftxnfay:vmcJhonf/
Countries)
rif;om;BuD;'ifra&mif;\ t,ltq
xkid ;f okawoetoif;udk bk&ifah wmf0ifro
d m;pku OD;pD;wnfaxmifjcif;jzpf\/ xkid ;f Ekid if H rif;om;Bu;D
'ifra&mif; (Prince Damrong) onf toif;Bu;D wGif ]t,k',
NrKd aY wmfwnfaxmify}kH (The Founding of
G ;f oljzpfonf/ rif;om;Bu;D onf ordik ;f ESiahf &S;a[mif;okawoe
Ayuthaya) pmwef;udk yxrOD;pGmzwfMum;wifoi
tay: OD;aqmifO;D &Gujf yKojl zpfvmonf/ atmufjrefrmEkid if rH S ok0Pbrl u
d o
dk o
H ,pdwjf zifh pdw0f ifpm;oljzpfonfh
tm;avsmpf mG 1935- ckEpS w
f iG f jrefrmEkid if yH *k ?H &efuek Ef iS hf oxHak 'orsm;okYd ud,
k w
f ikd u
f ,
kd u
f sc&D;xGu
f
pl;prf;avhvmjcif;jyKcJh\/
if;\tjrifwGif oxHkNrdKYa[mif;rSm a&S;a[mif;aqmufttHk t<uif;tusefenf;vGef;onf [k
txif&o
dS nf/ jrefrmEkid if o
H rkid ;f udk uRr;f usio
f u
l v
kd ekd t
D &m&SBd u;D qma*smph aumh (a&T;kd ) xHrv
S nf; oxHk
taMumif;udpk pkH rf;onf/ xdt
k cg weoFm&Dwidk ;f oxHak 'orSm tpd;k &jyefwrf;0if a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHk
txl;enf;yg;aMumif;tajzud&k cJo
h nf/ xkpd Ofu ]paumh} onf tdE,
d tpk;d &jynfxaJ &;Xme (Government
S Ef iS hf 1919-ckEpS t
f wGi;f xkwjf yefcahJ om trdeYf (Revolution)
of India, Home Department) u 1883-ckEp
rsm;udu
k ;kd um; weoFm&Dwidk ;f (Tenasserim Division) oxHck dik t
f wGi;f a&S;NrKd aY [mif;[l vH;k 0r&Sd
aMumif;? a*Zuf0iftaqmufttHk (bk&m;) a[mif;[l? a&Tpm&H (oxH)k ? odMum;bk&m; (oxH)k ? Zif;usKd ub
f &k m;
(Zif;usKd u)f ? aumh*eG ;f *l (aumh*eG ;f )? ZGu
J yifb&k m; (bm;tH) ESifh usKd ux
f ;D d;k bk&m; (uifreG ;f pcef;) wko
Yd m&So
d nf
[k ajzMum;cJyh gonf/
rdrrd sujf riftm;jzifv
h nf; a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHrk sm;rawG&Y jcif;? MoZmwdur &So
d l ynm&Siw
f pfO;D u
vnf; pdw0f ifpm;zG,af &S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rIrsm;r&Sad Mumif; ajzMum;cJjh cif;wku
Yd akd xmufxm; rif;om;Bu;D 'ifra&mif;
onf oxHu
k o
kd 0k Pbrl Nd rKd aY wmf[k vufrcHawmhonfomru rdrEd idk if H (xkid ;f ) rS euGeyf xkrNf rKd aY [mif;onfom
yk*t
H aemf&xmrif;ESihf acwfNyKd ix
f eG ;f um;cJah om ok0Pbrl jd zpfEidk af Mumif; xifrw
S o
f mG ;awmhonf/ rdrx
d ifjrif
,lqcsuu
f kd oufaoxljyoEkid &f ef a&S;a[mif;okawoe wl;azmfrv
I yk if ef;rsm;udv
k nf; txl;tm;ay;cJah yonf/
I yk if ef;
jyifopf a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&SiBf u;D 'l;yGeYf (P. Dupont) tm; euGeyf xkrNf rKd aU [mif;wl;azmfrv
rsm;udOk ;D pD;apNy;D ? y&yxkraf pwD? jrifrh &dk af wmifapwD tygt0ifa&S;a[mif;Xmersm;udk okawoejyKazmfxw
k f
aponf/ urn;f ausmufpmynm&Siaf *smah q;a';u euGeyf xkrrf S ]a,"rm} *gxm tkwcf u
G pf mtaxmuf
txm;\ vufa&;udak vhvmc&pfEpS f 7-&mpk &ufpu
JG o
kd wfrw
S af y;cJ\
h / 'l;yGeu
Yf vnf; jrifrh &dk af wmifapwD\
yEuaf wmfyo
kH nf yk*u
H sepf pfom;rif;Bu;D \aumif;rI tmeEm*lb&k m;\yEuyf EkH iS hf qifwal Mumif;aumufcsuf
- 70 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
OD;axmif;NrKd aY [mif; wl;azmfrrI &S aom "rpMumF vSn;f bD;yHk

csay;cJo
h nf/ if;tajzESpcf u
k kd axmufxm; euGeyf xkro
f nf yk*EH iS ahf cwfNyKd ix
f eG ;f um;aom (yk*rH wkid rf u
D )
NrdKYawmfwpfckjzpfcJhaMumif;? xkdYtjyiftaemf&xmrif;BuD; yd#duwfawmfrsm;&,lvkdojzifh ok0PblrdoxHkudk
ppfjyKjcif;r[kwyf ?J rdrEd ikd if (H xdik ;f Edik if )H twGi;f &Sd euGeyf xkrNf rKd Y Bu;D udo
k m taemf&xmuvma&muf wku
d cf u
dk cf jhJ cif;
jzpfrnf[k rif;om;Bu;D aumufcsucf sc\
hJ / taemf&xmESit
hf wl ppfoBl u;D usepf pfom;vnf;ygvmNy;D euGeyf xkrNf rKd rY S
jrifhrkd&fawmifbk&m;udkawGY jrifcJhjcif;aMumifh if;udktwk,l yk*HwGiftmeEmbk&m;udk wnfcJhjcif;jzpfrnf[k
xifrw
S o
f mG ;ayonf/ uJo
h x
Ykd ifjrif ,lqcJjh cif;aMumifh taemf&xmonf oxHt
k pm;euGeyf xkru
f kd ppfcsD
wku
d cf u
dk cf jhJ cif;omjzpfrnf[al om orkid ;f aMumif;aumufcsuu
f ckd scjhJ cif;? ok0Pbrl q
d o
dk nfrmS jrefrmEdik if w
H iG rf &S?d
xkdif;EkdifiHom&Sdonf[laom tajzxkwf,ljcif;rsm; &SdcJhayonf/
'ifra&mif;\ txufygorkdif; t,ltqjzpfay:vmjcif;onf atmufjrefrmEkdifiHrS ok0Pblrdudk
jrLck;d rsm;? wdrw
f u
dk rf sm;zH;k tkyv
f monfEiS w
hf al yonf/ rif;om;Bu;D 'ifra&mif;url (History of Siam in the
Period Antecedent to the Foundiny of Ayuddhya by King Phra Chua U Thong ]z&mhausmuf
Oawmif;rif;u t,k'N rKd u
Y kd rwnfaxmifru
D mv ,d;k ',m;Ekid if o
H rkid ;f } pmwrf;(xdik ;f okawoetoif;*sme,f?
twGJ 13? trSwf 2? pm 30-31) pmwef;wGif ol\t,ltqudw
k ifjycJ\
h / xdaYk emuf tjcm;ynm&Sirf sm;
jzpfMuaom a'guw
f muGm&pfa0;vf (Dr. Quarteh Wales)? aygv0f pS w
f av (Paul Wheatley)? polwu
Ydk vnf;
4if;t,ltqESihf qifw,
l ;kd rSm; a&;om;azmfjyvmcJMh uonf (Quaritch Wales, Anuruddha and the Thaton
- 71 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
euGe;f yxkrNf rKd aY [mif;rS y&yxkraf pwD

Tradition, J.R.A.S, 1947, pp. 152-156; Wheatlay, Nagara and Commandery, University of Chicago,
Department of Geography Research Paper, 1983, p. )/
ygarmu*sD? tdyfcsf? vkpf\ Old Burma Early Pagan wGifazmfjyonfh ok0Pblrdonf rkwr
dS ? oxHak 'ojzpfonf/ xkid ;f Ekid if o
H ak woDw,
Ydk q
l aom
yifv,fauGY (The Culf of Multama/Martaban) wGi&f
(owfrw
S af om) ok0Pbrl o
d nf ,d;k ',m; (xkid ;f ) yifv,fauGY (The Gulf of Siam) rS euGeyf xkrf
a'ojzpfygonf/
euGeyf xkrf (e*&yxr) NrKd aU [mif; (3700 x 2000 rDwm) onf 'g&G 0wDacwfNrKd aU [mif; rsm;
teuf tBu;D qH;k jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdik if yH *k aH cwfrwkid rf u
D a&S;a[mif;omoedu taqmufttHrk sm;? ausmufpm?
urnf;pmtaxmuftxm;rsm; <u,f0onf/ y&yxkrfapwD? plVyxkrfapwD? jrifhrkd&fawmifbk&m; (Wat
f &k m; (Wat Phra Pattom) wku
Yd w
kd ;l azmf awG&Y x
dS m;Ny;D bk&m;Bu;D rsm;wnf&m
Phra Men) ESihf y&yxkrb
f nf/ c&pfEpS f 6-&mpkrS 11-&mpktwGi;f wnfwefaY ecJrh nf[k
NrKd aY wmf (Temple-Cities) [kwifpm;ac:a0:Eidk o
cefYrSef;Ekdif\/
OaxmifNrKd aY [mif; (a&Tyck uf) (1690 x 840 rDwm)onf euGeyf xkr\
f taemufajrmufbuf
uDvrdk w
D m (30) cefY &S
d ydNk y;D a&S;us[efwo
l nf/ NAw
d o
d Qvrl sKd ; uGm;&pfa0;vf qko
d l a&S;a[mif;okawoDBu;D u
1940-jynfv
h eG Ef pS rf sm;twGi;f pwifw;l azmfavhvmNy;D azmfxw
k cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ if;Oaxmif;ESihf euGeyf xkrf
wku
Yd Akd [djk yKvsuaf eaom tv,fyikd ;f xkid ;f Ekid if H aemufjcrf;udyk if? aomPESihf Ow&wkq
Yd u
dk af &mufc&hJ m ok0Pbrl d
e,fajrjzpfonf[k xkdif;okawoDwkdYu ,lqMuygonf/
- 72 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
odkYjzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif udkvdkeDacwfrSppfBudKacwftxd ok0Pblrdudk pl;prf;&SmazGazmfxkwf

cJhNyD; vGwfvyfNyD;acwfwGif urmodatmif ygarmu vkpfuwifjyxm;cJhaomfvnf;? if;t,ltqESifh
pifNydKif,dk;',m;(xdkif;)EkdifiHonfom ok0PblrdjzpfxkdufaMumif; ordkif;tqdkwpf&yf xGufay:vmyHkudk
awG Y & ygonf /
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H umavqdyBf u;D udk ok0Pbrl [
d
l trnfay;cJyU gonf/ ok0Pbrl d
tarGvkcH&jcif;jzpfygonf/
xdik ;f Edik if H a&S;a[mif;okawoewl;azmfrI *,uf

xkid ;f Edik if H 'g&G m0wD (ok0Pbrl )d acwfw;l azmfoak woevkyif ef;udk waphwapmifv
h n
S Mhf unfyh gO;D rnf/
'kwd,urmppfBuD; NyD;pD;oGm;NyD;aemuf ppftwGif;u 'gwfcsfvlrsdK;ppfoHkhyef; a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&Sif
Aif[Dau&if (Van Heekeren) qkdolonf aorif;wrmefrD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyf&myg0ifcJhNyD; ausmuf
acwfvufeufu&d ,
d m tcsKd u
Y kd awG&Y cdS &hJ m? ppfNy;D aomtcg xkid ;f tpd;k &xHciG ahf wmif;um wl;azmfoak woe
jyKvyk cf iG &hf &So
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hf a&;rSm tpOftvmwpfcjk zpfomG ;cJ\
h / xkid ;f ESihf tar&duef? Mopaw;vs?
NAdwdef? e,l;ZDvef a&S;a[mif;okawoDrsm;ygwGJzufNyD; okawoevkyfief;rsm;aqmif&GufvmcJhMuonf/
Aif[aD u&if\ orkid ;f rwkid rf aD cwf a&S;a[mif;okawoewl;azmfru
I t
kd wk,
l xkid ;f wku
Yd vnf; orkid ;f rwifrD
acwf okawoetay: pdw0f ifpm;aqmif&u
G v
f mMu&if;? ordik ;f wifacwfO;D wl;azmfrv
I yk if ef;wkrYd sm;pGmvnf;
wGiu
f s,v
f mcJyh gonf/ a&S;NrKd aY [mif;acwf 'Gg&0wD (ok0Pbrl )d NrKd aY [mif;rsm;wl;azmfru
I kd ppfNy;D acwfwiG f
t&Sed t
f [kejf zifh aqmif&u
G v
f mcJ&h m - 1959 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1984 ckEpS w
f w
Ydk iG f euGeyf xkrNf rKd aY [mif;?
- 1961 ckEpS ?f ulb;l 0g (Ku Bua) NrKd aY [mif;?
- 1963 ckEpS ?f Owmaygif (U-Taphao) NrKd aY [mif;?
- 1968 ckEpS ?f rl0ifzm'uf (Maung Fa Daet) NrKd aY [mif;?
- 1971 ckEpS ?f pyfcsryf g (Sab Champa) NrKd aY [mif;?
- 1972 ckEpS ?f uE&0dcsKd i;f (uE&0dZ,) NrKd aY [mif;?
- 1980 jynfEh pS ?f befcrl 0l if (Ban Khu Maung) NrKd aY [mif;?
- 1981 ckEpS ?f avmhy&l D (Lop buri) NrKd aY [mif;?
- 1987 ckEpS f rl0ifz&m&Guf (Maung Phra Rot) NrKd aY [mif;?
- 1987 ckEpS rf 0l if'u
kH rG f (Maung Dongkorm) NrKd aY [mif;?
- 1991 ckEpS f pDxuf (od&ad '0) (Sri Thep) NrKd aY [mif; (jyefw;l )?
- 1992 ckEpS f 'Hpk rD [mpGwf (Dong Si Mamasod) NrKd aY [mif;? ESihf
- 1996 ckEpS f 'Hv
k cGef (Dong Lakhon) NrKd aY [mif; ponfjzifah &S;NrKd aY [mif;wl;azmfoak woeudk
aqmif&u
G af Mumif;awG&Y onf (Higham and Thosarat, 1998, pp. 126-186)/
xkid ;f ta&SaY jrmufa'oud&k wfuek ;f jrifw
h iG f 1975-ckEpS f (t&uforwl;azmfcsed )f befcY s,
D if (Ban
Chiang) aMu;oHacwfwl;azmfrIonf xdkif;EdkifiHwGif txl;ausmfMum;oGm;cJhonf/ xkdif;wkdY\ a&S;a[mif;
okawoevkyif ef;tay: urmutmHpk u
kd v
f monftxd atmifjrifco
hJ nf wl;azmfrKS [q
k &dk rnf/ xkt
d csed rf mS yif
jrefrmhok0Pblrd wl;azmfokawoevkyfief;rsm;&yfqkdif;oGm;csdefvnf; jzpfygonf/
- 73 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oDrm;NrKd aY [mif;rS ausmufqpfavsmif;awmfrl kyyf mG ;awmf
a'gufwmomvS
xkpd Oftcsed rf mS yif urmph m;eyf&u
d (FAO) tzGYJ nTeMf um;a&;rSL;tjzpfxidk ;f Edik if o
H Ydk a&muf&v
dS suaf eaom
&efukefuodkvf tNidrf;pm;ygarmucsKyfq&mBuD;a'gufwmomvSonf xkdif;EkdifiHwGif a&S;a[mif;okawoe
aqmif&u
G yf rkH sm;udk ud,
k w
f idk af wGjY rifc&hJ onf/ atmufjrefrmekid if H ok0Pbrl [
d q
k akd om oxHak 'owGio
f ak woe
&v'fuckd sed x
f ;kd xdik ;f zufutaxmuftxm;ESihf EIid ;f ,SOMf unfcU o
hJ nf/ jrefrmEdik if zH ufrS okawoe&vm'frmS
tm;enf;aeNy;D ? xdik ;f okawoe&vm'frsm;u tm;omaeyHu
k akd wG&Y \/ q&mBu;D onf ]oxHEk iS ehf uGeyf xkr}f
[laomtrnfjzifh okawoeaqmif;yg; wpfapmifa&;ygonf/ ((Tha Hla, Dr, Thaton and Nakorn
d qmif;yg;udk *syefEidk if w
H u
dk sKd NrKd rU S Iddkulpmapmif wGif
Pathom SHIROKU, No 16, Kyoto, 1983)) xka
xnfo
h iG ;f azmfjyygonf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;wGif oxHo
k nfo0k Pbrl rd [kwaf Mumif;? xkid ;f Ekid if ?H befaumufNrKd rY S
taemufp;l pl; 60 uDvrkd w
D mtuGm&Sed uGeyf xkrf (17? 47'ajrmuf? 100 ta&S)Y onfom ok0Pbrl Nd rKd aY [mif;jzpf
EkdifaMumif;azmfjyygonf/ odkhjzifhqufvuf taemf&xmonf atmufjrefrmEkdifiHoxHkudkppfjyKcJhjcif;
r[kwEf ikd af Mumif;? oxHrk t
S a&SaY wmifuv
D rdk w
D m (450) tuGm&Sd euGeyf xkro
f Ydk bk&m;oH;k qlawmifMum;vrf;jzifh
oGm;a&mufNy;D ppfjyKcjhJ cif;omjzpfaMumif;? xkrd rS if;pd;k &mZmwku
Yd kd yk*o
H ,
Ydk al qmifvmcJNh y;D aemuf xkNd rKd w
Y iG u
f se&f pfcahJ om
NrKd o
Y m;wko
Yd nf ,ckoxHw
k nf&mXmeodYk ajymif;a&TaY exkid v
f mcJMh uNy;D ? xko
d w
l u
Ydk rdrad e&if;a'oudk pGv
J ef;
aompdwjf zifh ae&mopfukd oxHt
k rnfay;cJMh ujcif;omjzpfaMumif;? xkaYd Mumifrh v
l ok"r0wD (oxH)k onf
euGeyf xkrf NrKd aY [mif;omjzpfEidk af Mumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
- 74 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
a'gufwmOD;Edik yf ef;vS
xkid ;f Edik if w
H iG f a&S;a[mif;okawoewl;azmfrt
I &Sed t
f [keaf Mumifh taxmuftxm;aumif;rsm;awG&Y jcif;
rSeaf omfvnf;? jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f oxHNk rKd aU [mif; rlvur&Scd ahJ Mumif;t,ltqrSmrl jrefrmhtpOftvmESiw
hf uf
wufpifatmifvaJT eygonf/ okjYd zpfa&S;a[mif;okawoe? urn;f ausmufpmXmecGrJ LS ; OD;Ekid yf efvS (a'guw
f m
Ekid yf ef;vS) ua'guw
f momvSt,ltqtay:wek jhf yefaom aqmif;yg;rsm;acsya&;om;cJo
h nf/ 4if;wkEYd pS Of ;D tjyef
tvSeaf y;pmjyefpm (Tha Hla and Pan Hla Cornespondence) udk vkyo
f m;jynfoaYl eYpOf owif;pmwGiaf wG&Y yg
onf/ aemufq;kH wGif a'guw
f momvSu ]rGejf ynfe,frmS 'l;&if;oD;omaygonf} [krw
S cf sujf zifh wkejhf yef&if;
NyD;qHk;oGm;cJhygonf/
a'guw
f momvSonf 1986 ckEpS ?f arv xkwcf su&f rD *Zif;wGiv
f nf; ]oxHEk iS hf ok0Pbrl t
d pGt
J vef;}
aqmif;yg;udk qufvufa&;om;wifjycJyh gao;onf/ OD;Ekid yf ef;vSuvnf; ]ok0Pbrl o
d Ydk Ak'o
moemysEYH ahSH &muf&dS
~
vmyH}k (Nai Pan Hla, Advent of Buddhism into Suvannabhumi) acgi;f pOfjzifh aqmif;yg;rsm;qufvufa&;om;
onf (WPD. 20-6-86), 4-6-86, 16-6-86, 17-6-86 and 18-6-86)/ &efuek w
f uov
kd f ta&Sw
U idk ;f ynmXmerS
ygarmu OD;wifv
h iG u
f vnf; ]jrefrmEdik if o
H Ydk Ak'o
moemysEYH ahHS &muf&v
dS myHo
k rkid ;f } (Tint Lwin, Introduction
l o
d nf atmufjrefrm
of Buddhism into Burma, Legend and History ) aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om; ok0Pbr
Ekid if rH S oxHak 'oomvQijf zpfaMumif; azmfjya&;om;cJyh gonf (WPD, 24-2, 86, 25-2-86, 26-2-86, 27-286, and 1-3. 86)/
Za0Z0g ok0Pbrl d
rdcsD*efwuokdvf ta&SUawmiftm&Sa&;&m ygarmuapmqkdifrGefrif;&Ju oxHk (&mrn) okdY
aomPESifhOw&rax&fESpfyg;a&muf&Sdjcif;rSm jzpfEkdifaMumif;? oa&acw&mNrdKYa[mif;rS wl;azmfawGY&Sd&aom
Ak'0 gpu a&Taypmrsm;t& oufaojyygonf/ (Sao Saimong Mangrai, Did Sona and Uttara Come
S f 5-&mpkEpS ?f 7to Lower Burma, JBRS, LIX pp. 155-165)/ 4if;a&TayvTmrsm;\vufa&;onf c&pfEp
&mpkEpS rf sm;txd a&S;usEikd af Mumif;od&ojzifh atmufjrefrmEkid if o
H Ykd Ak'o
moemonf bDp-D 3 &mpkEpS f (aomPOw&acwf) avmufuyif a&muf&cdS w
hJ ef&monf[k cefrh eS ;f wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ odahk omf]ok0Pbrl d
b,f[mvJ? b,frmS vJ}[lonfo
h rkid ;f jyemudk &mpkEpS w
f pfcrk uatmif tajz&Smr&ao;aom jyemBu;D jzpf
vsu&f adS yNy/D jrefrmynm&Sirf sm;yifvQif raorcsm? Za00gEiS ?hf xifaMu;trsKd ;rsKd ;ay;aecJMh uygonf/
awmifaygufq&mawmf
armfvNrdKifNrdKY awmifaygufausmif;q&mawmfOD;puygvjyKpkaom? Ak'omoeduyx0D0ifusrf;rl
ok0Pblrdjzpfxkdufaome&mudk
0a*Fgyom*&ac:b*Fvm;yifv,frSta&SUbufwGif&Sdjcif;? wmrvdwd(**Fgjrpf0)rS ,lZemckESpf&ma0;
uGmjcif;? uke;f ajrr[kwaf &ywfvnf0idk ;f vsu&f adS om uke;f ajrjzpfjcif;? avSoabFmvrf;? a&aMumif;
vrf;? avSaMumif;vrf;oif
h toGm;tvmrsm;&mXmejzpfjcif;? ,aeYwikd af &S;a[mif;omoetaqmuf
ttHkrsm;pGm&Sdaejcif;
- 75 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
paomvuPmrsm;ESifhjynfhpHk&rnf/ ,if;tcsufrsm;ESifh jynfhpHkaomae&monf oxH k r [k w f ?

pkrm;Mwm;uRef;omjzpfonf[kqkd\ (puygv? Ak'omoeduyx0D0ifusrf;? oxH?k ok"r0wDyEkH ydS w
f u
dk ?f
1958? b 232-5)/ ,if;t,ltqonf oxHu
k kd ok0Pbrl jd zpfaMumif;tqdu
k kd vH;k vH;k ypfy,fvu
kd jf cif;yifjzpf\/
OD;wifvaS omf
ynm&SiOf ;D wifvaS omfuvnf; txufygO;D puygvESihf cyfqifqift,ltqudw
k ifjyonf/ if;u
taomurif;Bu;D apckid ;f csut
f & ok0Pbrl o
d aYdk omeESihf Ow& &[ef;ESpyf g;a&mufvmNy;D Ak'0 g'
jzefo
Y nf[k r[m0ifuqk\
d / ok0Pbrl o
d nf oxHjk zpfonf[k 15-&mpkaESmif;ydik ;f xk;d uvsmPD
rGeaf usmufpmuqkjd yef\/ oxHo
k nf ok0Pbrl [
d k wxpfcsrqkEd idk af y/ odaYk omf &ckid ?f atmufjrefrm
Ekid if ?H xkid ;f Ekid if EH iS hf rav;uRe;f qG,w
f o
Ydk nf ok0Pbrl jd zpfEidk \
f /
[kqydk gonf (wifvaS omf? ]a&Tw*d akH pwD\oufawmf} uefompdrf;vJhpmwrf;rsm;
rsm;? &efuek ?f rif;vSpmyHEk ydS w
f u
dk ?f
1969? pm? 65-6)/
rdu
k u
f ,fatmifoiG f
atmufjrefrmEkid if w
H iG f &mrna'o[kac:aomrGeEf idk if [
H
l yk*aH cwf (11-&mpkEpS )f xufapmNy;D r&Scd /hJ
oxHkNrdKUvnf;r&Sd? aomP? Ow&wkdYrSmvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHAk'bmomorkdif;wGif r&Sdbl;cJhojzifh ok0Pblrd
vnf;r&SEd ifdk af Mumif; tqkw
d pf&yf vwfwavmumvrSmyif ay:xu
G v
f mcJyh gonf/ ,if;tqku
d kd rdcs*d efwuov
kd ?f
tm&Sa'oavhvma&;Xme ygarmu a'guw
f mrku
d u
f ,fatmifoiG u
f wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ pmrsuEf mS aygi;f
(400) ausm&f o
dS nfU jrLck;d a0aom&mrn (The Mist of Ramaan: The Legend That was Lower
f iG f
Burma) [k trnfay;xm;aom pmtkyw
For the historical reality is that the Mon Paradigm is a myth: Sona and Uttara had nothing
to do with the origins of Theravade Buddhism in Burma, and perhaps even in the rest of
Southeast Asia; there was no Mon Kingdom in Lower Burma called Rmaadesa that
preceded Pagan (Bagan); there was no conquest of Thaton by Aniruddha in 1057; and as
a consequence Lower Burma did not civilized Upper Burma. It was the other way
around: Pagan settled, developed, and civilized Lower Burma.
[k ed*;kH csKyu
f mazmfjyxm;onf
(Aung Thwin, 2005, p. 321)/
rdu
k u
f ,fatmifoiG \
f wifjycsurf sm;wGif atmufjrefrmEkid if rH S ok0Pbrl Ed iS hf &mrna'o (rGeEf idk if )H
wnf&SdcJhaMumif;t,ltqrSm 20-&mpkESpftwGif;jrefrmEkdifiH udkvkdeDacwforkdif;bmom&yfwGif acwfpm;vm
k ,
d wGJ ajryHq
k NJG y;D atmufjrefrmEkid if u
H kd
cJah Mumif;? ygarmuvpk o
f nf Old Burma- Early Pagan pmtky'f w
&mrna'o? ok0Pbrl [
d ak zmfjyxm;aMumif;? tjcm;jrefrmEkid if H ordik ;f ynm&Sirf sm;uvnf; atmufjrefrmEkid if u
H kd
ok0Pbrl [
d t
k ckid t
f rmajymqkcd ahJ Mumif;? od&Yk mwGif ,ckacwfopfoak woeawG&Y cdS surf sm;u ,if;ok0Pbrl d
t,ltqrrSeu
f efaMumif; ESpaf ygi;f tawmfrsm;rsm;uyif qefu
Y siaf zmfjyaeNyjD zpfaomfvnf; if;jrefrmynm&Siw
f ?Ydk
rwkefrvIyf&SdaecJhaMumif; ponfjzifhazmfjyxm;onfudkawGY&\/
- 76 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
bmom&yf (ok0Pbrl t
d ,ltq) ESiyhf wfoufrku
d u
f ,fatmifoiG o
f nf uG,v
f eG o
f o
l ak woe
0g&ifyh *k Kd vw
f pfO;D jzpfol ygarmuaygv0f pS w
f av(Paul Wheatly) udt
k m;ud;k tm;xm; jyKxm;aMumif;awG&Y onf/
0Spfwavonf *&d? tm&yf? wkyfESifh tdEd,wkdYrS a&S;a[mif;acwftaxmuftxm;rsm;ESifh wkdufqkdifNyD;
tao;pdyo
f kycf u
JG m vGecf ahJ omESpaf ygi;f (40) uyifwpdu
k f rwfrwfqefu
Y siu
f efu
Y u
G v
f mcJo
h nf/ if;u
ok0Pbrl q
d o
dk nf (tdE,
d Ekid if rH t
S y) ta&SaY wmiftm&Sa'owpfcpk vH;k udk pkaygi;f ac:a0:aom trnfjzpf
onf[w
k ifjyxm;cJo
h nf/ ta&SaY wmiftm&SrmS yif uke;f ydik ;f udq
k jdk cif;r[kw?f uRe;f qG,yf ikd ;f uko
d m ac:jcif;jzpf
onf[kqkdonf/ wpfzefok0Pblrdtrnfonf ta&SUawmiftm&SwGifr&Sd? b*Fvm;e,fwGifom&Sdonf[k
qkx
d m;jyefonf/ tqkrd sm;udk 0Spfwav \ 1975-ckEpS af &; The Golden Khersonese pmtkyEf iS hf 1985ckEpS x
f w
k f Nagara and Commandary pmtkyw
f w
Ydk iG af wGEU idk af Mumif;atmifoiG u
f ud;k um;azmfjyonf/
xkt
Yd jyifo&D v
d uFmEkid if rH S ynm&Sif (Senarat Paranavitana) \ ( Ceylon and Malaya, Colambo,
f mS (2) tm; ud;k um; oD[Vdk af &S;a[mif;ausmufpmwkw
Yd iG f
Lake House Investment Ltd. 1966) pmtkyf pmrsuE
]&mrn} trnfurkd awG&Y aMumif;? okjhd zpf oD[Vdk Ef idk if o
H m;wko
Yd nf ok0Pbrl u
d v
kd nf; odMurnfr[kwf
aMumif; wifjyxm;\ (Aung Thwin, 2005. p. 76, Note 182)/ tjcm;ynm&Siw
f pfO;D jzpfol (J.F. Fleet)
uvnf; ok0Pblrdonf ta&SYawmiftm&Sa'owGif vHk;0r&SdEkdif[kqkdxm;NyD; b*Fvm;e,fudkom
nTejf yxm;onf[q
k \
dk / (Aung Thwin, 2005, p. 16, Note, 184)/
rdu
k u
f ,fatmifoiG o
f nf rdru
d ,
kd w
f idk t
f yifyrf;cH a&S;a[mif;ausmufpmrsm;udk avhvm&if; ok0Pbrl d
trnfu&kd mS azGygonf/ yk*u
H sepf pfom;rif;vufxufrpS 15-&mpkEpS af &mufonf txda&S;a[mif;rGeaf usmufpm
wkdYwGif ]ok0Pblrd? &mrnf? oxHk? rEk[m} paomtrnfrsm;udk vHk0&SmrawGY&yJ? at'D 1486-ckESpf
xk"d rapwD\uvsmPDord af usmufpmomvQif xkt
d rnfrsm;udk awG&Y onf/ tvGeaf emufusveG ;f onf[q
k \
dk /
xdaYk Mumifh uvsmPDord af usmufpmrS oxHNk rKd o
Y rkid ;f qkid &f m taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm "rapwDuxk;d Zmwf? vkyZf mwf?
vkyBf uv
H q
D ,f xnfo
h iG ;f azmfjyxm;jcif;omjzpfonf[k rku
d u
f ,fatmifoiG u
f pGypf yGJ gonf (Aung Thwin,
2005, pp. 83-103)/
if;\tqdt
k & "rapwDrif;onf
(1) tdE,
d Edik if w
H iG f tZmwowfrif;u Ak'" gwaf wmfapwDrsm;udk jyefvnfazmfxw
k jf cif;taMumif;udk
(twk,
l ) tatmufjrefrmEkid if rH S a&Tw*d akH pwDtm;jyefvnf &SmazGazmfxw
k jf cif; (Zmwfvrf;)
udt
k pm;xk;d vsuf aomPESihf Ow&Zmwfvrf; tm; azmfxw
k cf jhJ cif;omjzpfonf/ okjhd yKvyk f
jcif;jzifh rdrrd if;Ekid if t
H wGi;f rS a&Tw*d akH pwDawmfurkd v
l qHawmf&iS af pwDjzpfaMumif; oufaojy
cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
(2) a&Tw*d akH pwDausmufpm (jrefrmbmom)wGif tdE,
d Ekid if w
H iG o
f m&Sad om aygu& 0wDEiS hf tod
wetrnfEpS cf w
k t
Ykd Mum; ]&mrnf} [lonft
h rnfukd xnfo
h iG ;f a&;xk;d cJjh cif;jzifh Ak'a cwf
tdE,
d rS rGejf rwfaombmoma&; yx0D0ifae&mwku
Yd kd atmufjrefrmEkid if &H efuek af 'ojzpfav
[ef vkyBf uzH efw;D cJo
h nf/
(3) tdE,
d rS taomurif;trnfuv
kd nf; rGe&f mZ0ifxrJ mS oD&rd maomurif;trnfwiG f a&mxnfU
vdu
k o
f nf/ enf;jzifah omPESihf Ow&wko
Yd nf taomurif;Bu;D ESihf acwfNyKd ijf zpfav[ef
zefw;D onf/ okjhd zpf taomuacwftEd ,
d Ekid if &H dS ok0Pbrl u
d rkd rd Ed idk if rH S ok0Pbrl Ed iS hf
- 77 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
qufpyfay;onf/ okaYd qmif&u

G &f m tvGeo
f rd af rGY pGm y&d&m,fuo
kd ;kH xm;onf/ xked nf;jzifh
"rapwDrif;onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumjrifhNyD;? wpfcsdefpDoD;jcm;jzpfay:aecJhaomvlyk*dKvfrsm;?
ae&ma'orsm; ESihf tjzpftysurf sm;udk bmvduESiw
hf zkwku
Yd Ak'a cwftwGi;f jzpfav[ef?
aomPESihf Ow&wku
Yd taomuacwfjzpfav[ef? taMumif;tcsuEf pS rf sKd ;pvH;k wko
Yd nf
atmufjrefrmEkdifiHwGifjzpfav[eff qufpyfzefwD;cJhonf
[k pGypf x
JG m;aMumif;awG&Y onf/
if;uqufvuf ok0Pbrl ?d aomP-Ow&? oD&rd maomu? bmvduESihf wzk? a&Tw*d akH pwD?
&mrna'o paom taMumif;t&mtm;vHk;wkdYonf "rapwDaMumifh wpfckESifhwpfck qufpyfrdoGm;MuNyD;
Ak'a cwftEd ,
d rS rGejf rwfaomorkid ;f 0iftaMumif;csi;f &mwko
Yd nf atmufjrefrmEdik if \
H tpdyt
f ydik ;f rsm;jzpfMu
ukefawmhaMumif;? tquftpyforkdif;aMumif; tm;vHk;wkdYrSmvnf; jrefrmwkdY\ ok0Pblrdt,ltqudk
tajccHtw
k jf rpfcsay;aom 18-&mpkEpS rf eG &f mZ0ifrsm;wGif wpfzefjyefvnfxGuaf y:vmcJah Mumif; awG&Y onf[k
qkdxm;ygonf/
txufwiG af umufEw
k af zmfjyonfh rku
d u
f ,fatmifoiG \
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- 78 -
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Nakhon Pathom (3700 x 2000 metres)

(U- Thong) (1690 x 840 metres)
(Pong Tuk)
(Ku Bua) (200 x 800 metres)
(Lop buri)
(Muang Phra Rot) (1350 x 700 metres)
(Dong Si Mahosod)
(Sri Thep) 4.7 km2 )
(Ban Khu Muong) (650 x 750)
(Sab Champa) (834 x 700 metres)
(Lanphun) (Haripunchai)
xGe;f um;cJyh gonf/
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- 79 -
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- 80 -
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- 81 -
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- 83 -
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- 85 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
awGY Mu&m awmawmifyu

kH kd okyaf zmfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
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- 86 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
rif;csi;f wku
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- 87 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
yHo
k nf tjynfrh [kw?f wpfyikd ;f usKd ;aeonf/ useaf omtydik ;f udyk if ESpu
f efch x
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jyyGv
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- 88 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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ok 0 P bl rd
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awrd,Zmwf
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- 90 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ol\nmbufvufrmS aysmufq;kH ae\/ b,fbufvufarmif;udak uG;nTwv

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- 91 -
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Ydk vnf; rdrw
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t"dyg,fazmfcJhMujyefygonf/
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dk okyaf zmfyk <f uyHw
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momESirhf oufqidk af Mumif;? [dEL jA[P0gqidk &f m?
&mrm,eZmwfuGufrsm;jzpfEdkifaMumif; xifjrif,lqcJhygonf/ tm&f? pD? wify,furl aumfr&Sifemrif;BuD;
k abmwlpmG jzifh r[mAk'0 ifZmwfuu
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qmtif;I pde*hf Re;f \ t"dyg ,af zmfxw
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jzpfaMumif; twnfjyKvufcHcJhygonf/
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dk uGi;f qif;okawoe
tpD&ifcpH mudk rSjD irf;ud;k um;vsuf a'guw
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avsmif;ausmif;) *lb&k m;rS [dEL ewfyk rf sm;? ,cky*k H
jywkduf&Sd AdEdk;ewfrif;ausmufkyf<ursm;udk
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oa&acw&mNrKd aY [mif;rS AdEd;k ausmufqpfyk ?f
oD0ewfrif;ausmufqpfkyfudkawGY&SdrIudk vnf;
aumif;? oxHkNrdKYa[mif;rSvnf; AdEdk;ewfrif;
kyfwkrsm;awGY&SdrIwkdhaMumifhvnf;aumif; jrefrm
EkdifiHwGif [dELt,l0gonf Ak'0g'ESifhpifNydKif
xGe;f um;cJrh nf[,
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[dELewfkyfwkrsm;awGY&yHk udktaMumif;jyKum oxHkomoemonf ax&0g'ppfppfrjzpfEkdifaMumif; a0zef
axmufjycJhygonf/
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q;a';? y,f v D , d kESifh 0S w f w av
avwkdYu qufvuf
ud;k um; oxHrk mS [dEL jA[P0g' xGe;f um;cJah Mumif; t,lt
l qudx
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bk&m;pOfu
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- 92 -
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ok aw o e
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xnfo
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l vnf; cefrY eS ;f onf/ if;\pmtkyw
f iG f odMum;bk&m;\trnfukd
a&Tpm&HapwD[rk mS ;,Gi;f pGmazmfjycJyh gonf/ okjhd zifh a'guw
f ma&;onf aumfr&Sief mrif;Bu;D pde*hf Re;f \ tpD&ifcpH m
wGiw
f ifjyxm;aom odMum;bk&m;ky<f uyHrk sm;\ t"dyg ,u
f kd vH;k 0ypfy,fvu
kd Nf y;D rdrt
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cJhaMumif; awGY&ygonf/
a'guw
f med[m&rf*seaf &;\t,ltqrSm;,Gi;f aMumif;od&aom urn;f ausmufpm0efO;D jr onf (1932)
ckESpfwGif oxHkNrdKUudkuGif;qif;NyD; udk,fwkdifudk,fusppfaq;cJhygonf/ OD;jronf odMum;bk&m;kyf<uyHkrsm;rSm
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tpD&ifcw
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d ef rd w
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vol I, pp. 196-230) oMum;bk&m;teD;rSmyif a&Tpm&HapwDawmifbuf&dS uvsmPDor
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uGuf okyaf zmfyw
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avhvm awG&Y cdS \
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pmrsuEf mS 203-4 wGif 4if;Zmwfeyd gwaf wmfrsm; taMumif;tpD&ifcH azmfjyxm;cJyh gonf/ (U Mya, Pillers
with Kalyani Sima, Thaton, ASI, 1930-34, Part I, pp. 230-4).
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I uJjzwfcahJ om qH;k jzwfcsuo
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onfh t"dyg,f&SdjzpfaMumifhjzpfygonf/
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Ydk nf;&Sv
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Ak'a CmoESihf yd#uwfawmfrsm;qku
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Yd nf a'guw
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26 &ufpJG jzifh NAw
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1919-ckEpS af zaz:0g&v
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wkdYudkom pm&if;0iftaqmufttHkrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfonf/ xkdpm&if;udk 1960 jynfhESpfwGif? &efukef?
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MONUMENTS IN BURMA, 1960 (Reprint) ? (Rangoon, Supdt, Govt, Printing and Staty, Union
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of Burma) pm&if;pmtky
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'ifra&mif; tm;? oxHk a&S;a[mif;taqmuftODrsm;enf;yg;vGe;f onf[k qkcd jhJ cif;vnf;jzpfygonf/
atmufjrefrmEkid if H oxHak 'owGif [dEL jA[Pwk\
Yd &mrm,eZmwfawmf tpOftvmr&Scd ahJ Mumif;
t&Sifr[mAk'aCmoaqmif,lvmcJhaom t|uxmusrf;rsm;rS Zmwuusrf;xGuf r[medygwfawmfudkom
tpOftquf,MkH unf rSwo
f m;vmcJjh cif;omjzpfaMumif;? jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIe,fy,fwiG f ]&mrm,e}? ]r[mbm&w}
- 94 -
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paom [dELZmwfawmfrsm;twGuf ae&mr&SdcJhonfrSm a&S;tcguwnf;uyifjzpfaMumif; ygVdyg&*lq&mBuD;

OD;vlaz0if;u &Si;f vif;wifjyxm;ygonf/ (U Li Pe Win, Buddhaghosa and Burma, J.B.R.S. LVIII,
part I. October, 1975)
pde*hf Re;f onf oxHo

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- 95 -
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azmfcrf;rm;\ tpD&ifcpH m azmfjyaom(rEko[

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dS )
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jzpf\/ tpk;d &u cefx
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vnf;jzpfonf/
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The Early History and Geography of Birtish Burma Mission To Suvannabhumi) wGif bD;vif;e,f
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- 96 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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- 97 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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0if;u ukrm&apwD (jyKjyifNy;D yH)k

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- 98 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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awmifxyd &f adS uvmoapwDrmS ausmufpmxJygaom auvmoyAwapwDyifjzpf? rdrq

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t&ufonfr? a&T*Bl u;D (yJc;l ) wk&Yd adS pwDrsm;uJo
h aYdk jrrD;zkwt
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k cf syrf sm;jzifw
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"rapwDrif;vufxufwiG f auvmoapwDukd jyKjyifrrG ;f rHczhJ ;l aMumif; urn;f armfueG ;f ausmufpm (tjrifh
10ay? Asuf 3ayt&G,f ESpyf ikd ;f usKd ;yJah eonf)udv
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dk /
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hJ / vlomG ;vrf;onf ajrnDajrjyefY
wpfae&mokYd a&SY IoGm;aeonf/ xkad jrjyefaY e&mrSm wpfcsed w
f pfcgu ]auvmo0d[m&} ausmif;awmfBu;D
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ausmif;awmfBu;D uJo
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l mjcif;ESihf
qufpyfr&I adS Mumif;? if;tjyifreG w
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hJ nf[k tqk&d adS Mumif; tpD&ifcpH m
wifjyxm;ygonf/ taMumif;t&m rsm;ESiyhf wfouf r[m0Housr;f pmrsuEf mS 172 wGif
ol&d,*kawm r[maxa&m
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qE0wdo[ed bduL
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Ekid if &H yfjcm;rS oHCmawmfrsm;udk (ausmif;uke)f yifzh w
d o
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ausmif;ae&mudk ,cktcsed t
f xd&mS rawGcY &hJ ao;aMumif;? if;oD[Vdk &f mZ0ifrS auvmo0d[m& ausmif;awmfBu;D
ae&mrSm ,ckawGY jrif&aom auvmoawmifay:rS ausmif;awmfBu;D yifjzpfrnf[k rdr,
d q
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xm;ygonf/
auvmo0d[m&ausmif;awmfBu;D ae&mrS a&mufonft
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qDoYdk qufvufqif;oGm;Ny;D awmifajc&if;&St
d ,ufonfr&GmESihf uif;&Gmwkt
Yd Mum; (0if;u&Gm)okYd qdu
k af &muf
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k ydk gonf/ xkad e&mwGif awmifwef;onftv,fA[kad wmifxw
G rf S wjznf;jznf;edrq
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qHk;awmifpG,fESpfckuGJoGm;um ajrjyefYokdYqif;onf/ if;taemufbuf awmifajcwpfavsmuf&Sd t,ufo
r&GmESihf if;teD;uif;&Gmwkrhd mS ,cifuwku
d u
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yifv,furf;ajconf taemufoYdk 12 rkid cf efh tuGm tvSr;f a0;aeao;aomfvnf; 16 &mpkEpS Ef iS hf 17
&mpkESpf rsm;uta&;ygaom yifv,fqdyfurf;wpfae&mjzpfcJhaMumif; odomxif&Sm;onf[kvnf;qdkygonf/
azmfcrf;rm;onf auvmoawmifajcrSif;awGYcJh&aom ok0PblrdNrdKYa[mif;ae&m\ jrifuGif;udk
okdYqufvuf azmfjyygonf/
awmifwef;\ta&Sb
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Yd iG f tBu;D tus,,
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f pD;rsm;ESihf zH;k vTr;f aevsu&f \
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f pD;rsm;onf awmifajc&if;txd
- 99 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
auvmoawmif aumif;uif"mwfykH
a&mufygonf/ xkdYtjyiftaemufESifh ta&SUawmifajcrS t,ufonfr&Gm\ aemufaMumESifh

uif;&Gmra&mufrv
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odraf usmufpm azmfjyxm;aom) a*gVrwu
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k ifjyxm;\/ if;wkrYd mS
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ta0;wGi&f adS om wpfcguyifv,fqyd u
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- 100 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHNk rKd EY iS yhf wfouf azmfcrf;rm;u oxHEk iS 4hf if;teD;0ef;usirf aS wG&Y aom a&S;NrKd aY [mif; tysut
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Y xdom a&S;usEidk af Mumif;?
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aMumif;? oxHkwGifawGY&aom yp,mqifhrsm;rsm;ESifh apwDrsm;? AdEkd;ewfkyfwkyHk? jA[m? AdEdk;ESifh
f Ek iS hf oxHak usmufpmrsm;rS tu&mta&;tom;
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wko
Yd nf tdE,
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Y Of aus;rIjzpfaMumif; azmfjyvsu&f adS Mumif;? pmaytu&m ta&;tom;
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onf 4-&mpkESpfAif*D (Vengi) a'orSqif;oufvm[efwlaMumif;? xkdYaMumifh oxHkudktdEd,,Ofaus;rI
a&mufvmonfrSm tjcm;aoma'opGJwpfckckrSjzpfEkdifaMumif;? tdEd,awmifydkif;ta&SUbufurf;ajc&Sd(uvd*F)
pmvkusrif;quf (Kalinga Clukya dynashy) wkYd tkypf ;dk &ma'ojzpfz,
G &f adS Mumif;? odaYk omfoxHt
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azmfcrf;rm;onf wdkufukvm;ac:a*gVrwdue*&NrdKYonf ,cktdEd,EkdifiHb*Fvm;e,f tv,f
A[kcd su0f if* (Wanga) rS Mo&djynfe,fpyftxdjzefu
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- 101 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
auvmoawmifay:apwD yp,mrS rEk[

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awmfped cf \
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dk cf o
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tcg zm;uyfteD;rS ausmufvP
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S pfqifh 'DZifbmv(28 )&ufaeYwiG f
oxHkNrdKYodkY qdkufa&mufcJhonf/
- 102 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHek ef;awmfuek ;f udk OD;pGmppfaq;onft

h cg NAw
d o
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k pkd wifxal wmifonfh (25)
jynfh aiG&wktxdr;f trSwf a&yef; (Jubilee Memorial Fountain) udk eef;awmfuek ;f ay: wnfxm;onfukd
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a&Tusio
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onf/ kyyf rkH sm;wGif oH;k cGredS ;f (Bwo
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Ykd oGif
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cdik 0f ef;kH odaYk &mufomG ;aomtcg &efuek Nf rKd zY ,f&mjywku
d o
f Ykd ydahk y;&efjyifqifaeaom ausmufqpfyk <f u
oH;k csyu
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k pf m;jyKxm;onfh kyw
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awmifbufu oxHNk rKd b
Y ;kd bk;d Bu;D ewfpifoaYkd &mufomG ;Ny;D awmfped cf \
kd oxHNk rKd aY vhvma&;c&D; Ny;D qH;k oGm;cJyh gonf/
oxHkNrdKYa[mif;rS awGY&aom ydEdk;ewfrif;udk,fpm;jyK ausmufqpfkyfwkrsm;
- 103 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHkNrdKYa[mif;rS awGY&aom ydEdk;ewfrif;udk,fpm;jyK ausmufqpfkyfwk
'DZifbmv (31) &ufaeYwiG f bD;vif;NrKd rY S 8 rdik cf eft

Y uGm&Sd uked mHak wmifay:oYkd rpawmfped cf dk
oGm;a&mufc\
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f iG f ausmufoydww
f pfv;kH udk OD;wku
d v
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t&Siaf omPESihf Ow&ud,
k af wmfyk w
f Ek pS cf u
k akd wGo
Y nf/ ausmufoydwaf wmfrmS qHawmfux
kd nfo
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xm;onf[kod&onfqdk\/ kyfwkawmfwdkYywfvnfwGif &[Emkyfwkrsm;udk 0ef;&Hvsufxm;&m wkwfwkwf
cdkifckdifjynfhNzdK;aom udk,fawmfrsm;jzpfonf/ ESmzl;us,fNyD; rdkYarmufaeonf/ ESmacgif;awmfBuD;&Snfonf?
EIwcf rf;xlonf[q
k \
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h hkd rEk[
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kyw
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k ykd gonf/ kyw
f rk sm;rSm uvsmPDausmufpmwGif azmfjyxm;aom vlom;pm;bDv;l
wdkYudk ajcmufvSefYarmif;ESifxkwfcJhonfh vlwpfydkif;jcaoFhwpfydkif;kyfwkrsm;yifjzpfEkdifaMumif;tpD&ifcHcJhonf/
ZE0g&D (1) &ufaeYwiG f bD;vif;rS (6) rkid t
f uGm&Sd Zkwo
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k Bf u;D rsm;jzifw
h nfxm; kyw
f ak wmfrsm;? ausmufx;D ? ausmufoydw?f paom
vSLzG,f0wKrsm;udkvnf; *0Hausmufjzifhom vuf&majrmufpGmxkqpfxm;onf/ 4if;apwDteD;rSmyif
*0Hausmufjym;Bu;D rsm;udk azmif;<ukyx
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Y &Snaf jrNrKd U ;kd uyfpx
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12 aycef&Y o
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Yk kd qifwyfjrif;wyf[ak c:Muonf/ tkyrf sm;rSm jcaoFEh iS q
hf ifyw
kH jhkd zpfMu if;wkYd
tMum;wGif ewfyk rf sm;udk tuefjh cm;xm;onf[q
k ydk gonf/
ZE0g&v
D (2) &ufaeYwiG f rpwmawmfped cf o
kd nf auvmoawmifay:apwDoaYkd &mufc\
hJ / auvmo
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xm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ &ifjyifwiG f "rapwDrif;\ ausmufpmESpcf syaf wG&Y onf/ yifv,fbufoYkd rsuEf mS rlvsux
f m;aom
rEkD[kyfwkudkvnf; &ifjyifaxmifhae&m awGY&onf[kqdk\/
- 104 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
xdak eYrmS yif av;rdik cf &D;cef&h o

dS nfh t,ufonfr&GmodYk a&mufomG ;cJo
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tpD&ifcpH mxJwiG f azmfjyxm;onft
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onfr&GmrS ausmufpmwpfcsyu
f kd &efuek Nf rKd zY ,f,mjywku
d o
f Ykd vGecf ahJ om(8)ESpcf efu
h a&TaY jymif;cJNh y;D jzpfaMumif;
od&onf[q
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l vnf;
rpwmawmfped cf u
kd tpD&ifcx
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rpwmawmfped cf o
kd nf ZE0g&v
D (3) &ufaeUnaeydik ;f wGif yJc;l oku
Yd ;l oGm;Ny;D ZE0g&v
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Yk kd OD;pGmoGm; ausmufpmcsyrf sm;
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avhvmonft
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cJMh uonf/ NrKd Y ;kd ESpx
f yfEiS hf usK;H wdu
Yk v
kd nf; tajctaeaumif;pGmjzifh jrif&onf[q
k ydk gonf/
awmfped cf o
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k ;kH udk NcKH io
kH ;kH oyfonft
h cg awG&Y &dS aom ausmufpmcsyf
rsm;udk a&S;a[mif;okawoewefz;kd Bu;D rm;onft
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k o
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xm;\/ aypmtaxmuftxm;tvGe&f mS ;yg;aMumif;? a&S;a[mif;bmoma&;taqmufttHrk sm;udk jyefvnfrrG ;f rH
xm; acwfopfypkH aH yguaf eaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ tdE,
d Edik if aH jrmufyikd ;f &Sd apwDrsm;ESi*hf o
l csKi ;f rsm;uJo
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taqmufttHw
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f rf;wifxm;aom ausmufpm?
urnf;pm ponfwdkYudkvnf; rdrdrawGYcJh&aMumif; tpD&ifcHxm;\/ uJhodkY a&S;a[mif;taxmuftxm;
rsK;d udk &mrna'orSma&m? jrefrmbk&ifrsm; (oxHu
k )kd atmifEikd Nf y;D o,f,o
l mG ;onfqakd om yk*rH mS a&m rdrd
rawGY&bl;ojzifh aomPESifhOw&wkdY? wwd,o*Fg,emwifyGJtNyD;wGif omoemjyK&ef<ua&mufvmcJhonf
qdak om r[m0Housr;f ESit
hf jcm;Ak'b
momusr;f rsm;rS tqdt
k rderYf sm;tay: rdro
d o
H ,jzpfryd gaMumif; tpD&ifcH
wifjyxm;ygonf/
azmfcrf;rm;\c&D;pOf (1881-ckEpS )f ESihf awmfped cf ckd &D; (1891-92 ckEpS )f wdo
Yk nf NAw
d o
d Quv
kd ekd D
tpk;d &vufxuf atmufjrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ok0Pbrl u
d kd jrefrmEdik if u
H rn;f ausmufpmXme (a&S;a[mif;okawoe
Xme) taejzifh Xmeqdik &f mwm0eft& yxrqH;k BuKd ;yrf;&SmazGjcif;tjzpf rSww
f rf;wif&ygrnf/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a&S;a[mif;okawoevkyfief;udk pepfwuspwifzGJYvkyfudkifonfh xdktcsdefup
ok0Pblrdokawoevkyfief; udkvnf; pwifcJhNyD[kqdk&rnf/ xdkynm&SifESpfOD;wdkYonf bD;vif;NrdKYe,f?
auvmoawmifajc&Sd wkdufukvm; NrdKYa[mif;udk ok0PblrdNrdKYawmfa[mif;ae&mtjzpf wpfnDwpfnm
wnf;owfrSwfcJhaMumif;udkvnf; awGY&\/ oxHk (ok"ry&l ) NrKd u
Y rkd l aomPESihf Ow&udk <ua&muf
vmcJah omumv (bDpD 307 ckEpS )f xufaemufusNy;D wnfaomNrKd t
Y jzpf owfrw
S cf MhJ uyH&k ydS gonf/ odjhk zifh
atmufjrefrmEdik if rH S ok0Pbrl d okawoevkyif ef;rSm tpaumif;cJo
h nf[k qdEk ikd af yonf/ odaYk omf aemufxyf
ESpfaygif;(20)rQMumonftxd rnfonfUa&S;a[mif;okawoet&m&SdwpfOD;wpfavrQ atmufjrefrmEdkifiHo
xHka'oodkY ajcOD;rvSnfUEdkifcJhMuay/
- 105 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
Zkwfokwf&Gm qifwyf?jrif;wyfwHwdkif; awmifrSajrmufodkh jrif;uGif; ( 80Hausmufqpfkyfwkrsm; )
rpwmawmfped cf o
kd nf azmfcsr;f rm;vufxufu pkaqmif;xm;cJah om ausmufpmrifu;l rsm;udk zwf&I
wnf;jzwfNy;D yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0a&;vkyif ef;rsm;ESiv
hf ;kH yrf;ae&\/ olx
Y w
H iG f tpd;k &ynma&;vkyif ef;? bmomjyefvyk if ef;
paom a&S;a[mif;okawoeESihf rqkid o
f nfw
U m0efrsm;vnf;&Sad o;\/ tawmtwGi;f 1901 ckEpS w
f iG f
tdE,
d r[mrif;Bu;D avmhumZGef (Lord Curzon) jrefrmjynfoYkd a&muf&v
dS mcJNh y;D rEav;rif;aejynfawmfukd
jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f &efwm0efay;onf/ 1905 ckEpS w
f iG f rEav;jywku
d u
f kd zGiv
hf pS Ef ifkd cf \
hJ / 1906 ckEpS f yk*NH rKd aY [mif;
yxrOD;pGmwl;azmfoak woevkyif ef;udk pwifaqmif&u
G &f \/ xdEk pS f pufwifbmwGif OD;jronfxed ;f odr;f a&;
tif*sifeD,mtjzpf wm0efpwifxrf;aqmifcJhojzifh awmfpdefcdktwGuf vufaxmufaumif;wpfa,mufwdk;
vmcJo
h nf/ 1907 ckEpS w
f iG f jyifopfvrl sK;d a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&Sif Adv
k cf sKyv
f ,
D eG 'f ND AaJ v (General
d cf Edk iS t
hf wl oa&acw&marSmZf m&GmwGif prf;oyfw;l azmfjcif; vkyif ef;udk
Leon dc Beyloc) a&mufvmcJNh y;D awmfpe
pwifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ arSmfZmausmufumodrfjywdkufudk xdkESpfrSmyif pwifxlaxmifcJhygonf/ xdkESpf
azazmf0g&v
D wGif awmfped cf o
kd nf tdE,
d Edik if aH &S;a[mif;okawoeXmeu wl;azmfoak woejyKvyk v
f su&f adS om
tdE,
d ajrmufyikd ;f wl;azmfrv
I yk if ef;rsm;ESihf jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk oGm;a&mufavhvmonf/ OD;jruvnf;
tdE,
d Edik if q
H m&fewf (Sarnath) (rd*'g0ek ?f Am&mPoD) wl;azmfrv
I yk if ef;rsm;udk oGm;a&mufavhvmqnf;
yl;cGifh&cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf 1910 ckESpfa&mufonfhtcg oa&acw&m? arSmfZm&GmwGif wl;azmfokawoe
vkyif ef;rsm; xyfraH qmif&u
G cf yhJ gonf/ (Than Tun, 1981, pp. 25-26)
awmfpdefcdkonf oa&acw&m (jynf) NrdKUa[mif;wGif 1910-11 ckESpf ajcmufaoGY&moDtwGif;
wl;azmfrIvkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufonfhtcg xl;xl;jcm;jcm;okawoe&vm'fwpfck &&SdcJhygonf/ 1911 ckESpf
Zefe0g&v
D twGi;f abmabmBu;D bk&m;ywf0ef;usiu
f kd &Si;f vif;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u
G cf phJ Of tvsm; 6
1
vu ESihf teH 3 ^2 vufrt&G,f ausmufjym;wpfcsyaf wG&Y \/ ,if;ausmufjym;rsm;wGif urn;f pmta&;
tom; yg&\
dS /
- 106 -
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if;urn;f pmESpcf syu

f kd rifu;l jyifopfEikd if yH &J pfNrKd &U dS ynm&SizdfzdaemhxaH y;yd
Yk zwfaUI vhvmaponfh
tcg ygVb
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sr;f pmaumufEw
k cf sujf zpfaMumif;? vufa&;rSmtvGeaf &S;usNy;D 5 &mpkEpS ?f
u'rvufa&;vufom;jzpfaMumif; jyefvnfajymMum;cJyh gonf/ xdAk 'k u
sr;f pmaumufEw
k cf surf mS ]zyp,m
a0'em} tpcsDonfh *gxmawmfwpfykd'fjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;od&\/ atmufjrefrmEdkifiHwGif ygVdbmomudk
oH;k pGaJ eonft
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kd nf ta&SaY wmiftm&SuRe;f qG,Bf u;D rS tjcm;a'owdw
Yk iG f
r[m,meAk'b
momESihf ouwbmompmayrsm;xGe;f um;aecsed w
f iG f atmufjrefrmEdik if H ygVb
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xGe;f um;aMumif; taxmuftxm;udak wG&Y ojzifh rsm;pGmpdw0f ifpm;cJah yonf/ ygVyd #d uwfawmfrsm;udk ausmufjym;?
aMu;jym;ponfwdkYtay:wGif a&;xdk;NyD; apwDrsm;wnfxm;&m Xmyemxnfhonfh "avh&SdaMumif;udkvnf;
odciG &hf cJ\
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f sr;f ? 0denf;usr;f ESihf tbd"rmusr;f pmwdt
Yk euf ausmufjym;usK;d ESpyf ikd ;f wGif ygaompmonf
0denf;yd#uwfawmfr[m0*usrf;rS aumufEkwfcsufyifjzpfonf/
f w
k f
if;wl;azmfru
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cGub
f &k m;wpfqu
l v
kd nf; &&Scd yhJ gonf/ if;aemufaMumbufwiG f ta&;tom;yg&\
dS / (Taw Sein Ko, 1914,
f mAvuf'if (Blagdon) tm;ay;yd
hk zwfaI ponft
h cg c&pfEpS f 5 &mpkEiS hf 6
Fig. 21) if;pmudk a'guw
&mpkESpfvufa&;jzihf ysLpmjzpfaMumif;od&onf/ odkhjzpf awmfpdefcdktaejzifh jrefrmhordkif;udk c&pfESpf 6
&mpktxd a&So
Y w
Ykd ;kd twnfjyKay;Edifk cf ahJ omaMumifh rsm;pGmauseyfomG ;cJah vonf (Taw Sein Ko, 1914,
p. 93)/
jyifopfvrl sK;d ynm&Sif csm;vfp'f l KdG iZf ,f (Charles Duroiselle) 1? Mo*kw?f 1912 wGif a&S;a[mif;
okawoetprf;cef0Y efxrf;wpfO;D jzpfvm\/ 1914 ckEpS f ZE0g&v
D wGif vufaxmufurn;f ausmufpm0ef
&mxl;udk 'lKdG iZf ,fvufc&H &So
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urn;f ausmifpmXmewm0efcjH zpfvmcJo
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bmom ygarmuwm0efuv
kd nf; yl;wGx
J rf;aqmif&\/ 1925 -26 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f 'lKdG iZf ,fonf oa&acw&m
arSmZf m&GmwGif wl;azmfrrI sm;aqmif&u
G &f onf/ xdEk pS rf mS yif yk*aH rmifcsppf uke;f udk wl;azmfygonf/ odjYk zifh
1931 ckEpS w
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f pfavrQ ra&muf&cdS hJ
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l rf;aqmifc&hJ onf/
- 107 -
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OD;jr\ ok0Pbrl cd &D;pOf

OD;jronf urnf;ausmufpm0efjzpfvmNyD;aemuf 1933-34 ckESpfwGif oxHka'oNrdKUa[mif;udk
(Exploration) uGif;qif;NyD; oxHkrSa&S;a[mif;rGefausmufpmrsm;udk pkaqmif;ygonf/ pkpkaygif;ausmufpm
(7) csyaf wG&Y onf[q
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kd x
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Yd Mkd unfNh y;D c&pfEpS f 11 &mpk? 12 &mpkEpS f vufa&;jzpfrnf[k OD;jru
cefrh eS ;f onf (Mya, 1930-34, Plate, XII. a)/
'kwd,ausmufpmwkdifonf wpfwef;wnf;wnfaeNyD; tjrifhay 5 ay? 3 vufr&Sdonf/
ausmufpmaMumif;a&rsm;pGmyg&Sdaomfvnf; tu&mrsm;tvGefarS;rSdefvGef;onf/ xdkausmufpmxdyf ydkif;wGif
oH;k axmifyh akH cgi;f pD;ae&m Mumyvix
f ufxikd af eawmfral om Ak' yk yf mG ;awmfo;kH qlwu
Ukd kd xGi;f xkxm;ygonf
(Mya, 1930-37, Plate, XII. b)/ vufa&;pmvH;k wd\
Yk yHpk t
H & 4if;ausmufpm rSmvnf; c&pf 11-12 &mpkavmuf
yifjzpfrnf[kcefYrSef;onf/
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pwkwa usmufpmwkid u
f kd ta&Sw
U efaqmif;&Sd acgi;f avmif;Bu;D teD;rS awG&Y onf/ ,if;ausmufcsyrf mS
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S
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jzpfygonf/ ausmufw;kH rSmvnf; rsm;pGmysupf ;D aeNyD [kqykd gonf/
owrausmufpmonf tydik ;f usK;d i,frQomjzpf pmudv
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- 109 -
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OD;jronf oxHo
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kd q
k pf r[medrw
d f
awmfZmwfuGufrsm; xkqpfxm;onfhausmufwdkifrsm;yif jzpfMuygonf}
]axmifw
h pfae&mwGif r[mZeuZmwfawmfvm Zmwfuu
G w
f pfc&k \
dS / r[mZeu rif;om;onf
yifv,fjyifxufoabmFysuo
f nfEiS hf BuKH awG&Y \/ rPdarcvm ewforD;u avxJys0H v
J suf
rif;om;\txufrS pum;ajymae[efukd xkqpfxm;ygonf/
- 110 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
]aemuferd w
d w
f ikd w
f pfwikd rf mS usK;d yJah e\/ odaYk omfo0k Pomru rsurf jrifrb
d ESpyf g;'kuv
k mESihf
ygvu
d mwdu
Yk v
kd rf;jyay;aeaom omrZmwfuu
G w
f pfcjk zpf\/(Mya, 1930-34, Plate- XVI. a)}
]aerdZmwfawmfrS aerdrif;tm; i&Jjynfujkd yaom Zmwfuu
G u
f o
kd rd \
f axmifw
h pfae&m awGEY ikd yf g
onf/ odMum;rif;\&xm;xde;f rmwvdarmif;ESiaf om &xm;ay:wiG f aerdrif;xdik v
f suaf eonf/
(Mya, 1930-34, Plate-XVI. b)}
]if;odrfwkdifteD;rSmyif tjcm;odrfwdkifwpfck ra[mfo"m\Muif,mawmf rdef;rvdrmtr&m
a'0Donf cifyeG ;f onfxu
G af jy;& td;k xde;f onfxaH &mufaecdu
k ?f trwfBu;D av;yg;udk arsmufjzL
toGif0wfqifapNyD; bk&ifBuD;xHqufoaeyHkZmwfuGufudk awGYEdkifygonf/
(Mya, 1930-34, Plate-XVI. c)}
]0d'&l Zmwfuu
G rf sm;udk odref rd w
d w
f idk Ef pS cf w
k w
Ykd iG f okyaf zmfxm;\/ wkid w
f pfwikd (f usK;d yJah e)wGif
rif;av;yg;a&uefab;xdkifvsuf wpfOD;udkwpfOD;csD;rGrf;pum;ajymqdkaeMu\/
(Mya, 1930-34, Plate-XVV. c)}
]aemufwpfwikd w
f iG f "e&mrif;Bu;D udk ykPu
bDv;l u a<utHupm;&efped af c:aeyH&k \
dS / bk&ifBu;D u
cH;k atmufwiG f yviaf y:xifkd v
f suaf eonf/ ykPb
v
D ;l u ol\a&SaY rSmufwiG f vli,fwpfa,muf
toGijf zifh &yfwnfaeonf/ (Mya, 1930-34, Plate-XVI. t)}
]ESpfydkif;usKd;yJhaeaom aemufxyfedrdwfwkdifwpfwkdifwGif a0oE&mZmwfudkokyfazmf onf/
Zmwfuu
G u
f kd ESpu
f efch x
JG m;\/ txuftuefw
Y iG f a0oE&mrif;Bu;D u qifjzLawmfay;onfh
tcef;jzpfonf/ ausmufwidk w
f pfyikd ;f usK;d yJah eaomfvnf; Zmwf0ifcef;yHyk surf oGm;ay/ atmufyikd ;f
twef;wGif vlyk yf akH v;ck wpfwef;&yfvsuaf eonf/ olwq
Ykd yH ifukd acgi;f taemufbufwiG f
qHx;kH Bu;D Bu;D xH;k zGx
YJ m;Mu\/ t0wftpm;rSm &Sm;yg;pGm vDeifxnfwpfcw
k nf;om 0wfqifxm;
Mu\/ olw\
Ykd ESmacgi;f rsm;onf &Snv
f sm;xdyzf sm;cReo
f nf/ vufarmif;rsm;auG;Twv
f suaf &So
Y Ykd
qefx
Y w
k x
f m;Mu\/ nmbufraS &Sq
Y ;kH vlonf a0oE&mrif;Bu;D udk wdik ;f jynfrES iS x
f w
k Nf y;D [dr0EmodYk
roGm;rD aemufq;kH taejzifh vufaqmifuakd y;quf&eftcGirhf &onfh jrifuiG ;f yifjzpfonf/
(Mya, 1930-34, Plate-XVI. g)}
aemufausmufwpfwidk rf mS vnf; atmufwpfyikd ;f omuseo
f nf/ xdyk w
kH iG f opfyif\yifpnfyikd ;f udjk y
xm;\/ wpfpyd w
f pfyikd ;f ysupf ;D aeaom vlyu
kH opfyif\wpfzufwiG f &yfvsuaf eonf/ ol\toGirf mS
(wpfpw
kH pfwa,muftm;) ajcmufveS aYf eyH&k o
dS nf/ aemufvw
l pfa,muf\vufwiG f av;udu
k ikd pf JG
vsuf txufqDodkYcsdef&G,fxm;onf/
yHo
k nf a0oE&mZmwfrS aemufxyfZmwfuu
G w
f pfuu
G u
f kd yHak zmfxm;onf/ a0oE&mESihf
ZeD;? om;orD;rsm; [dr0EmodaYk &muf&o
dS mG ;onft
h cg awmvdu
k rf q
k ;kd u opfawm\t0rSae
apmifhMuyfay;ygonf/ wpfaeYwGif ykPm;BuD;ZlZumonf rif;om;udk&Sm&ef xGufvmNyD;awm
tkyo
f aYkd &mufonf/ rkq;kd \acG;u olt
Y m;jrifomG ;Ny;D opfyifay:ow
Ykd ufajy;&\/ ol\atmfoaH Mumifh
rkqdk;a&mufvmonf/ rkqdk;onf ykPm;u r'Da'0Dtm;awmif;rSmvm;? uav;rsm;udkawmif;
rSmvm;[k oHo,pdwf&SdvmNyD; av;udkqGJykPm;udkypfcwfajcmufvSefY&ef jyifaeyHkjzpfonf/
- 111 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
(Mya, 1930-34, Plate-XVI. d) yHw

k iG f
acG;kyu
f rkd jrif&ay/ xdt
Yk jyif txufyikd ;f usK;d yJah e?
aysmufq;kH aeojzifh opfyiftxufyikd ;f ESihf ykPm ;Bu;D ZlZumwdYk kyyf u
kH v
kd nf;rjrifEikd af wmhay/
OD;jronf ausmufqpfyk <f u odref rd w
d w
f ikd rf sm;\&ufpu
JG kd c&pf 12 &mpk-13 &mpkEpS f avmufu
vuf&mjzpfrnf[kcefYrSef;xm;jyef\/ xdkodkYcefYrSef;&jcif;taMumif;rSm odrfedrdwfwdkif wpfwdkifwGif&Sdaom
ausmufpmwkid rf S ausmufpmvufa&;udMk unf
h tuJjzwf&aMumif;azmfjyrnf/ (Maung Mya, Explorationd f (oxH)k
Burma, ASI, 1930-34, Part one, Delhi, Manager of Publication, 1936, p. 204) uvsmPDor
edrw
d w
f ikd rf sm;rS r[medygwaf wmfZmwfuu
G "f gwyf rkH sm;udk (Luce, Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma, Languages
Yk iS hf Volume II, Plate-93, a, b, c, d,; Plate-94, a,
and History, Volume I, Catalogue of Plates-93, 94 wdE
Yk iG f yI g/
b, c, d) wdw
OD;jr\ 1933-34 ckEpS f oxHo
k ak woe c&D;pOfwiG f odMum;bk&m;pOfu
h iG ;f ESihf uvsmPD odrf ef rd w
d w
f ikd rf S
okyfazmfyHkrsm;onf r[medygwfawmfZmwfuGufrsm;jzpfaMumif; avhvmtuJjzwfcsufrSefuefaMumif;udk
ygarmu*sDtdyfcsf-vkpfu tjynfht0axmufcHonf/ ol\ (Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma; Volume I)
pmtky?f pmrsuEf mS 171 (Plate. 92. a) wGif odMum;bk&m;rS a0oE&mZmwu ( ykPm ;rsm;qifjzLpD;vsuaf epOf
NrKd o
U m;wdu
Yk cJEiS yhf pfayguyf )kH Zmwf0ifcef;udk azmfjyvsuf
]OD;jronf jrefrmwd\
Yk tawmfq;kH ynm&Siw
f pfO;D yifjzpf\/ olonftjiif;yGm;bG,f jzpfaeonfh
odMum;bk&m;pOfu
h iG ;f rsm;udk Ak'b
momESio
hf m oufqikd af Mumif; oufao xlvsut
f qH;k tjzwfay;
cJhayonf/}}
(It was the late U Mya one of the Burmas finest scholar who first in the face of
general contradiction, proved conclusively that all the plates are Buddhist illustrations
of the Mahnipta Jatka, perhaps the oldest in Burma)
cs;D usL;axmyemjyKcahJ yonf/ ygarmuvpk \

f azmfjycsuw
f iG f oxHo
k Md um;bk&m;ajrrD;zkwf yk <f ucsyrf sm;onf
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f tapmqH;k vuf&m jzpfaumif;jzpfEidk af yonf[k rSwcf suu
f v
kd nf; ay;xm;cJah yonf/ od&Yk mwGif
OD;jru cefrY eS ;f ay;xm;aom c&pfEpS f 11-12 &mpkEpS &f ufpu
JG rkd l rnforYkd Qa0zefaxmufjyjcif;rjyKcahJ y/
oxHk&ufpGJESifhywfouf OD;jru uJhodkYaemufydkif;ususcefYrSef;&jcif;rSmawGY&Sd&aom a&S;a[mif;
urn;f pm\vufa&;? tu&myHo
k @meft& qH;k jzwf&jcif;rSeaf omfvnf; odMum; bk&m;ESiw
hf uG yd#uwfwu
kd f
apwDpaom taqmufttHrk sm;onf t&Sirf [mAk'a Cmoacwfavmuftxd a&S;usEikd o
f nf[ck efrY eS ;f &aMumif;
aumfrpf&iS ef mrif;Bu;D pde*Yf Re;f \ t,ltqESirhf sm;pGm uGm[vsu&f adS Mumif;awG&Y \/ pde*hf Re;f onf odMum;bk&m;\
yHpk u
H Mkd unf
h oD[Vkd yf pkH rH sK;d jzpfjcif;? Ak'0 ifZmwuZmwfvrf;rSm &Sirf [mAk'a Cmo\ t|uxmusr;f zGiq
hf kd
xm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfjcif;? ygVyd #d uwfawmfrsm; a&muf&v
dS mcJph Ofu a&Tpm&Hb&k m;teD;rSmyif
yd#uwfwkdufawmfudkwnfxm;cJhaMumif; tpOftvm&SdcJhjhcif;wdkYudkaxmuf if;kyf<uyHkrsm;\ oufwrf;rSm
ESpaf ygi;f (1380) cefY (1860 ckEpS u
f a&wGuyf )kH &SNd y[
D k cefrY eS ;f xm;cJo
h nf/ if;cefrY eS ;f &ufprJG mS Ak'a Cmo
oxHo
k Ykd a&mufaom omoemESpf (960)? c&pfEpS f 416 ckEpS u
f kd rlwnfxm;aom cefrh eS ;f &ufpyJG ifjzpfygonf/
tpOftvmt& odrw
S x
f m;onft
h csed u
f mvESihf acwfopfoyd eH nf;usp;l prf;avhvm od&aomtcsed u
f mvwdYk
uGm[csuBf u;D rm;aeyHu
k kd awG&Y jcif;yifjzpfygonf/ Ak'a Cmo\ Zmwu0wKZmwfvrf;rsm;oxHo
k Ykd a&mufvm
cJjh cif;aMumifo
h m uJo
h AYkd 'k 0 ifZmwfuu
G rf sm;udk okyaf zmfjyKvyk cf MhJ ujcif;jzpfaMumif;udrk l tjiif;yGm;bG,rf &Sad y/
- 112 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
odkYaomf OD;jrwDxGifay;vdkufaom odMum;bk&m;ajrrD;zkwfkyf<ucsyfrsm; (Terracotta Plaques)

&ufpaJG Mumifyh iftjiif;yGm;bG,f orkid ;f jyemwpf&yfay:c&hJ jcif;jzpfonf/ OD;jr\ if;&ufpu
JG kd OD;atmifaomf
uvnf; if;\jrefrmEdik if o
H rdik ;f 0ifNrKd aY [mif;rsm; (Historical Sites in Burma) pmtkyw
f iG f xyfru
H ;kd um;
azmfjycJyh gonf/ if;&ufpaJG zmfjycsuu
f kd rdu
k u
f ,fatmifoiG u
f xyfqifu
h ;kd um;Ny;D oxHrk &Sad Mumif; oufaoxlchJ
ygonf/ rdu
fk u
f ,fatmifoiG \
f qifajcrSm odjhk zpf\/
ygarmuvkpfonf atmufjrefrmEdkifiHrGefwdkYu yk*HAdokumtEkynmwdk;wuf jzpfay:vm atmif
pGrf;aqmifay;cJhonf[k a&;om;wifjycsufwpf&yf&SdcJhygonf/ xdktcsufudk rdkufu,fatmif oGifu
y,fcsypf&efBuKd ;yrf;ygonf/ 4if;u ]ay:px&uf*si}f (Paul Strachan) \ yk*HtaMumif; pmtkypf mrsuEf mS
41-42 udk ud;k um; ]oxHw
k iG f *lb&k m;Adou
k mvuf&mwpfcrk Q oufaojyp&mr&S}d aMumif; (.. at Thaton,
k ;kd um;Ny;D
not a single example of early temple architecture [of Burma] is to be found) pmom;udu
jiif;qdo
k nf (Aung Thwin, 2005, p. 215, Note. 53)/ xdt
Yk jyif ygarmuvpk w
f ifjycJah om oxHNk rKd aY [mif;
tjyifbuf (trSerf mS NrKd aY [mif;twGi;f om&So
d nf)&Sd jrode;f wefapwD (odMum;bk&m;)rS Zmwfawmfyk <f uyHrk sm;
(Terracota Plaques) udk OD;atmifaomfu c&pfEp
S f 11-12 &mpkEpS f &ufpu
JG o
kd m cefrY eS ;f aMumif;wifjycJh
ayonf/ if;u &ufpo
JG nf taemf&xmoxHu
k kd wku
d cf u
dk o
f rd ;f ,lonfqakd om c&pfEpS f 11 &mpkEpS x
f uf
aemufusaeaMumif;? tu,f taemf&xmuom oxHu
k w
kd u
dk cf u
dk cf jhJ cif;rSev
f Qif ky<f ucsyrf sm;\&ufprJG mS
,ckxufy
kd apm&rnfjzpfaMumif;? odaYk omf 0g&ifah &S;a[mif;okawoe ynm&Sif (OD;atmifaomf) u c&pfEpS f
11-12 &mpkESpf&ufpGJudkom cefYrSef;xm;aMumif; jiif;csufxkwfxm;ayonf/ kyf<ucsyfrsm;onf ykk*Hu
vmNy;D jyKvyk x
f m;jcif;vnf;jzpfEikd yf gao;onf/ (The plaques could just as earily [and more likely] have
come from Pagan) [lvnf; apm'uwufxm;jyefygonf/ (Aung Thwin, 2005, p. 216) if;u
qufvuf &ufpaJG &;xd;k rxm;aom oxHNk rKd aY [mif;rS a&S;rGeaf usmufpmrsm;rSmvnf; c&pf 11 &mpkEpS yf wf0ef;
usiu
f urn;f pmrsm;omjzpfonf[k ynm&Siw
f cYkd efrY eS ;f cJah Mumif;oufaotaxmuftxm;tjzpf wifjycJah yonf/
h nf;aumif;? a&S;a[mif;urn;f tu&mESihf vufa&;
ausmufpmzwfeI nf;ynm (Epigraphy) tm;jzifv
vufom;avhvmenf; (Paleography) tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;? oxHNk rKd aY &S;a[mif;orkid ;f udk csO;f uyfavhvmMu
onft
U cg ausmufpm0efrpwmawmfped cf Ekd iS hf ausmufpm0efO;D jrwdv
Yk ufxuf okawoe&vm'ftajzrSm 11
&mpk? 12 &mpkEpS rf sm;qDoYkd Te;f qdjk yovsu&f adS Mumif; awGcY &hJ Ny;D jzpfygonf/ if;ynm&Sirf sm;acwfu r&Srd jzpf
oH;k pGMJ uavh&adS om kyv
f ;kH ? kyw
f rk sm;\ tEkynm[efuakd vhvmenf; Iaxmifrh rS nfot
Ykd uJjzwfcMhJ uoenf;/
,ckwifjyaeqJ OD;jr\ 1933-34 ckEpS f uGi;f qif;okawoec&D;rSmyif oxHNk rKd rY S 'DyuF&mjrwfpmG bk&m;
yHkawmf aMu;qif;wkwpfqlawGY&aMumif;udk (A Bronze Image of The Dipankara Buddha, Thaton)
acgi;f pOfjzifh OD;jru tpD&ifccH o
hJ nfuakd wG&Y ygonf/
- 113 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
'DyuF&m aMu;qif;wkawmf
'DyuF&m kyyf mG ;awmf

]oxHkNrdKY? o'raZmwduausmif; y"meq&mawmf OD;tm'dp0H ylaZmfudk;uG,fxm;aom
'DyuF&mjrwfpGmbk&m; aMu;oGef;kyfyGm;awmfwpfqludk awGY&onf/} [k OD;jru tpD&ifcHygonf/
q&mawmf\rdeMhf um;csut
f & kyyf mG ;awmftm; vGecf o
hJ nf(U 25)ESp?f (1908ckEpS )f cefu
Y oxHw
k iG f
ukvm;ulvD (vrf;tvkyform;)rsm; a&ajrmif;wl;pOf awGY&jcif;jzpfonf[k od&\/ 4if;
'DyuF&mjrwfpGmbk&m;yHkawmfrSm ,mbufvufawmfonf ]tb,rkj'm}[efjzifh a&SYodkhrwifxm;
vsu&f NdS y;D ? 0JvufawmfrmS vnf; a&So
Y aYkd uG;qefx
Y m;vsuf ouFe;f pGe;f udk udik x
f m;onf[
h ef? rwf&yf
qif;wkjzpfonf/
(Mya, 1933-34, Plate-XII, d)
ouFe;f awmfonf ud,

k v
f ;kH awmfwiG x
f u
d yfvsuf tHaetHus&o
dS nf/ okaYd omfouFe;f awmf tzsm;pGe;f
wkrYd mS twGeaYf cgurf sm;pGmjzifh wGu
J saeygonf/ twGet
Yf acguw
f o
Ydk nf vufawmfEpS zf ufwrYdk S ajcovH;k awmf
em;txdwv
JG sm;usqif;vuf&NdS y;D 0J? ,m? ab;ESpzf ufpvH;k rSmyifay:viG v
f suf ta&twGurf sm;rsm; xif&mS ;pGm
&Sdygonf/ cg;0wfawmfywfvnfvnf; twGefYtacgufukd jrifEkdifonf/ okdYaomf ajcESpfacsmif;wkdYtMum;
ouFe;f awmfwu
JG saeyHu
k rkd l rsO;f aMumif;i,frsm;a&;qGNJ y;D yHak zmfxm;\/ ykc;kH awmfEpS zf ufpvH;k udk NcKH vsux
f m;\/
0wf\
kH tpudx
k ifjrifomatmif vnfyif;atmufem;rS cyfa&;a&;rsO;f auG;wpfaMumif; a&;qGu
J mxm;onf/
kyyf mG ;awmfukd wl;azmfpOfu aygucf Re;f ESix
hf
d oH;k ydik ;f usK;d yJo
h mG ;onf[q
k \
kd / OD;acgi;f ? ykc;kH ESihf
vnfyifawmfrsm; wpfyikd ;f ? ud,
k v
f ;kH awmfuwpfyikd ;f nmzufvufawmfuwpfyikd ;f ? usK;d oGm;onf/ ESmacgi;f ?
yg;pyfEiS Ehf mS zl;awmfwv
Ykd nf; yGe;f yJu
h ek \
f / odaYk omf rsuEf mS awmf\t"duusaom rlvtoGit
f jyifrmS rl ysupf ;D
oGm;jcif;r&Sday/
- 114 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
wHGYaw;NrdKYe,f? jywdkuf? wHcGefwdkif&GmrS ay:awmfrlbk&m; (3)qlyHk

( tv,fqif;wkonf oxH'k yD uF&m yHw
k jl zpfonf )
kyyf mG ;awmfwiG f xl;jcm;onft

h oGit
f jyifwpf&yfrmS xkvyk x
f m;onfh (Material) ypn;f yifjzpfonf/
aMu;oGef;qif;wkawmfwpfqlvHk;udk tay:rStpdrf;a&mif&Sdaom owK&nfwpfrsKd;udk (acs;rwufatmif)
okwfvdrf;xm;aMumif;awGY&onf/
uJo
h Ykd owK&nfvrd ;f xm;aomqif;wkukd jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f 1926-27 ckEpS af rSmZf m&Gm (oa&acw&m)
wl;azmfrIrSvnf;&cJhzl;ao;\/ oxHkkyfyGm;awmfudk 'kwd,ajrmufwpfql[k rSwf ,l&rnf/ arSmfZm&GmrS
'DyuF&mqif;wkawmfudk c&pfESpf 7 &mpkESpf? 8 &mpkESpfcefYu &ufpGJowfrSwf Edkifaomtjcm;a&S;a[mif;
ypn;f rsm;ESihf yl;wGaJ wG&Y &dS jcif;jzpfonf/ (A.S.L, 1926-27, p. 177)
OD;jruvnf; oxH'k yD uF&mkyyf mG ;awmf &ufpu
JG kd c&pf 7-8 &mpkEpS [
f k owfrw
S o
f nf/ 4if;owfrw
S f
csuEf iS yhf wfouf t,f'w
D m\rSwcf suw
f iG f
]armifjr (OD;jr) \ cefrY eS ;f &ufpo
JG nf rSeu
f efonf[q
k Ekd idk \
f / qif;wkawmfwiG f *kyw
acwf
aESmif;ydkif;tdEd,qif;wkrsm;ESifhwlnDaom vuPm&yfrsm;&Sdonf/ tu,f qif;wkudk
tdE,
d Edik if rH mS om &SmazGawG&Y cdS rhJ nfqv
kd Qif jrefrmEkid if u
H qif;wkwpfq[
l rk nfou
l rQ xifjrif
,lqEdkifMurnfr[kwfay/}
[Maung Mya, Exploration-Burma, A.S.I, Annual Report, 1930-34, Part I, p. 204]
- 115 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
c&pfESpf 7 &mpk-8 &mpkESpfrsm;udk &ufpGJowfrSwfjcif;ESifhywfouf *kywacwfaESmif;ydkif;tdEd,

qif;bvwkrsm;ESifh qifwlaMumif;udk axmufxm;ojzifh odkY kyfwkaA'enf; (Iconography) t&
owfrw
S jf cif;jzpfaMumif; txufygt,f'w
D m\ owfrw
S cf suw
f iG f awGEY ifkd yf gonf/
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t&G,f vwfqif;wk (OmPfawmf 18 vufr)ESihf t&G,if ,fqif;wk (OmPfawmf15 vufr)wdjhk zpfMu\/
,if;qif;wkawmfo;kH qlteuf t&G,v
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ausmif;wdu
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kd a&S;rusEikd af Mumif; ta&SY
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Edik if AH 'k b
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aMumif;qHk;jzwfcJhygonf/ if;u tdEdEdkifiHrS Ak',Ofaus;rIonf a&vdIif;vHk;BuD;rsm;ozG,f oHk;BudrfoHk;cg
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acwf) taxmuftxm;udo
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tdE,
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ausmNf y;D ta&SzY sm;a'o&Sd AD,ufemrf(atmufut
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yHak xmuf(Pong Tuk) NrKd rY sm;qDoYkd ausmv
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jzpfygonf/
- 116 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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oxHNk rKd Y a&Tpm&HapwD0if;twGi;f &Sd ausmufpmHrk S a&S;a[mif;rGeaf usmufpmwdik rf sm;
- 117 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
MuHKwlrS wlazmfawGY&Sd&aom jcaoFUkyfyg ajrrD;zkwfpOfUuGif;yHk
MuHKwlrS wlazmfawGY&Sd&aom uajconf ajrrD;zkwfkyfwk
- 118 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
yJcl;wdkif; a0gNrdKYe,f MuHKwl&GmrS a&S;a[mif; bk&m;(2)ql
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1935-ckESpfwGif OD;jrtNidrf;pm;,loGm;cJhNyD;aemuf &efukefwuodkvfrS ygVdbGJY& OD;vlaz0if;udk
urn;f ausmufpm0ef&mxl;twGuf a&G;cs,o
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kd nf; OD;vlaz0if;tm;
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'l&GKdifZ,fonf wl;azmfrItawGYtBuHK&Sdoljzpfonf/ 1926-ckESpf arSmfZmwl;azmfrIudk aqmif&GufpOf
ukvm;uefuek ;f &GmteD; OD;cifb\,mcif;twGi;f rS apwDysuu
f ek ;f tm;wl;azmfc&hJ oljzpfonf/ Xmyemwdu
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twGi;f rS (ASI. 1927, pp. 175-176) aiGacgi;f yGMuKwf (Plates, XXX VII d and XXX III e) wpfc?k
txGww
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hf uGawG&Y onf/ MuKwyf wfvnfrmS ysLpmESihf ygVpd ma&mvsuf b'urmwGif
yGiafh wmfrNl y;D aom bk&m;av;qltrnfrsm;? t&Sirf [muypaom om0uav;yg;trnfrsm; a&;xm;Ny;D ?
atufajcwGif 'g,umBu;D N*yUD &bk0grefEiS rhf zd &k m; N*yD &bka'0Dtrnfrsm;a&;xd;k xm;\/ a&Tqif;wki,fwpfql
tjrifh 3 vufrcGt
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l pfq?l aemufxyfa&Tqif;wkwpfql tjrifh 6 vufrcGt
J &G,f
ESihf &yfawmfral Am"dowaMu;kyw
f pfqpl aom a&S;a[mif;ypn;f rsm;udk wl;azmfawG&Y cdS o
hJ nf/ *kyw
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dS [(Duroisell ASI. 1927, 179-80; and Plate XL II (g, h)]/
uJo
h Ydk wl;azmfoak woetawGt
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tm; avhusiahf y;&ef jyefvnfcefx
Y m;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ (Than Tun, 1981, 28)
- 119 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
MuHKwlbk&m;rSawGYcJU&aom ajrrD;zkwfkyf<ursm; (uckefjrLwl;[ef) (jrif;pD;wdkufyGJ)
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ausmif;teD;? jrpdr;f uef[ak c:aom a&uefabmifukd &Si;f vif;pOfuxGuaf y:vmonfh if;ajrrD;zkwf yk <f ucsyf
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- 120 -
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- 121 -
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- 123 -
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k \
dk / atmufyikd ;f wpfjcrf;rygawmhaom
4if;ky<f utxufwpfyikd ;f rSm qifav;aumifw\
Ydk OD;acgi;f ydik ;f ESihf ud,
k yf ikd ;f yHrk sm;udak zmfjyxm;ygonf/ yHk (11)
(Plate XXXIII, e) qifp;D csi;f wku
d yf yJG rkH sKd ;r[kwo
f jzifh if;qifwrYdk mS qifuwefqmyvmrsm;udrk awG&Y ay/
BuKH wal usmif;q&mawmfxw
H iG f odr;f qnf;xm;aom tkwcf u
G b
f &k m;ESpq
f u
l v
kd nf; awGcY &hJ onf[k
qkyd gonf/ wpfqrl mS tjrifh 4 vufr? Asuf 2 vut&G,&f
dS usew
f pfqrl mS tjrifh 3 1^2 vufrESihf
Asuf 2 vut&G,f&Sdygonf/ t&G,fi,ftkwfcGufudk yHkxkwfay;aom&THUyHkpHcGuf (Clay mould) wpfckudk
vnf;awGcY &hJ onf/ tkwcf u
G f yk yf mG ;wk\
Yd toGit
f jyifrmS yviaf y: wGiaf jcxyfvsux
f idk af wmfrl Ak'y akH wmfjzpf
ajrBu;D udk oufaownf [efbrl zd rkj'm[efrsKd ;jzpfygonf/ Ak'* g,mr[maAm"dausmif;awmfwiG f oDwif;
oHk;onfhyHkpHjzpfonf/ t&HapwDi,fESpfqlpDudk wpfqlay:wpfqlxyfqifhvsuf yvi\
f ab;wpfzufwpfcsuf
pDwiG &f x
H m;onf/ kyyf mG ;awmfrsm; ESihf &TYH jym;yHpk cH u
G w
f u
Ydk kd BuKH wb
l &k m;tm; topfrrG ;f rHcphJ Ofu tkwu
f sKd ;rsm;udk
&Si;f vif;pOfawGcU &hJ jcif;jzpfaMumif; od&onf[q
k \
dk / tkwcf u
G af y:wiG pf mta&;tom;wpfpw
kH pf&m rawG&Y ojzifh
- 127 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
MuHKwlpOfUuGif; tusdK;wpfydkif;yHk pOUfuGif;axmifUae&m&Sd uEkwfyef;ESifh wHqdyfyHkwdkhudk 0if;upOfUuGif;rsm;

vnf;awG&Y onfjzpf ,Ofaus;rIcsi;f wlonfU ok0Pbrl d ,Ofaus;rIrsm;omjzpfonf/
acwfuckd efrY eS ;f Edik jf cif;r&Sad y/ yHpk rH sKd ;ESihf qifwt

l w
k cf u
G rf sm;udk yk*NH rKd aY [mif;wGiv
f nf; tajrmuftrsm;awGY
&aMumif; 'lKGd iZf ,futpD&ifccH yhJ gonf (Durosiselle, 1937- p. 83)/
'lKGd iZf ,fonf BuKH wrl rS Eav;okYd jyefa&mufNy;D aemuf 'DZifbm 11&ufrS 14 &uftxd yckuL ckid ?f
ykcef;Bu;D okcYd &D;xGucf ahJ Mumif; 4if;\tpD&ifcpH m azmfjyxm;onfukd awG&Y ojzifBh uKH wo
l Ydk c&D;xGucf chJ sed rf mS
xkEd pS f 1936-ckEpS Ef 0dk ifbmv twGi;f jzpfEidk yf gonf/ atmufjrefrmEkid if w
H iG f qefpyg;&dwo
f rd ;f csed af jcmufaoGY
&moDjzpfygonf/ BuHKwla'orSm rkd;&moDqkdvQifv,fuGif;jyifESifh acsmif;ajrmif;rsm; a&jynfhvQHaeonfjzpf
toGm;tvmcufcNJ y;D wl;azmfoak woevkyif ef;uJo
h Ydk tvkyrf sKd ;udv
k nf;vkyu
f ikd Ef idk &f efc,
J Of;ayrnf/ BuKH wl
bk&m;uke;f rSmrl a&vGwaf om*0HajrcHuek ;f Bu;D wpfcjk zpfygonf/ if;\ ta&SaY wmifbufwiG &f adS om vufcyk yf if
uke;f ? EGm;ausmif;om;bk&m;uke;f ? cvGeb
f &k m;uke;f ponfwv
Ydk nf; a&vGwu
f ek ;f Bu;D rsm;tjzpf v,fuiG ;f jyifxuf
xD;xD;rm;rm;awGjU rifEidk \
f / xku
d ek ;f rsm;udk wl;azmfoak woejyK&ef 'lKGd iZf ,fu,
kd w
f ikd t
f m;cJxm;[ef&\
dS / okaYd omf
vnf; if;wl;azmfcahJ om yk*EH iS o
hf a&acw&mNrKd aY [mif; wl;azmfoak woeuke;f rsm;uJo
h Ydk atmufjrefrmEkid if ?H
BuKH wal 'owGif wpfuek ;f wpfavrQ wl;azmfavhvmEkid cf jhJ cif;r&Scd hJ jcif;rSm? ok0Pbrl ?d oxHak 'ookawoe
vkyif ef;twGuf ,cifuyif uHq;dk cJjh cif;ayvm;[k awG;awmp&mjzpfcahJ yonf/ 'lKGd iZf ,fa&mufvmonfU
1936-ckEpS rf pS 'kw,
d urmppfBu;D Ny;D onfh 1945-ckEpS t
f xd BuKH wal 'oudk okawoDwYdk ta&muftayguf
r&SdcJhMuawmhay/
- 128 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
vGwvf yfNyD;acwf ok"r0wD

OD;vlaz0if;
OD;vlaz0if;onf 1939-ckEpS rf wfv (3) &ufaehwiG u
f rn;f ausmufpm0efjzpfvmcJo
h nf/ rsm;rMumrD
1941-ckESpfwGif urnf;ausmufpmHk;udkrEav;rS yk*HokdYa&TYajymif;onf/ ppfBuD;umvtwGif; 1946-ckESpf
txdyk*HrSmyif Hk;pdkuf a&S;a[mif;ypnf;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&onf/ rEav;okdYa&mufoGm;aom
BuKH wb
l &k m;rS ajrrD;zkwf yk <f ucsyEf pS cf syrf mS vnf; rEav;rSy*k o
H Ydk a&TaY jymif;onfx
h yJ gomG ;cJNh y;D ? 1946-ckEpS Zf eG v
f
wGif rEav;okYd ;kH udk a&S;a[mif;ypn;f rsm;jyefvnf ajymif;a&To
Y nft
h cg yk*rH mS yifuse&f pfcahJ yonf/ ,cky*k H
jywkdufwGif&SdaMumif;od&\/
vGwfvyfNyD;acwfa&mufonfhtcg 24? ZE0g&D 1948 ckESpfrSp a&S;a[mif;okawoeXme
(urn;f ausmufpmXme) Bu;D MuyfrjI zifh yJc;l NrKd aY &Tarmfa"m (ivsi'f Pfoif)h bk&m;Bu;D tm;tBu;D pm; jyifqifrrI sm;
aqmif&u
G cf ahJ Mumif;od&aomfvnf;? a0gNrKd eY ,fBuKH w&l mG rS bk&m;rsm;udq
k ufvuf okawoevky&f ef Bu&H ,
G cf hJ
aom'lKGd iZf ,f\ 1936-ckEpS u
f okawoe vkyif ef;tpDtpOfukd ol\wynfw
h pfO;D jzpfol OD;vlaz0if;u qufvuf
taumiftxnf azmfaqmif&GufEkdifcJhjcif;r&Sday/
]urn;f ausmufpmXme} trnfukd ]a&S;a[mif;okawoeXme} tjzpf 1? Ed0k ifbm? 1954-ckEpS f
wGiaf jymif;vJvmcJNh y;D aemuf (4) ESpcf eft
Y MumwGif jrefrmEkid if w
H uov
dk rf sm;rS bG&YJ vli,fwpfpu
k kd okawoe
0efaxmuf&mxl;rsm;cefx
Y m;onf/ Edik if jH cm;okv
Yd nf; wl;azmfa&;ESihf xde;f odr;f a&; oifwef;rsm; wufa&muf
aponf/ if;wkdYjyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmonfhtcg
- 11-ZGe?f 1959 ckEpS rf S 1? pufwifbm? 1959 ckEpS t
f xd AdEk;d NrKd aY [mif;? (OD;atmifaomf)
wl;azmfrI?
- 11? 'DZifbm 1959 ckESpfrS 4? rwf? 1960 ckESpftxdAdEdk;NrdKYa[mif; (OD;atmifaomf)
wl;azmfrI?
- 27 Mo*kw?f 1960 ckEpS rf S 29 pufwifbm? 1960 ckEpS t
f xd AdEd;k NrKd aY [mif; (OD;jrifaU tmif?
OD;Adak u) wl;azmfr?I
- 15? ZE0g&D? 1961-ckESpfrS 20? rwf? 1961 ckESpftxd AdEdk;NrdKUa[mif; (OD;atmifaomf)
wl;azmfr?I
- 22? ZE0g&D? 1962-ckESpfrS 19? rwf? 1962 ckESpftxd AdEdk;NrdKUa[mif; (OD;pdfefatmifOD;)
wl;azmfrI?
- 24? atmufwb
dk m? 1962-ckEpS rf S 3? {Ny?D 1963 ckEpS t
f xd AdEd;k NrKd aU [mif; (OD;jrifaU tmif)
wl;azmfrI?
- 1963-ckEpS rf S 1967 ckEpS t
f xd[efvif;NrKd aU [mif; (OD;jrifah tmif) wl;azmfr?I
- 1968-ckEpS rf S 1969 ckEpS t
f xdwaumif;NrKd aU [mif; (OD;oef;aqG) wl;azmfr?I
- 1971-ckEpS af zaz:0g&rD S 1972 ckEpS f ZE0g&t
D xd awmiforef (OD;pdeaf rmifO;D ) wl;azmfrI
1973-ckEpS f ZE0g&w
D iG f vufyaH csay: (OD;jrifah tmif) wl;azmfrw
I u
Ydk kd qufwu
dk af qmif&u
G cf ahJ Mumif;
awG&Y ygonf/ xkt
d csed t
f xdv
f nf; yJc;l wdik ;f a0gNrKd eY ,f? BuKH w&l mG bk&m;uke;f rsm;udk wl;azmfoak woe aqmif
&GufcJUjcif;r&SdcJUay/
- 129 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
atmufjrefrmEkid if o
H xHak 'owGif wl;azmfrv
I yk if ef;udk 1975 ckEpS Zf E0g&v
D (24) &ufrpS oxHk
cdkifbD;vif;NrdKYe,f t,ufonfr&GmwGifOD;atmifjrifUu pwifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf 1976-ckESpf
azaz:0g&v
D 5 &ufaeYr?S 1978 ckEpS af zaz:0g&v
D -(7) &ufaeYtxd? 0if;u&GmwGif qufvufaqmif&u
G cf yhJ gonf/
xkt
d csed u
f wl;azmfoak woevkyif ef;tpDtpOfwiG v
f nf; BuKH wb
l &k m;uke;f rsm;rygcyJh gay/ 'lKdG iZf ,f (1936)
vufxufrpS ,aeYtcsed u
f mvtxd BuKH w,
l Ofaus;rIonf ppfawmif;jrpf0rS ;f EH;I ajrEkviG jf yifwiG f epfjrKyf
aeqJjzpfygonf/
rnfojhdk zpfapumrl 'lKGd iZf ,fazmfxw
k af y;cJah om BuKH w,
l Ofaus;rIypn;f rsm;onf orkid ;f 0iftaxmuf
txm;rsm;jzpfcJhygonf/ &efukefwuokdvfta&SUwkdif;orkdif;avhvmol ygarmu*sD? tdyfcsf? vkpfonfif;\
Phase of Pre-Pagan Burma pmtkyt
f wGJ (1)wGif BuKH wal jrrD;zkwf ky<f ucsyrf sm;taMumif; "gwyf rkH sm;ESihf
wuG jyefvnfazmfjyonf/ (Luce, 1985, Plate 77, a, b, 78, a, b, c, 79, a, b, c, d, 80, a, b, c, d; 81, a, b,
Yd jyif 'lKdG iZf ,f\ 1936-37 ckEpS f tpD&ifcpH mwGif rawG&Y aom BuKH wl yk <f ucsyw
f pfcsyu
f v
kd nf;
c, d and e) xkt
azmfjyxm;\ (Luce, 1988, Plate 78, b)/
(OD;atmifjrifU a&S;a[mif;tkwcf u
G f yk yf mG ; qif;wkawmfrsm;? twG(J 1) vnf;Iyg)
if;ky<f ucsyo
f nf (10 1^2' _ 8 1^2' _ 5') t&G,f &SNd y;D BuKH w&l mG vufcyk yf ifuek ;f bk&m;rS
awG&Y aMumif; 'lKGd iZf ,f (ASB, 1938, p. 11) udu
k ;kd um;vsuaf zmfjyonf/ if;azmfjycsut
f & 'lKGd iZf ,fonf
rdrpd w
d w
f iG &f nfreS ;f xm;onft
h wkid ;f aemufwpfEpS t
f Mum (1937-38) uGi;f qif;&moDtwGi;f BuKH wo
l Ydk wpfacguf
jyefa&mufcJhaMumif;od&\/
vkp\
f pmtkyyf g BuKH wl (vufcyk yf ifuek ;f ) ky<f ucsyo
f nf xl;jcm;rI&ydS gonf/ ky<f ucsy\
f av;axmifh
yHkabmif\twGif;u A[kdpuf0kdif;xJ t0dkif;yHkpuf0ef;oHk;xyft&pfuGif;rsm;ygonf/ if;wkdYtwGif;&Sd
kyyf rkH mS jcaoFOh ;D acgi;f yHjk zpf\/ yg;pyfuckd yfus,u
f s,[
f xm;Ny;D xkyd g;pyftwGi;f rS a&rsm;xGuv
f suf pD;usaeyHk
jzpfonf/ kyyf o
kH nf [dr0Emawmifwef;ay:wiG &f o
dS nfqakd om emrnfausmt
f aem0wa&tkid Bf u;D rSvrf;aMumif;
av;oG,jf zifh tjyifopYdk ;D xGuv
f maom prf;acsmif; (jrpf) Bu;D av;ckwo
Ydk nf jcaoFch w
H iG ;f ? EGm;cHwiG ;f ? qif;cHwiG ;f ESihf
jrif;cHwiG ;f wkrYd t
S pjyKonfqadk om '@m&Dvmow0gaumifrsm;teuf jcaoFch w
H iG ;f rS pD;xGuv
f myHu
k kd ud,
k pf m;jyK
ygonf/ (Luce, 1985, p. 166) /
BuKH wl yk <f ucsyrf sm;\&ufpu
JG kd cefrY eS ;f Muonft
h cg c&pfEpS f 7-&mpk? 8-&mpkEpS cf efu
Y vuf&mjzpfrnf[k
cefrY eS ;f Muygonf/ BuKH wo
l nfatmufjrefrmEdik if H ppfawmif;jrpfEiS hf oHviG jf rpfwt
Ydk Mum;&Sd oxHak 'oNrKd aY [mif;
rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIyifjzpfEidk af Mumif;cefrY eS ;f &\/ if;\wnfae&mtaetxm;rSm usKd uo
mNrKd aU [mif;rS(10)rkid cf ef?Y
0if;ut&ufonfrNrKd aU [mif;rS (18)rdik cf efEY iS hf oxHNk rKd aY [mif;rS (40)rkid cf eft
h uGm&Syd gonf/ rkwr yifv,fauGY
urf;d;k wef;xdyaf y:rmS yif&
dS b*Fvm;yifv,fa&vrf;aMumif; qufo,
G af &;ESiv
hf nf;eD;onf/ tdE,
d ,Ofaus;rIukd
vufc&H ,ljcif;vnf; OD;OD;zsm;zsm;&Ekid o
f nfU taetxm;rsKd ;&Syd gonf/ if;ESihf eD;uyfvsuaf wG&Y aom usKd uo
m
NrdKYa[mif;\ ajrmufbufusaom e,fedrdwftwGif;wnf&Sdaeonf/ atmufjrefrmEkdifiHysLNrdKYawmfa[mif;BuD;
jzpfaom oa&acw&mESihf pmvQirf idk f (170)rQumG vSr;f aeonfjzpf BuKH wal jrrD;zkwf yk <f u"avhonf atmuf
jrefrmEdkifiHoxHka'o\ udk,fydkif"avh[l rSwf,lEkdifayonf/
ok0Pbrl ?d oxH,
k Ofaus;rIxeG ;f um;yHu
k kd oHo,Iaxmifjh zifh jI rifo;kH oyfMuonft
U cg? BuKH w"l avhukd
oa&acw&m ysLMoZmvTr;f rk;d rI&adS Mumif; ,lqMuayonf/ oxHNk rKd aY [mif;vnf;r&S?d oxHak 'orSm tjcm;aom
- 130 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
NrKd aU [mif;rsm;vnf;r&Sad Mumif; qefu

Y sib
f uftjrifjzifjh iif;qkMd uonft
h cg oxHrk &Sv
d Qif atmufjrefrmEdik if w
H iG f
oa&acwysL,Ofaus;rIMoZmrS wpfyg;tjcm;r&SEd idk [
f k xifjrif,q
l cJMU u&ayonf/ uJo
h x
Ydk ifjrif,q
l csuu
f kd
tajccHxm; atmufjrefrmEdik if aH 'owpfcv
k ;kH rSm ysLNrKd aY wmfa[mif;(oa&acw&m)\ tpGet
f zsm;? e,fjcm;
a'orS cHNrKd rY sm;jzpfEidk yf ?kH if;wk\
Yd "avh? ,Ofaus;rIwo
Ydk nf ysL"avh? ysL,Ofaus;rIomvQif jzpfEidk yf pkH onfjzifh
wDxGifMuHqcJhMuonf udkvnf;awGY&onf/
BuHKwlrS ajrrD;zkwfkyf<ucsyfrsm;\ oabmt"dyg,frSm oxHkodMum;bk&m;ac: jrodef;wefbk&m;rS
ajrrD;zkwfkyf<ucsyfrsm;ESifh twlwlyifjzpfaMumif;? if;tEkynmypnf;rsm;rSm &ufpGJa&;xkd;xm;jcif;vnf;r&Sd?
pmta&;tom;vnf;rygojzifh? &ufpGJudkrod&aMumif;? odMum;bk&m; kyf<uyHkrsm;rSm yk*Hua&mufvmcJhjcif;
jzpfEdkifouJhokdY yJcl;cdkif? BuHKwlrSkyf<uyHkrsm;rSmvnf; oa&acw&mrS a&mufvmjcif;omjzpfEkdifaMumif;
axmufjyygonf (Aung Thwin, 2003, p. 216) /
BuKH wal jrrD;zkwf yk <f uyHrk sm;onf oa&acw&mrS (ysLuacsonf) aMu;kyw
f ik g;kyw
f EYdk iS hf qifwl ;kd rSm;
toGit
f jyifo
dS nf [kvnf; qkx
d m;ayonf/ (Donald M.Stadner, the Art of Burma in Art of South
f oxHak 'orGew
f Ehdk iS hf tdref ;D csi;f
East Asia, New York, Harry N. Abram, Inc (1998 p. 48) if;ynm&Siu
rGeEf ikd if jH zpfcahJ om xdik ;f Ekid if 'H g&G m0wDNrKd aY [mif;zufrS ajrrD;zkwf yk <f uyHrk sm;ESihf xif&mS ;uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rI&adS eojzifh
if;taeESihf 'Gg&0wDreG w
f \
Ydk rlvZpfjrpf,Ofaus;rIrjzpfEidk [
f k ,lqaMumif;wifjycJ\
h /
wpfqufwnf;rSmyifoxHNk rKd aY [mif;rS OD;jrawGcY &hJ aom 'DyuF&maMu;rwf&yfqif;wkawmfEiS hf ywfouf
qif;wkawmfuykd garmuvpk u
f yk*t
H meEmbk&m;rS &yfawmfrq
l if;wkBu;D rsm;\ a&SaY jy;yHpk jH zpfonf[,
k q
l
aMumif;wifjycJhonf/ ,if;tqkdESifh ywfoufrkdufu,fatmifoGifu vkpfonf yk*HxufoxHkuydk
a&S;usaMumif; oufaojyvk
d vk&d m qGaJ jymjcif;jzpfonf[k a0zefonf (Aung Thwin, 2005, 217)/
oxHkESifh ywfouf rdkufu,fatmifoGif\ IjrifoHk;oyfcsufrSm txufazmfjycJhonfh twkdif;
a&S;rusEkdifaMumif;? oxHkonfwu,fr&Sdaom pdwful;,OfNrdKYwpfNrdKYomvQifjzpfaMumif; oufaoxlazmfjy
aeygonf/ if;u
oxHNk rKd aY [mif;onf ta&SaY wmiftm&S a&S;a[mif;acwfNrKd aY wmfBu;D rsm;jzpfMuaom &ckid rf "S n0wDEiS hf
a0omvD? jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;rS oa&acw&m? rkdif;arm? AdEdk;? 0wD;ESifh rsm;vSpGmaom
tjcm;ysLNrKd aY [mif;rsm;? xkid ;f Ekid if rH S a&S;a[mif;aomuwJ (qlcw
dk idk ;f ) ESihf uarm'D;,m;Ekid if rH S tefaum
aAm&DNrdKYrsm;uJhokdY a&S;NrdKYa[mif;wpfckr[kwfay/ txufygNrdKYa[mif;tm;vHk;vkdvkdrSm trsm;tm;jzifh
NrKd aY xmifrh sm;vH;k 0ef;jcif; okrYd [kwf t0kid ;f yHo
k @mef&jdS cif;tjyif? usK;H ESiNhf rKd Y ;kd wkYd ESpx
f yf? oH;k xyfceft
Y &pf&pf
0ef;&Hxm;Muygonf/ oxHo
k nfxu
dk o
hJ rYdk [kw?f av;axmifyh o
kH @mefNrKd &Y
Sd yk*aH cwfaemufyikd ;f umv
usrS ay:xeG ;f vmcJo
h nfNh rKd aY [mif;ESihf qifwal eygonf[q
k ykd gonf/ {Aung Thwin, 2005, p. 81;
(Note. no. 12 for Chapter-4, in page 348)} /
tu,f oxHkNrdKYa[mif;onf (yk*Hxuf) a&S;usaomNrdKYwpfNrdKY jzpfcJhvQifvnf; rGefNrdKUawmfwpfck
r[kwyf ?J ysLNrKd o
Y mjzpfrnf[k if;ynm&Siu
f yifqx
dk m;jyef\/ uJo
h Ydk qifajcwpfrsKd ;xkw&f onfrmS okawoD
(OD;atmifjrifEh iS hf tJvpfpAufr;dk ) wku
Yd oxHak 'orS ysLacwfvufa&;pif; tkwcf syrf sm;awG&Y rdS w
I u
Ydk kd tpD&ifcpH m
ay:xu
G v
f mcJjh cif;aMumifjh zpf\/ (Aung Myint and Moore, Finger-marked desins on ancient bricks in
h Ydk ysLacwfvufa&;pif;
Myanmar Journal of The Siam Society 1.1 (Spring 2003): 24-39) uJo
- 131 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
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d yf yJG w
kH rYdk mS rif;aejynf? rif;tcsi;f csi;f
ppfa&;t& qufqHyHkudknTefjyae\/ okdhjzpf a&S;a[mif;rif;EkdifiHwpfck a'oxGef;um;aeaMumif;
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taMumif;&mrsm;ygwn
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abmifww
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okdhjzpfBuHKwlESifh 0if;uajrrD;zkwfkyf<ucsyf jyKvkyfyHkavhcsif;wlnDMuaMumif;odEkdifygonf/
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f q
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aeNyjD zpfygonf/ bk&m;wHwidk ;f ? NrKd w
Y w
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kd m;&Sjd cif; rlvtpudv
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onf[kqkdcsifygao;onf/ BuHKwl? 0if;u? Zkwfokwf? usKduom paomoxHka'oNrdKYa[mif; ukef;rsm;udk
wl;azmfoak woejyKjcif; enf;yg;aeao;aomfvnf; orkid ;f taxmuftxm;acgi;f yg;jcif;? &Sm;yg;jcif;r&Sad Mumif;
om"utcsdKYyifjzpfygonf/
0if;u&GmOD;armifweftrd jf c0H if;twGi;f a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHyk surf S ay:xu
G v
f maom ajrrD;
zkwyf ef;tkyyf g tkwcf syw
f pfyikd ;f onf a&S;a[mif;taqmuftOD;\txufyidk ;f rS xkww
f ef;wGif wefqmqifrnfU
tkwfjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;awGY&onf/
H iG f ok0Pbrl Nd rKd aY [mif;udk pl;prf;&SmazGjcif; tpysKd ;cJah om 19 &mpkEpS f tukeyf ikd ;f
(1881-ckEpS )f rS (1891-ckEpS )f txdwpfu@udyk xru@tjzpf xif&mS ;pGmawGcY &hJ Ny;D jzpfygonf/ tpk;d &
- 132 -
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a&S;a[mif;okawoetxl;t&m&SdBuD; a'gufwmtD;azmfcrf;rm;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHurnf;ausmufpm0ef rpwm

awmfpdefckdwkdY\ pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;[kqkd&ygrnf/ xkdYaemuf ESpfq,f&mpkESpfqef;ydkif; (1933-34-ckESpf) rS
(1936-37-ckEpS )f twGi;f uurn;f ausmufpm 0efO;D jrESihf rpwm'lKGd iZf ,fwpYdk rG ;f aqmifru
I kd 'kw,
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tjzpfawGjY rif&ygonf/ xkaYd emuf ok0Pbrl ,
d Ofaus;rIukd pl;prf;jcif;tcef;u@ wpfpcef;&yfomG ;cJjh yefygonf/
0if;u&Gm OD;armifwefjc0H if;twGi;f rS

ay:xGufvmaom
ajrrD;zkwf uajconfyk f
- 133 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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OD;zd;k vwf\ ok0Pbrl cd &D;pOf

ok0Pbrl u
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fh pS af y;vku
d o
f rl mS jrefrmEkid if aH &S;
a[mif;okawoenTefMum;a&;0efOD;zkd;vwfyifjzpfygonf/ OD;zkd;vwfonf 14? Mo*kwf? 1957-ckESpfwGif
a&S;a[mif;okawoenTefMum;a&;0efwm0efukd pwifxrf;aqmifonfESifhwNydKifeuf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd
a&S;a[mif;ae&mXmersm;udk c&D;xGuf vSnfhvnfppfaq;jcif;jyKygonf/ txufjrefrmEkdifiHwaumif;rSp
atmufjrefrmEkid if H oxHak 'otxda&mufygonf/ oxHak 'orS rdrad wG&Y aoma&S;a[mif;ae&mrsm; taMumif;udk
1957-58 ckEpS t
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h iG ;f azmfjyonf/ if;tjyif
3? {Ny?D 1958ckEpS ?f yk*NH rKd aY [mif;wGif zGiv
hf pS o
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a&S;NrKd aY [mif; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk rdrjd rifawGcY &hJ aMumif; azmfjyygonf/
OD;zk;d vwfonf 1881-ckEpS u
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H rkid ;f aumfr&Sit
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f su&f adS om &GmwGif
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&mjzpfrnf[k OD;zk;d vwfucefrY eS ;f vk[
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ausmufjzpf rMumrDysupf ;D oGm;aom 0w K jzpfjcif;aMumifh a&S;rGev
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Yd 'Pfuckd &H vQif
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kd ,
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- 134 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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*0Hav;rsufESmbk&m;yHkawmf usdKufxD;aqmif;bk&m;0ef;? Zkwfokwf? bD;vif;NrdKYe,f? rGefjynfe,f
- 135 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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Zkwfokwf usdKufxD;aqmif;bk&m;rS *0Hyef;wifcHk
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1957-ckEpS Ef 0dk ifbmwGif rif;uGe;f ESihf yk*?H 1958-ckEpS f Zefe0g&w
D iG f ppfawG? ajrmufO;D a'o? xkEd pS rf wfvwGif
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rGe,
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jzpfMuaomygarmuvpk ?f OD;b&Si(f Akv
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Ydk nf (21? {Ny?D 1958) &ufaeYwiG &f efuek rf S armfvNrKd io
f Ydk
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u&ifjynfe,f? bm;tHNrdKYokdYoabFmjzifh twlwuGc&D;xGufcJhMuygonf/ (22? {NyD? 3958) &ufaeYwGif
bm;tHraS um*Ge;f *l? &aohys*H w
l u
Ydk kd uGi;f qif;onf/ xkad emuf (23? {Ny?D 1958) wGirf w
k r NrKd aU [mif;okaYd &muf\/
rkwr jrode;f wefapwD&ifjyifrS rGeb
f mom acgi;f avmif;pmudk a&;ul;Muonf/ NrKd Y ;dk a[mif; usKH ;a[mif;ae&m
rsm;ESifh tjcm;taqufttHkrsm;udkrl ppfaq;&eftcsdef&cJh[efrwlay/ oxHkokdY (24? {NyD? 1958) wGif
a&muf&NdS y;D uvsmPDord ?f odMum;bk&m;? a&Tpm&HapwD&ifjyifrS ausmufpmwkid rf sm;udk ppfaq;MunfU MI uonf/
xkdaeYrSmyif oxHkazmifawmfOD;apwDESihf &[Emukef;okdYvnf; a&mufcJhygonf/ (26? {NyD? 1958) wGif
usKd ux
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S pfqifh
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wGif auvmoawmifay:rq
S if;Ny;D 0if;u&Gma*gVrwdu
NrKd aY [mif;&mESihf NrKd U ;kd rsm;t&ufonfr&GmteD;&Sd wku
d f
ukvm;NrdKYa[mif;rsm;ESifh ,if;NrdKYa[mif;twGif;&Sd eef;awmfOD;apwDESifh jrodef;wefapwDwkdh\ wnfae&mudk
rSwfom;cJh usdKufxkdokdhjyefonf/
- 136 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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usKd ux
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Yd u
G
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awmfum;jzifh Zkwfokwf&GmokdYoGm;onf/ usdKufxD;apmif;apwDESifh ywfvnf&Sda&S;rGef,Ofaus;rIypnf;rsm;udk
Munfh aI vhvmNy;D aemuf qifwyfjrif;wyfoaYdk &mufonf/ naeydik ;f wGif rkoifoo
Ydk mG ; NrKd Y ;kd Bu;D rsm;? eef;awmf
uke;f ESihf a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHt
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a&mfbmNcH (Akv
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aemufw
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f aJ pwDEiS hf usepf pfom;rif;a&;
xk;d cJah om rGeaf usmufpmudu
k ;l ,lavhvmonf/ naeydik ;f wGif awmifpeG ;f rS wpfqifu
h sKd ux
f o
dk hdk jyefcMhJ uonf/
(29? {Ny?D 1958) &ufaeYwiG f usKd ux
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xkdaehnaerSmyif ppfawmif;rSyJcl;okdh ul;NyD;yJcl;okdYa&mufonf/
aemufxyfwpf&uf (30? {Ny?D 1958) wGiyf cJ ;l NrKd aU &S;a[mif; taqmufttHrk sm;udk ppfaq;Munfh NI y;D
naeydik ;f wGif armfawmfum;jzifh &efuek o
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d u
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xkpd Oftcgu a'otwGi;f vHNk cKH a&;tcuftcJ&o
dS nfjzpf tapmift
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tpD&ifcpH m xnfo
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YJ nf &efuek o
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&ufaeYrS (22? ar? 58) &ufaeYtxd wHaG w;? aumhrLS ;ESihf uGr;f Ncu
H ek ;f NrKd rY sm;okcYd &D;xGuu
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okawoe nTefMum;a&;0ef\ 1957-58-ckESpftwGuf ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpmm? pm 5-9)
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k jzpf tckid t
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cJyh gonf/ ok0Pbrl d qdo
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d idk ;f qko
d nfrmS oxHt
k ygt0ifjzpf\ }
[k 1957-58 a&S;a[mif;ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpmwGif tckdiftrmqkdcJhygonf/ orkdif;aumfr&SiftzJGY0if
ygarmuvk (pf) ESi?hf OD;b&Siw
f u
Ydk vnf; tvm;wlyif oxHak 'oudk ok0Pbrl ed ,fajrjzpfaMumif; todtrSwf
jyKazmfjycJMh uygonf/ jrefrmEkid if t
H wGi;f a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIwnf&m Xmersm;udk owfrw
S f
azmfjyonft
h cg OD;zk;d vwfu (1) rGe,
f Ofaus;rI
(2) ysL,Ofaus;rI
(3) jrefrm,Ofaus;rI
- 137 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
Zkwo
f w
k &f mG odru
f ek ;f rS 80Hausmufqpf kyyf mG ;awmfrsm;
[l y"metm;jzifh oH;k rsKd ;cGjJ cm;oifah Mumif; 1959-ckEpS ?f {Nyv

D 3 &ufaehnae? yk*NH rKd aY [mif;wGif
usi;f yaom yk*&H ufowywf zGiyhf t
JG cef;tem; xkwaf zmfa[majymonf/ &ckid ,
f Ofaus;rIukd jrefrm,Ofaus;rI
wGif xnfo
U iG ;f pOf;pm;oifah Mumif; tqkjd yKonfuv
kd nf;awG&Y onf/ ( zkd;vwf? 1961? pm 15-25 )
rGe,
f Ofaus;rIuv
kd nf; 'Gg&m0wD (,k;d ',m;)rGef (ta&SY rGe)f ESihf oxHk (ok"r0wD) rGef (taemufreG )f
[lESpaf e&m? ESprf sKd ;uJjG ym;aMumif;tqkjd yKygonf/ ( OD;zkd;vwf? 1958? pm 30) ,if;'Gg&m0wDreG Ef ikd if EH iS hf
ywfoufOD;zkd;vwfua&S;tcgu xkad 'oudrk eG w
f XYdk meD 'Gg&m0wD[k ac:Mu\/ jyifopfynm&SBd u;D *s?D ap'0(pf) tvkt
d m;jzif?h
c&pfawmfEpS f (7) &mpkEpS af vmufu xif&mS ;&Sad om wkyyf nm&Scd &D;onf [l,ifqiifEiS hf tdqiifwu
Ydk ?
xkad 'oudk ]wk-d vk-d yk-d wk}d [kac:onf/ ]wk-d vk-d yk-d wk}d qko
d nfrmS ]'Gg&m0wD} [kac:q&dk if;jzpfonf
[kqkd\/ uREkfyfwkdYtzkdYrSm ,kd;',m;e,fw0kdufonf a&S;tcgu rGefvlrsdK;wkdYaexkdif&m t&yf
a'ojzpfaMumif;? if;rGev
f rl sKd ;onf Ak'b
mom0ifvrl sKd ;jzpf tdE,
d awmifyikd ;f rS ysEYH v
hHS maom ygVb
d mom/
ooFBudK#fbmom pmaytu&mwkdYukdavhvm oifMum;vsufaexkdifMuaom vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfonf[k
,lq&onf/ acwfumvtydik ;f tjcm;rSm at'D 6 &mpkEiS hf 10 &mpkEpS t
f wGi;f jzpf\/ jrefrmEkid if H
ok0Pblrdtygt0ifjzpfaom oxHkjynfrGefwkdY\ ,Ofaus;rIrSm xkd'Gg&m0wDjynf\ ,Ofaus;rIESifh
wqufwnf;jzpf\/ 'g&G m0wD onfvnf; ok0Pbrl w
d idk ;f tygt0ifjzpf\/ oxHjk ynfrS wpfqifah t'D
11 &mpkavmufwiG f yk*jH ynfoYdk xk,
d Ofaus;rIonf ysEYH v
hHS m\/ xku
d o
hJ hdk ysEYH v
YHS maMumif;udk yk*jH ynf&dS
a&S;a[mif; ausmufpmwkrhd pS omoemawmfqidk &f m a&S;a[mif;pmayzk&m;? ykx;dk ? apwDwu
Ydk axmuf
cHvsuf&Sd\/
[lazmfjyygonf/ (zkzkd;vwf? 1958? pm 38-39)
- 138 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
Zkwo
f w
k &f mG usKd ux
f ;D aqmif;bk&m;rS *0HqrG ;f wifcBkH u;D udk MumyGiyUf x
kH q
k pfxm;\
oxHu
k t
kd aemf&xm wku
d cf u
dk af tmifEidk af Mumif;tqkEd iS hf ywfoufvnf;jrefrmh tpOftvm &mZ0if
tqkrd ed rYf sm;udk awmfveS yf pfy,fjcif;rjyKy?J r[m&mZ0ifawmfBu;D ? y|rwGJ pmrsuEf mS 273 tm; ud;k um;vsuf
]wkdwkdESifhcsKH;vkdufaomf taemf&xmrif;onf oxHkjynfwjynfvHk;vkdvkdudk odrf;Hk;ac:aqmifvmNyD;?
yk*NH rKd aY wmfif;? teD;ywf0ef;usif if;toD;oD;ae&mcsxm; vkyu
f ikd pf m;aomufaexkid af p\/ &[ef;
oCFmawmfwkdY tbYkdrSmvnf;ausmif;ocFrf;rsm;aqmufvkyf if;wkdY pmayoifMum;ykdYcsaeap\/
xkt
d cgrpS vnf; yk*jH ynfzk&m;? *l? ausmif;? wefaqmif; wkaYd qmufvyk v
f LS 'ge;f aexkid pf jyKMu\/
xk*d ?l ausmif;? wefaqmif;wkYd wefqm qifvsu,
f adS om yef;csaD q;a&;um;? Zmwfeyd gwpf Ofu
h iG ;f wkw
Yd iG f
tnTef;urnf;vdyfpm tu&mwkdYrSm rGefbmomrGeftu&mjzifhjzpf\/ jrefrmurnf;vdyfpmwkdYukd
usepf pfom;rif; vGeNf y;D avmufrS awG&Y &dS \/ (zkzkd;vwf? 1958? pm 39)
[lazmfjyygonf/
OD;zkd;vwfonf a&S;a[mif;jrefrmtu&morkdif;udkvnf; avhvmcJhonf/ jrefrmpmay tu&m\
t&if;Zpfjrpfudk aqG;aEG;&m yk*HjrapwDausmufpmudk ta&;ygta&mufqHk; ausmufpmrsm;jzpfonf[kqkd
ygonf/
jrapwDausmufpmudk pHerlemxm; xkad usmufwidk f ygaom bmomtm;jzifh ausmufpm av;rsKd ;rSm
tu&mtvkt
d m;jzifh ESprf sKd ;ESppf m;omcJjG cm;Ekid \
f / if;ESprf sKd ;rSm ygV?d rGe?f jrefrmu wrsKd ;? ysLuwrsKd ;
aygi;f ESprf sKd ;jzpf\/ .
ygVd? rGef? jrefrmtu&mqdkonfrSm? wOD;ESifhwOD;ysLtu&muJhokdY cGJjcm;ac:qkdjcif;rjyKEkdifay/
tu&mtvkdtm;jzifh ygVdvnf;rGef? rGefvnf;jrefrm? jrefrmvnf;ygVdjzpfaejcif;udkawGU&\/
wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf ygVd? rGef? jrefrmwkdYudktoD;oD;tavsmuf? tu&mwrsdK;wnf;ESifh
a&;rSwx
f m;vsu,
f \
dS / (zkzkd;vwf 1958? pm 35)
- 139 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
Zkwo
f w
k &f mG *0H,Ofaus;rI jywdu
k rf S *0Hausmufx;D
[l zGiq
hf x
dk m;csut
f & jrefrmpmaytu&m\ ZpfjrpfonfreG t
f u&momjzpfonf[q
k cdk yhJ gonf/
jrefrmtu&monf rGet
f u&mrS qif;oufvmaMumif;udjk yvk
d 1957-58-ckEpS t
f wGuf ESpcf sKyt
f pD&ifcH
pmwGif ]jrefrmtu&mZ,m;yHpk (H 3)} udak emufqufwt
JG jzpfa&;qGaJ zmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;Z,m;uGurf S ]t}
tu&mwpfv;kH wnf;udk EdiI ;f ,SOMf unfjh cif;tm;jzifh jrefrmtu&m\Zpfjrpfuakd wGY Ekid af Mumif;&Si;f jyxm;ygonf/
tu&mZ,m;uGufwkdYteuf ,kd',m;jynf avmhAl&DausmufpmZ,m;uGuf (Z,m;uGuf trSwf 20)
wGiaf zmfjyxm;aom ]t} tu&mwkEYd iS hf yk*NH rKd t
U aemf&xmrif;\ vufa&;pmZ,m;uGuf (Z,m;uGut
f rSwf
24) wGiaf &;qGx
J m;aom ]t} tu&mwku
Yd kd ,SOMf unfv
h u
dk af omf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rIr&Sad Mumif;? oufaojy
xm;ygonf/ if;u
jrefrmwko
Yd nf ysLwkEYd iS hf a&m>yrf;aejcif;jzpfygvsuEf iS hf ysLwk\
Yd tu&ma&;om; oH;k pGjJ cif;rjyK aMumif;udk
xkd ]t} uyifoufaocHvsu&f \
dS / oufaocHyrkH mS yk*NH rKd Y jrapwD ysLausmufpmwGiyf gaom ]t}
tu&m\yko
H @mefrmS a&S;rlrysuyf aJ jcwH&n
S Ef iS hf awGjh rif&\/ xkad jcwH&n
S f txufyikd ;f &Sd tu&mtrSwf
tom;wkdYrSmvnf;xl;jcm;\/ ,if; ]t} ESifh avmAl&DrGef ]t} uoD;jcm;uGJjym;\/ jrapwD
ausmufpmwGiyf gaom rGepf m ]t} ESihf jrefrm ]t} wku
Yd kd vH;k csn;f pGx
J w
k Mf unfv
h Qif rnfonft
h u&mu
rGet
f u&mjzpfonf/ rnfonft
h u&mu jrefrmtu&m jzpfonf[
l cGjJ cm;ajymqkEd idk rf nf r[kwaf y/
xkdtu&momvQif r[kwfyJ if;Z,m;uGufoHk;uGufatmufokdY avQmufMunfUvkdufaomf rGefESifh
jrefrmwku
Yd wjcm;? ysLuwjcm;jzpfaMumif; awGY jrifEidk yf gvrd rhf nf/ (zk;d vwf? 1958? pm 46)
[lxyfrH&Sif;jyxm;onf udkawGY&ygonf/
- 140 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
jrefrmpmESihf ywfoufOD;zk;d vwfu ]yk*,

H Ofaus;rIwiG f rSwo
f m;bG,&f mtcsurf sm;} acgi;f pOfjzifh
okdYa[majymcJhygonf/
oa&acw&macwf? yk*HvufrGefacwfwkdh ysLwkdYESifh a&maESmaexkdifvsuf,Sdaom jrefrmwkdYwGif
jrefrmpm[loD;jcm;&SdyHkray:acs/ xkdacwfjrefrmwkdYonf rdrdwkdYaqmif&GufzG,f&Sdaomta&; udpwkdY
wGif ysLbmomESihf ysLpmudo
k mvQif oH;k pGv
J mcJo
h nf[k xif&ef,adS vonf/ xkpd Oftcg ysLpmESihf
ysLtu&mrsm;jzifh jrefrmbmomudka&;om;jcif;iSg wwfaumif;vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/.
xkaYd Mumifh jrefrmvlrsKd ;wko
Yd nf taemf&xmrif;apmvufxuf oxHjk ynfukd wku
d cf u
dk f atmifjrifNy;D
aemuf rGepf mayESirhf eG t
f u&mwkjYd zifh jrefrmbmomudk pwifwx
D iG af &;om;jcif;jyKaom tcgusro
S m
vQif jrefrmwkhd ud,
k yf ikd pf mrsm;&Sv
d mNy;D vQif xkt
d vsiu
f aomf ysLbmomESihf ysLpmudo
k mvQif a&;om;
oHk;pJGvsuf &Sdonf[k,lq&\/
oxHkudkwkdufckdufatmifjrif rGefpmESifhtu&mrsm;udk &,SdNyD;rSomvQif xkdtu&mrsm;jzifh jrefrm
bmomudk jrefrmwkpYd wifa&;om;&ef tm;xkwaf Mumif;udk yk*aH cwfwiG f a&S;OD;pGmawG&Y aom jrefrm
ausmufpm ta&;tom;rsm;u oufaocHvsuf,Sdavonf/ xkdausmufpmwkdYwGif jrefrmwkdY
onfjrefrmpum;rsm;udk ajymqko
d nft
h wkid ;f a&;om;&m pum;0gusrsm;udv
k nf; tawmfccJ ,
J Of;,Of;
pD a&;om;Mu&onfuakd wG&Y ayonf (zkzkd;vwf? 1961? pm 29)/
OD;zkd;vwfu jrefrmwEkdifiHvHk; taemf&xmacwfESifh usefppfom;acwfwkdYxuf a&S;usaom
jrefrmtu&mta&;tom;wkdYudk rawGY&aMumif;? a&S;OD;pGmawGY&aom jrefrmtu&m ta&;tom;rSmvnf;
rGet
f u&mta&;tom; pmvH;k aygi;f rsm;ESihf rsm;pGmwlnv
D su&f adS Mumif;? xkaYd Mumifh oxHjk ynfukd taemf&xmrif;
wku
d cf u
dk rf atmifjrifrD jrefrmwkhd ud,
k yf ikd pf m[l r&Sb
d ?J ysLbmomjzifh ysLpmudo
k m om;a&;oH;k pJv
GJ su&f adS Mumif;
a[majymwifjycJhygonf/
Zkwo
f w
k &f mG *0H,Ofaus;rI jywdu
k rf S *0Hausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;
- 141 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ausmufqpf qDr;D tdrf
av;rsufESmbk&m;
txufygOD;zkd;vwf\ tmabmfaumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk MunfhvQifok0PblrdESifh ywfoufaom

if;\oabmxm;tjrifudk awGY jrifEkdifayonf/
OD;zk;d vwfonf 1958-ckEpS {f Nyv
D twGi;f u rdrad &muf&cdS ahJ om oxHak 'oESihf ywfouf atmufyg
orkdif;Iaxmifhtjrifrsm;udk xkwfazmfcJhaMumif;awGY&onf/
1/ ok0Pbrl [
d o
l nf atmufjrefrmEkid if ?H oxHak 'oyifjzpfonf/ ,if;oxHo
k nf orkid ;f acwfpOf
(Chronology) t&yk*(H 11-&mpkEp
S )f xufy
dk a&S;usonf/
2/ yk*t
H aemf&xmrif;vufxuf (at'D 1097) wGipf pfcsw
D ufwu
dk cf u
dk o
f rd ;f oGi;f cJah om oxHq
k dk
onfrmS vnf; atmufjrefrmEkid if u
H oxHyk ifjzpfonf/ ,d;k ',m; (xkid ;f ) Ekid if t
H wGi;f &Sd euGeyf xkrNf rKd Y
r[kwf/
3/ oxkrH yS #d uwfusr;f pmrsm;? usr;f *efwwf&[ef;awmfrsm; yk*o
H aYdk &muf&NdS y;D ? Ak'o
momem yk
d
pnfyifxeG ;f um;onf/ xkt
d csuu
f akd xmufoxHo
k Ydk yd#uwfawmfrsm;a&muf&dS vmcJyh u
kH v
kd nf;
t&Sifr[mAk'aCmorax&f aqmif,lvmcJhjcif;omjzpfEkdifaMumif; qkdvkdayonf/
4/ rdru
d ,
kd w
f idk u
f iG ;f qif; auvmoawmifajcrS a*gVrwdu
e*&? wku
d u
f v
k m;NrKd u
Y kd &SmazGawGY
&Scd ahJ Mumif; azmfjycJo
h jzifh t&Siaf omPESihf Ow&rax&fwo
Ydk moem jyK<ua&mufawmfral om
ok0Pbrl ?d ok"r0wDNrKd aU [mif;onf if;auvmoawmif ajca'oyifjzpfEidk f aMumif;cefrh eS ;f
,lqonf/
- 142 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
uJo
h yYdk if OD;zk;d vwf\ 1958 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1960 jynfv
h eG Ef pS rf sm;twGi;f a&S;a[mif;okawoec&D;
xGufjcif;? jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&mrsm;udk a[majymwifjyjcif;rsm;udk MunfhvQifjrefrmEkdifiH
a&S;a[mif;okawoeXme? nTefMum;a&;0efwpfOD;taejzifh atmufjrefrmEkdifiH oxHka'oonf a&S;a[mif;
ok0Pblrd,Ofaus;rI e,fajrwpfckjzpfaMumif; todtrSwfjyKxm;cJhonfudk awGY&rnfjzpfygonf/
okdY&mwGif a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHk AdokumtEkynmvuf&m taxmuftxm;rsm;taeESifhrl
oxHak 'owGirf ,fr,f&& rdrrd awG&Y aMumif; tqkjd yKxm;\/ if;\ 1958 ckEpS f uGi;f qif;c&D;pOftwGi;f
1/ Zkwo
f w
k &f mG usKd ux
f ;D aqmif;apwD?
2/ Zkwo
f w
k &f mG qifwyfjrif;wyf?
3/ rkoif&GmNrdKUkd;a[mif;ESifh *0HausmufkyfyGm;awmfrsm;?
4/ bD;vif;e,f? tvl;uav;&Gm usKd uyf wJapwD?
5/ oxHkuvsmPDodrfywfvnfrSvdyfoJausmufwkdif?ausmufjym;rsm;rS ZmwfawmfBuD;q,fbJGY
tkyrf sm;?
6/ odMum;bk&m;rS a&S;a[mif;rGefpOfhcsyfrsm;?
7/ rkwr NrKd U jrode;f wefapwDEiS hf acwfv,freG t
f u&mjzifah &;xk;d xm;aom acgi;f avmif;pm
8/ u&ifjynfe,fbm;tHNrdKUteD;aumh*Gef;*l?
9/ yJc;l NrKd t
U a&SaU &Teo
YH mESihf taemufa&Teo
YH mapwD&dS ausmufcsyAf 'k yk yf mG ;awmfrsm;? em*0Hord Ef iS hf
vGefpGma&S;usaom Ak'yHkawmfausmufcsyf
10/ wGaH w; (a&S;vNrKd Y ) rS ]armif;wD;} [kac:aomapwDEiS hf xkad pwDrt
S aemf&xmrif; tkwcf u
G rf sm;
udo
k mrSww
f rf;wifc&hJ \/ (zk;d vwf? 1961? pm 17-19) ,if;taxmuftxm;rsm;t&
ESpfusdwf&Spfql 80Hausmufqpfvuf&m
- 143 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
rGew
f \
Ydk (oxH)k ,Ofaus;rIrmS trsm;tm;jzift
h Ed ,
d jynf\ ta&Su
U rf;ajca'ojzpfaom umv*F?
awv*Fe? tEm&paomEkid if w
H rYdk S &&S
d Adou
k mtwwf? yefyt
k wwf? yef&ef twwf? yefyt
J wwf?
euwfaA'iftwwf? aq;twwf? uAsmvuFmtwwf? yefwsmtwwfpnfwkdY tqifhtwef;
jrifhcJhonf[k ,HkMunf&ef&Sdayonf/
[ktuJjzwfonf/ if;a&S;rGef,Ofaus;rItaqmufttHkESifh tEkynmvuf&mt<uif;tusefwkdYudk atmuf
jrefrmjynfwpfckvHk; tESHYtjym;&Sdonf[krdrd,lqaMumif;? okdY&mwGifrsm;pGmwkdYrSmajray:wGif r&SdawmhbJ?
ajratmufwGifom ckdatmif;aeNyD;vQifawmBuD;rsm; zHk;vTrf;vsufaeonf[kxif&ef &SdaMumif;? okdhjzpf
wl;azmf&efvnf; vG,u
f v
l rd rhf nfr[kwaf Mumif; qufvufwifjyxm;onfukd awG&Y ygonf/ (zk;d vwf? 1961?
pm-19)/
oxHrk mS Adou
k mqkid &f m taqmufttHrk sm;rdrrd awG&Y jcif;udt
k aMumif;jyK yk*aH cwf Adou
k mtEkynm
(Monumental Civlization) ,Ofaus;rIonf oxH,
k Ofaus;rIMoZm oufa&mufr&I adS Mumif;qku
d kd OD;zk;d vwfu
jiif;y,fcyhJ gonf/ tqkEd iS fh ywfoufvnf;
tcsdKYuoxHkjynfudk taemf&xmrif;wkdufckdufratmifjrifrD yk*H,Ofaus;rIvHk0r&Sd oavmuf
ajymqkd,lqvsuf&SdMuonf/ okdY,lqjcif;rSm tjrifrus,faom,lqjcif;om jzpfacsonf/
oxHjk ynfukd taemf&xmrif;apmwku
d cf u
kd af tmifjrifNy;D aemuf oxHjk ynfrS yef;&ef? yef;wdr?f yef;cs?D
yef;yk? Adou
k mpaom yeftwwfynmonfwu
Ydk kd ac:aqmif vmaomtcgusro
S mvQif yk*jH ynf
xkt
d Ekynm yeftwwfrsm; xGe;f um;vmonf[k r,lq&m r. eG o
f yYkH ef;rsm;yk*jH ynf okYd ra&mufru
D
yk*jH ynfwiG Af o
d u
k mrsm;/ yef&efrsm;? yefyrJ sm;? yefxserf sm;,Sad eNy;D om;jzpfonf [k,q
l oifah vonf/
xkdaMumifhyk*HacwfwGif wnfaqmufcJhaomtaqmuftOD;rsm;teuf rnfonfhtaqmuf tOD;rSm
rGefvuf&mjzpf? rnfonfhtaqmuftOD;rSm jrefrmvuf&mjzpfonf[laom ,lqcsufrsm;rSm
t"dyg,fr&Sdacs/
[kxifjrif,q
l xm;ayonf (zk;d vwf? 1961? pm 31-2)/
uJo
h x
Ydk ifjrif,q
l csut
f ay:y
kd ckid rf matmif 1962-ckEpS w
f iG x
f w
k af 0cJah om OD;zk;d vwf\ ]a&S;a[mif;
jrefrm&mZ0ifEiS hf ,Ofaus;rIoak woe} pmwrf;wGiaf tmufygtwkid ;f qufvufwifjyxm;yHu
k kd awG&Y \/
yk*&H ufowywfa[majymyGrJ sm;wGif uREyfk w
f x
Ydk w
k q
f cdk ahJ om tcsuw
f pf&yfuw
kd ifjyygrnf/ xkt
d csurf mS
okawoDwpfpkwdkYu yk*H,Sda&S;a[mif;taqmuftOD;rsm;teuf tcsdKYwkdYudk rGefvuf&m[l if;?
tcsKd w
Y u
Ydk jkd refrmvuf&m[l if;cGjJ cm;ac:jy,lqvsu&f MdS uonfrmS t"dyg ,rf ,S[
d al om tcsuyf if
jzpfacsonf/
yk*jH ynf,t
dS aqmuftOD;rsm;ESihf yefcs?D yefy?k t*Fawyef;? pOfch sy?f tkwcf u
G pf onfwu
Ydk dk rGev
f uf&m
jzpfonf/ jrefrmvuf&mjzpfonf[kajymqkd,lqjcif;\ taMumif;&if;rSm tcsdKYtaqmuftOD;wkdh\
eH&pH onfww
Ydk iG af omfif;? rGr;f rHoif;ESx
H m;onfU yefcs?D yefy?k pOfch sy?f tkwcf u
G pf onfww
Ydk iG af omfif;?
rGeb
f momjzifph mrsm;udk a&;om;vsu,
f o
dS nfuakd wG&Y ? tcsKd Y wkw
Yd iG af omfjrefrmbmomjzifh pmrsm;udk
a&;om;xm;onfudk awGY&jcif;jzpfavonf/
- 144 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
yk*jH ynf usepf pfom;rif;vufxufwiG f aqmufvyk af omtaqmuftOD;rsm;udk rGev

f uf&mrsm; jzpf
onf[k ,lqajymqk&d m ,if;taqmufttHrk sm;wGif rGepf mayta&;tom;rsm; awG&Y onfrw
S yg;
tjcm;ckid v
f akH omtaMumif; ,kwrd sm;vnf; rnfonfrQr,Sad cs/
,if;taqmuftOD;rsm;\ yHyk ef;o@meftEkynmvuf&mwk\
Yd t*FgvuPm&yfrsm;udk axmufjcif;
jzif,
h if;wkrYd mS rGew
f \
hdk (oxH)k vuf&mrsm;omjzpfoifrh nf[k qk&d avmufatmif ,if;wkEYd iS hf toGif
o@meft*FgvuPm&yfrsm; wlnDonfU ,if;wkdY\rl&if;yHk (Proto Type) [kac:qkdxdkufaom
,if;wkhd xufa&S;usonfh taqmuftOD;tEkynm vuf&mponfwu
Ydk kd rGew
f aYdk exkid cf ahJ omjynfe,f
wkw
hd iG f bmwpfcrk QawG&Y jcif;vnf;r,Sad cs/ rGew
f \
Ydk a&S;taqmuftOD;rsm;ESihf tEkynmvuf&mrsm;rSm
vGepf mG ,d,
k iG ;f ysupf ;D vG,af om *0Hausmufjzifo
h mvQif Ny;D ojzifyh *k aH cwftaqmuftOD;ESiv
hf uf&m
rsm;\ pHjytaejzifh ,lq&efrnfonft
h &mrQ <uif;usecf jhJ cif;r,Sad wmhacs[k qko
d ifah vmufatmifyif
,Sdacsonf/
tenf;i,frQom awG,
Y &dS aom (oxHk ? odMum;bk&m;teD;? uvsmPDord ef rd w
d w
f Ydk vdyo
f nf;
ausmufyefyv
k uf&mwkEYd iS hf pyfvsO;f vnf; xkvyk o
f nfah cwfrsm;udk cefrY eS ;f &ef vGepf mG cJ,
h Of;vsu,
f dS
acsonf ( OD;zk;d vwf? a&S;a[mif;jrefrm&mZ0ifESifh ,Ofaus;rIokawoe
woe? &efuek ?f ynmeEykH
ESyd w
f u
dk ?f 1962? pm/ 43-44)/
txufyg OD;zkd;vwf\ t,ltqonf ok0PblrdoxHkokawoevkyfief;tay:wGif tenf;ESifh
H nf
trsm;*,ufu
kd cf wfr&I cdS yhJ gonf/ yk*aH cwfa&S;a[mif;Adou
k mtaqmufttHw
k \
Ydk rl&if; (Proto Type) yHpk o
oxHrk [kw?f oa&acw&mysLAdou
k mom t&if;wnf vsu&f adS Mumif; aemiftcgwifjyvmMuaom? aygvf
px&uf*sifESifh rkdufu,fatmifoGifwkdY\ t,ltqjzpfay:vmatmif tpysdK;vrf;cif;ay;xm;vkdufouJhokdY
&Sdygonf/
yk*aH pwDyx
k ;dk rsm;teuf taemf&xmrif;aumif;rIawmfjzpfaom avmueEmapwDEiS hf a&TqaH wmfapwD
wkdYudka&S;tusqHk;jzpfonf[k qkdMu\/ avmueEmapwD? jrif;uygapwDwkdYonf oa&acw&maygaygBuD;
(abmabmBuD;) bk&m;uJhokdYvHk;ywfo@mefcsif;qifwl oa&acw&m rl&if;[kqkd&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;?
a&TqHawmfapwDrSmrl atmufajcwGifyp,mqifhrsm;cHjcif;? xkdyp,mrsm;wGif ewfavSum;rsm;wyfqifjcif;?
xdyyf ikd ;f wGif azgi;f &pftqifq
h ifrh rG ;f rHjcif;wkrYd mS oa&acw&mapwD yHpk rH sKd ;r[kwaf y/ taemf&xmvufxuf
pwifwnfxm;cJNh y;D ? usepf pfom; vufxufwiG f tNy;D owfwnfxm;cJah om a&Tpnf;cHak pwDrmS vnf; yp,m
oH;k qifEh iS hf ewfvrf;avSum;rsm; wyfqifxm;onfU yk*aH cwfO;D apwDwpfqyl ifjzpfygonf/ if;Adou
k myHpk jH zifh
apwDudk oxHkodMum;bk&m;wGifvnf;awGY jrifEkdifayonf/ ZkwfokwfusdKufxD;apmif;apwDrSmvnf;awGY jrif
Ekdifao;ojzifh atmufjrefrmEkdifiHoxHk a'orl&if;yHkpHrsdK;jzpfonf[kqkdEkdifygonf/
yk*aH cwfO;D vkP
d *f b
l &k m;rsm;yHpk rH sKd ;udv
k nf; oxHak &Tpm&H bk&m;y&0kPt
f wGi;f &Sd yd#uwfwu
dk af pwDukd
erlemyHpk t
H jzpf awGY jrifEidk af yonf/ ,if;a&S;a[mif; taqmufttHw
k rYdk mS oxHak 'owGif yk*t
H aemf&xmrif;
vufxufrwkdifrDu taqmufttHkrsm;jzpfEkdifNyD; &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;<uif;usef&pfaom Adokumvuf&mrsm;tjzpf
owfrw
S &f rnfjzpfygonf/ pifppfy*k rH mS yif taemf&xmrif; vufxufrwkid rf u
D wnfxm;cJah om taqmufttHk
rsm;[l nTefjyp&mtvGefenf;yg;vS\/ yk*HuJhokdYrkd;enf;yg;aom a'orSmyif taemf&xmxufydkapmaom
taqmufttHrk sm; t<uif;tuserf awGEY idk af Mumif;udk axmufxm;vQirf ;dk rsm;aom oxHak 'orSmyify
kd ysupf ;D
aysmufuG,faernf[k ,lqp&mtaMumif;&Sdygonf/
- 145 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
OD;zkd;vwfonf 4if;c&D;xGufcJhpOfu ta&;ygaom ,Ofaus;rIXmewpfckjzpfonfh BuHKwlvnf;r

a&mufcahJ y/ if;txufu ausmufpm0ef'l KdG iZf ,frw
S w
f rf;wifcahJ om BuKH wb
l &k m;rSpOfu
h iG ;f rsm;udk oxH,
k Of
aus;rIwGifxnfhoGif; pOf;pm;cJUjcif;r&Sday/
oxHo
k Md um;bk&m;pOfu
h iG ;f (ajrrD;zkwf yk <f u) yHrk sm;ESiq
hf ufpyfaeaom oxHu
k vsmPDord f edrw
d f
wkid rf S vdyo
f aJ usmufA'k 0 ifyk <f ursm;udk OD;zk;d vwfu&ufpt
JG wdtus rajymEkid o
f jzifh oxHak cwfvuf&m[k
ajym&ef 0efav;aecJyh &kH ygonf/ uvsmPDord [
f al om trnfrmS vnf; yJc;l "rapwDrif;\ uvsmPDord Ef iS hf
trnfcsif;a&maxG;aeonfjzpf c&pf 15-&mpkESpf&ufpGJESifh ,SOfNyD;aeygonf/ ausmufpm0efOD;jruvnf;
uvsmPDausmufqpfyk w
f Ydk &ufpu
JG kd 11-12 &mpkEpS f vuf&mrsm;[kcefrY eS ;f ay;xm;cJzh ;l \/ trSerf mS xkad usmuf
qpfyk <f uyHrk sm;\ vuf&mudMk unf
U ygarmuvpk o
f nf yk*rH wkid rf u
D oxHak cwfvuf&mrsm;jzpfaMumif;cefrh eS ;f
wifjyxm;ayonf/ (Luee, Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma, Volume II, Plates, 92m bm c, d, 93, a, b, c,
h iG ;f rsm;onfvnf; oxHrk ysurf u
D tEkynmvuf&mrsm;jzpf
d, 94, a, b, c, d, 95, a, b, c, d) odMum;bk&m;pOfu
onft
U jyif oxHw
k iG f *0HavhEiS hf yl;wGv
J suaf jrrD;zkwt
f EkynmxGe;f um;aMumif; oufaojyaeygonf/ aemuf
xyfajrrD;zkwf tEkynmxGe;f um;aMumif; oufaowpfcrk mS BuKH wpl Ofu
h iG ;f rsm;yifjzpfMu\/ bk&m;wHwidk ;f wGif
uyfp;D Ny;D wefqmqif,ifxm;jcif;jzpf Ak'b
moma&; Adou
k mtwwfynmESihf ajrrD;zkwf yk <f utEkynmwku
Yd kd
,SOw
f v
JG suaf wGjY rifjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ BuKH wo
l nf c&pfEpS f 7-8&mpkEpS f rsm;xufaemufrusEidk af y/ tcsuu
f kd
OD;zk;d vwfu xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;cJyh u
kH rkd awG&Y ay/
OD;zk;d vwf\ 1958-ckEpS af rmfvNrKd i?f bm;tH? rkwr ? oxH?k bD;vif;? usKd ux
f cdk &D;pOfrsm;udk a0zef
oHk;oyf&vQif a&S;a[mif;okawoepl;prf;avhvma&;c&D; (Archaeological Exploration) wpfckxuf?
Xmeqkid &f mtBu;D tuJwpfO;D u e,fvn
S chf &D;xGupf pfaq;Munfh aI omc&D; (Inspection Tour) wpfct
k oGiu
f kd
om aqmifonf[q
k &dk ygrnf/ xkpd OfuoxHck dik t
f wGi;f e,fajrat;csr;f rI r&Sad o;onft
h wGuf c&D;pOfumv
rsm;vnf; wkad wmif;Ny;D tvsipf vk&d v
dS yS gonf/ oxHck dik w
f iG f (23? {NyrD S 29 {Nyt
D xd) &ufowywfrQ
omMumcJhonf/ ausmufpmul;vkyfief;udk OD;pm;ay;vkyfcJhNyD;? NrdKYa[mif;rsm;azmfxkwfa&;udk omrefrQom
aqmif&u
G cf &hJ \/ c&D;xGuf tzGw
YJ iG f wl;azmfru
I Rr;f usio
f l (Excavator) vnf;yg0ifcjhJ cif;r&Sad o;ay/ (xkpd Ofu
ausmufpm0ef OD;vlaz0if;\ pDrHudef;t& aoG;opfavmif;vli,f a&S;a[mif;okawoDrsm;avhusifhay;a&;
tpDtpOft& yxrqH;k Ekifd if jH cm;okYd apvTw
f ynmoif,al eol OD;atmifaomfonf tdE,
d Ekid if w
H iG f ynmoif,l
aeqJjzpf\/) xkaYd Mumifh ,Ofaus;rIe,fajrwpfcu
k kd a&S;a[mif;okawoeenf;jzifh pepfwus pl;prf;avUvmrI
(Surveying) ESihf vufawGw
Y ;l azmfrI (Excavation) rsm;udak tmufjrefrf mEkid if H oxHak 'owGif rjyKEidk cf ahJ o;aMumif;
awGY&rnfjzpfygonf/
1958-ckEpS w
f iG f tdE,
d okYd ynmawmfoifap vTwcf NhJ y;D 1959 ckEpS af tmufwb
dk mv jyefvnf
a&muf&SdvmcJhaom OD;jrifhatmifonf aemiftcgoxHka'orS ok0PblrdNrdKUa[mif;wl;azmfrI (1974-78)
udkaAGaqmfOD; aqmif&GufcJh&oljzpfvmcJh\/
OD;jrifah tmif\ 0if;uwl;azmfrI (1976-78) wGit
f w
k w
f u
dk t
f aqmufttHak [mif; (6)ck (Wk 1-6)
udkwl;azmfawGY&SdcJhygonf/ ,if;wl;azmfrIt& oxHka'orSm *0Htkwfjzifhomru ajrrD;zkwftkwfjzifh wnf
aqmufaom a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHrk sm; (Monumental Civilization) &Scd ahJ Mumif; od&&dS ayonf/ xkpd Oftcgu
OD ; jrif h a tmif w l ; azmf c J h a om tk w f u k e f ; rsm;rS x G u f a y:vmonf h tk w f w k d u f t aqmuf t OD ; rsm;ud k
- 146 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
yEuyf pkH rH Qomazmfxw

k Ef idk af wmhaMumif; awG&U \/ taqmuftOD;\ txuf0gtpdyt
f ydik ;f rsm;udk rawG&Y awmhay/
okjYd zpf ,if;taqmufttHw
k \
Ydk yGe;f wD;,k,
d iG ;f rItajctaet& oufwrf;tm;jzift
h vGef a&S;usyu
kH ckd efrY eS ;f
k ;D aphEiS hf a&zse;f tk;d
Ekid af yonf/ 0if;u-trSwf (1) uke;f Wk-1 wl;azmfrrI S awG&U aomajrykw;D ausmufyw
vnfwkdifrsm;t& 0if;utaqmuftOD;onf ysLacwfNydKifjzpfEkdifaMumif; EdIif;,SOfacwfcGJ enf; (Relative
d ;f cefrY eS ;f wifjycJyh gonf/
Dating) jzifh atmufygtwki
,ckacwfo0k Pbrl Nd rKd aU wmfwnf&&dS m[k rSww
f rf;jyKxm;aom 0if;u&Gmwl;azmfrrI S Zvkyyf g&dS tk;d EIwo
f ;D
ESpcf Ek iS hf a&zse;f tk;d vnfwefav;ck udx
k yfrH wl;azmf&&Scd jhJ yefonf/
,if;a&jzef;tkd;rSm 'udPukef;jrifh (tdEd,) wae&m&Sd ]&ef;r[vfNrdKUa[mif;} ESifh jrefrmjynf
AdEdk;NrdKYa[mif;wkdY awGY&aoma&jzef;tkd;ykHpHrsm;ESifh wlnDaMumif;od&\/
odcYk &pf&mpkEpS t
f apmydik ;f qkid &f m tdE,
d orkid ;f 0ifa'orsm;ESihf tqufo,
G &f cdS yhJ u
kH kd cefrY eS ;f Ekid jf cif;
tm;jzifh rGefjynfe,fok0Pblrdwnfae&m[kowfrSwfxm;Muaom 0if;u&Gmwl;azmfrI taqmuf
ttHBk u;D udk ckEpS yf ikd ;f jcm;vmEdik af yonf/ xkaYd Mumifch &pfEpS t
f apmydik ;f tdE,
d tk;d tifrsm;ESihf ykpH cH si;f
wlnrD t
I & 0if;utaqmufto
kH nf a&S;tusq;kH c&pf&mpk tapmydik ;f rsm;ESio
hf ufqidk
f Adou
k myHpk H
taejzifh aemuftusq;kH yk*aH cwfEiS o
hf ufqidk o
f nf [kr,kwrf vGef qkEd idk af yawmhonf/
(OD;jrifah tmif ]ok0Pbrl w
d ;l azmfru
I adk cwfcjJG cif;} rGefjynfe,faeYtxdrf;trSwfpmapmif? 1977? rwfv?
pm 39-42)/
OD;zkd;vwfvufxuf 1960-jynfhvGefESpfrsm;txd oxHke,fwGif yk*Hxufydkapmaom tkwfwkduf
taqmuftOD;rsm;r&SEd idk af Mumif;,lqxm;cJo
h nfukd a&S;a[mif;okawoerSL; OD;jrifah tmifu 1970 jynfv
h eG f
ESprf sm;twGi;f wl;azmfoak woejyKazmfxw
k af y;cJo
h nfh om"uudk awG&Y jcif;yifjzpfygonf/ OD;zk;d vwfu
a&S;rGe,
f Ofaus;rItaqmuftOD;ESihf tEkynmvuf&mt<uif;tusew
f u
Ydk kd atmufjrefrmjynfwckv;kH
tESt
YH jym;,So
d nf[k ,lq&ef,o
dS nf/ ok&Yd mwGirf sm;pGmwkrYd mS ajray:wiG f r,Sad wmhy?J ajratmufwiG o
f m
ckad tmif;aeNy;D vQif awmBu;D rsm;jzifzh ;kH vTr;f vsuaf eonf [kxif&ef,o
dS nf/ xkaYd Mumifh wl;azmf&ef
vnf;vG,u
f v
l rd rhf nfr[kwyf g/ (zd;k vwf? 1961? 19)
[lxifjrif,q
l xm;cJo
h nf/ xku
d o
hJ Ydk wl;azmf&efrvG,u
f [
l q
k adk om udpu
kd if; aemuf (10) ESpt
f MumwGif
vufawGYwl;azmfokawoejyKEkdifcJhaMumif;awGY&ayonf/
OD;zkd;vwf\ 1958 ckESpf ok0Pblrdpl;prf;&SmazGa&;c&D;pOftwGif; oxHka'o&Sd a&S;a[mif;
taqmuftOD;rsm;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIypn;f rsm;udk "mwfyakH ygi;f (211) yHk u
kd u
f ;l vsurf w
S w
f rf; wifco
hJ nfrmS
aemifvmaemifom;rsm;twGuf tm;xm;p&m taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfcyhJ gonf/ if;wkrYd mS
1/ u&ifjynfe,f
zm;uyf&Gm
2/ oxHk
3/ usdKufxkdESifh
"mwfyt
kH rSwf
"mwfyt
kH rSwf
"mwfyHktrSwf
7714 rS
7749
7750 rS
7789 xd
7790 rS
- 147 -
35 yHk
9 yHk
ok 0 P bl rd
4/ Zkwfokwf
5/ rkwrNrdKY
6/ yJc;l NrKd Y
7/ wHGaw;NrdKY
bD;vif;
"mwfyt
kH rSwf
"mwfyHktrSwf
"mwfyt
kH rSwf
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ok aw o e
7796 xd
7797 rS
4852
7853 rS
7854 xd
7855 rS
7880 xd
7881 rS
7936 xd
pkpkaygif;
6 yHk
55 yHk
2 yHk
25 yHk
55 yHk
217
(1957-58 ESpcf sKy?f pm-82-87)

Old Burma Early Pagan pmtkyE
f iS hf
aemiftcg "gwyf rkH sm;onf ygarmuvpk \
f
Burma pmtkyfrsm;jyKpkoifhonfhtcg taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfvmcJhygonf/
Phase of Pre-Pagan
jrefrmEkid if H a&S;a[mif;a'otEHt
hS jym;okYd 1957-58 ckEpS t
f wGi;f c&D;xGucf o
hJ nfh tusK;d &v'fwpfcrk mS
EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufxm;aom rlvpm&if;a[mif;yg taqmuftOD 85 ckteuf
taqmuftOD; 35 ckux
kd yfrjH znfpU u
G Ef ikd cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf[k OD;zk;d vwfu qkyd gonf/ xko
d jhdk znfph u
G jf cif;aMumifh
Z,m;0ifxed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smufxm;aom a&S;a[mif;taqmuftOD;pkpak ygi;f (120) txdw;dk wufvmcJo
h nf[k
wifjycJo
h nf/ okaYd omfokYd xyfrjH znfph u
G cf ahJ om Z,m;0ifa&S;a[mif; taqmuftOD (35) ckwpYdk m&if;wGif
atmufjrefrmEdik if rH S taqmuftODwpfcrk Qryg0ifcahJ y/ jrif;NccH dik ?f jynfcdik ?f ppfawGcdik Ef iS hf rauG;cdik w
f rYdk S
a&S;a[mif;taqmuftODwo
Ydk m yg0ifonf (1957-58-ESpcf sKypf m-58)/
xkt
Yd jyify*k NH rKd &Y dS a&S;a[mif;okawoe qkid &f mjywku
d Ef iS hf ppfawGcdik ?f NrKd aY [mif;jywku
d w
f Ydk xm;&Sd
ouJhokdY atmufjrefrmEkdifiHoxHka'owGif a&S;a[mif;okawoeqkdif&mjywkdufwpfckudk owfowfrSwfrSwf
xlaxmifxm;&SEd idk cf jhJ cif;r&Sad o; onfuv
kd nf; awG&Y ayonf (1957-58 ESpcf sKy?f pm 26-31)/ okjhd zpfaomf
jim;vnf; aemiftcg oxHNk rKd aY &Tpm&Hb&k m;0if;twGi;f &Sd ausmufpmwkid rf sm;ESihf a&S;a[mif;kyyf mG ;qif;wktcsKd u
Y kd
xde;f odr;f &eftaqmufttHw
k pfcw
k nfjcif;? qifwyfjrif;wyf *0Hausmufqpfyk w
f ef;&S&d m ay (180) t&Snf
NrKd Y ;kd a[mif;wpfyikd ;f udk tay:uuGeu
f &pf trd;k jzifx
h ed ;f odr;f ay;jcif;wkrYd mS OD;zk;d vwfc&D;pOf\ aemufqufwJG
tcsdK;&v'frsm;[kyifqkd&ygrnf/ aemiftcga&S;a[mif; ,Ofaus;rIjywkdufudk rGefjynfe,f? armfvNrdKifNrdKYwGif
wnfaxmifziG v
hf pS af y;cJyh gonf/ oxHNk rKd w
Y iG f uJo
h jhdk ywku
d f wpfcw
k nfrxm;cJb
h ?J oxHt
k pm;armfvNrKd if
wnfxm;cJjh cif;rSm oxHNk rKd aY [mif;\ orkid ;f ta&;ygru
I kd usqif;oGm;apNy;D ? oxHv
k nf;arS;rSed f aysmufu,
G v
f v
k k
tajctaeokdY qkdufa&mufaeaMumif; owdjyKrdMu[efrwlay/
- 148 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
a':oif;Munf? Akvd rf LS ;b&Si?f a'gufwmoef;xGe;f

zdk;vwf? ygarmua'gufwma':oif;Munfu ppfynm*sme,fwGif} ok0Pblrd oxHkNrdKYa[mif;
avhvmcsufrsm; aqmif;yg;udka&;om;onfUtcg taemf&xmrif;ESifh rEl[mrif;wkdY ppfyGJcif;usif;wkdufckduf
cJph Ofu oxHNk rKd aY [mif;\ umuG,af &;tpDtrHrsm; jyKvyk x
f m;yHrk sm;udk yx0D0iftaetxm;rsm; jyKvyk x
f m;
yHrk sm;udk yx0Dtaetxm;Iaxmifrh MS unf
U aqG;aEG;wifjycJo
h nf/ ( ppfynm*sme,f? twGJ 3? trSwf 2?
1958? ZGe?f pm 146-153)
orkid ;f aumfr&Sit
f zG0YJ if Adv
k rf LS ;b&Siu
f if;\ taemf&xmrwkdifrDu jrefrmEkdifiH? okawoeusr;f udk
a&;om;onfhtcg ok0Pblrda'o\ wnfae&mudk ,ckppfawmif;ESifh oHvGifjrpfESpfoG,fpyfMum; rkwr
yifv,fauGaY y:&dS urf;ajrmifa'orSm ok0Pbrl Ed idk if w
H nfc&hJ m a'ojzpf\/ NrKd aY wmfrmS xkad 'o&Sd auvmo
awmifajcwGif&Sdonf/ orkdif;acwfOD;u NrdKYudk &wemodkufBuD;tjzpfodcJhMu\/ wkwf? a&mr? acgr?
tdE,
d ukeo
f nfrsm;u NrKd u
Y kd ]a&Tajr} [kt"dyg ,&f aom rdrw
d b
Ykd mompum;jzifh trnfay; rSww
f rf;
wifcMUJ u\/ ok0Pbrl Ed idk if \
H tus,rf mS taemufbuf{&m0wDjrpf? ta&Sb
Y ufaomif&if;jrpftxd jzpfaom
{&m0wD? ppfawmif;? oHviG jf rpfw\
Ydk jrpf0uRe;f ay:a'o[k,q
l Ekid o
f nf[k azmfjycJo
h nf/
(Adv
k rf LS ;b&Si?f taemf&xmt&ifujrefrmEkdifiH? &efuek ?f yk*pH mtkyw
f u
dk ?f 1971? pm-68)/
ygarmua'guw
f moef;xGe;f uvnf; ae&mwGif Adv
k rf LS ;b&SiEf iS hf oabmcsi;f xyfwjl zpf\/
. . . ig;&mig;q,fZmwfawmfrsm;rS tpygVpd may xif&mS ;yg&adS om ok0Pbrl [
d o
l nf rnfonft
h &yfenf;[k
awG;awmBuq
H zG,&f ydS gonf/ awmfvrD\ ajryHk ]c&Da&S} um; ok0Pbrl yd ifjzpf\/ ode;f cd(k oD[Vdk ?f o&D v
d uFm)
a&;&mZ0ifrsm;jzpfaom av;&mpk 'Dyg0ifEiS hf ajcmuf&mpkr[m0ifwYdk vnf; ok0Pbrl u
d kd Ak'o
moem \tajccH
t&yf[knTef;jyefonf/ ,if;ok0Pblrdum; oxHkr[kwf[kqkdcsifonf/ oxHk\taemuf ajrmufbufrkdif
(30)ceft
Y uGm auvmoausmufawmifpeG ;f &Syd gonf/ xkad wmifpeG ;f \ awmifay:awmifatmufw0ku
d o
f mvQif
ok0Pbrl d NrKd aY [mif;&mjzpfygonf/ vwDw
w
G f ajrmuf 17 tHom? 11 vdwm ESihf avmif*sw
D w
G f ta&SY 97
tH[m 6 vdww
iG &f \
dS / (oef;xGe;f ? acwfa[mif;&mZ0if? pm-81)/
txufyg ynm&Sio
f ;kH OD;wkw
Yd iG f ygarmua'guw
f ma':oif;Munfu ,ckoxHNk rKd &Y dS NrKd aY [mif;taMumif;udk
a&;om;wifjy c&pfESpf 1057-ckESpfu yk*Htaemf&xmrif;ESifh acwfNydKifok0Pblrdudkqkdjcif;jzpfygonf/
a'guw
f moef;xGe;f url c&pftBuKd (bDp)D oH;k &mpkEpS t
f wGi;f tdE,
d Ekid if t
H aomurif;ESihf acwfNyKd iw
f nf&cdS ahJ om
ok0Pblrdudkqkdjcif;jzpfygonf/ AdkvfrSL;b&SifESifh a'gufwmoef;xGef;wkdYae&mtnTef;csif;wlMu\/ odkY&mwGif
q&mBu;D a'guw
f moef;xGe;f onf rdr\
d ok0Pbrl w
d nfae&mt,ltqudk aemufEpS af ygi;f (40) ceft
Y MumwGif
jyefvnfjyifqifcJhygonf/
- 149 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
8sDtyd cf sfvpk f
ok0PblrdESifhpyfvsOf; a[majyma&;om;rIrsm;wGif orkdif;aumfr&SiftzGJY0if ygarmu*sD? tdyfcsf?
vkpf\wifjycsufrSm ydkxda&mufrI&Sdygonf/ vkpfonfol\ yk*Htapmydkif;umvjrefrmEkdifiH (Old Burma
h EkH ydS o
f nft
h cg atmufjrefrmEkdifiH rkwrauGYyifv,furf;dk;wef;
Early Pagan) pmtkyBf u;D udk twGJ (3) wGjJ zify
a'oudk a&S;a[mif;&mrna'o[kvnf;aumif; ok0Pblrd[l vnf;aumif;ajryHkay:wGif a&;qGJwifjy
cJhonf/ (Luee, G-H, Old Burma Early Pagan, Vol II, Catalogue, New York, Artibus Asie, 1969k idk if jH cm; wGiyf EkH ydS f xkwaf 0cJjh cif;aMumifh urmtESt
hH jym;rS okawoDrsm;u ok0Pbrl t
d aMumif;
70) usr;f udE
udyk rkd pdk w
d yf g0ifpm;vmMuojzifh jrefrmho0k Pbrl u
d kd urmodjzpfatmif aqmif&u
G af y;cJjh cif;yifjzpfonf/ a&S;
a[mif;okawoeenf;jzifh ajratmufudk wl;azmfavhvmjcif;r&Sdao;apumrl ajray:awGYtaxmuftxm;
rsm;jzifhyif ygarmuBuD;vkpfonf atmufjrefrmEkdifiHudk ok0Pblrde,fajrjzpfcJhaMumif; urmodaMujim
cJhjcif;jzpfayonf/
- 150 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHrk aS wG&Y aom

tr&0wDvuf&m[ef
(c&pf 3-5)&mpkEpS f
kyyf mG ;awmf
OmPfawmf 11 vufr
- 151 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
]ok0Pbrl d jyefvnfawGY&dSjcif;}
vGwv
f yfNy;D acwf jrefrmEdik if aH &S;a[mif;okawoe vkyif ef;t00udk wkid ;f &if;om;ynm&Sirf sm; OD;pD;Ny;D
Ekid if jH cm;okyYd nmawmfoifapvTwcf ahJ om vli,fynmwwfrsm;jzifh wl;azmfa&;? xde;f odr;f a&;? ponfv
h yk if ef;rsm;udk
aqmif&u
G yf gonf/ tpydik ;f wGiaf 'guw
f meD[m&rf*seaf &;udk tBuaH y;ynm&Sit
f jzpfwzJG ufcefx
Y m; aqmif&u
G f
onf/ 1960 jynfv
h eG Ef pS rf sm;rSp wkid ;f &if;om;vli,fynm&Sirf sm; ta&;ygvmonf/ xkpd Ofu a&S;a[mif;
okawoevkyif ef;rsm;udk tpDtpOfig;&yfEiS hf vkyif ef;pOfrsm; csrw
S af qmif&u
G cf \
hJ / ,if;tpDtpOf (Field of
Studies) rsm;rSm (u) orkid ;f rwifraD cwf (Prehistory)
(c) orkid ;f BuKd acwf (Protohistory)
(*) ysL,Ofaus;rI (Pyu Culture)
(C) acwfO;D rGe,
f Ofaus;rI (Early Mon Culture)
(i) acwfO;D &ckid ,
f Ofaus;rI (Early Rakhaing Culture)
wkdhjzpfaMumif;od&ygonf/ if;tjyif
(p) tEkynmorkid ;f (History of Art)
(q) *Dwokcrk orkid ;f (History of Music)
(Z) Adou
k mtEkynmorkid ;f (History of Architecture)
wku
Yd v
kd nf;wpfqufwnf; avhvmazmfxw
k o
f mG ;&ef &nf&,
G cf sux
f m;&Sad Mumif;od&ygonf
pp. 10-11)/
(Than Tun, 1981,
jrefrmEkid if aH &S;a[mif;okawoe nTeMf um;a&;0ef OD;zk;d vwf\&mxl;udk qufcNH y;D 1964-ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv
f
27-&ufaeYwiG f nTeMf um;a&;0efjzpfvmol OD;atmifaomfonf txufyg&nf&,
G cf suEf iS hf vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmf&onf/
a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&yfESifh ywfoufOD;atmifaomf>rufMum;cJhaom 1959-ckESpf {NyDv
yk*H&ufowywfa[majymcsufwGif-
- 152 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
0if;u&GmrS OD;wmydak wG&Y adS om aiG'*Fg;jym;?

acgif;bufwGif ckoif;yHktjynfUyg&SdNyD; yef;bufwGif oD&dp yHkjzpfonf/
t*Fvdyftac:tm;jzifh (ARCHAEOLOGY) [ktrnfwGifaombmom&yfonft"dyg,ftm;jzifh

a&S;a[mif; qkdif&mynm[kxif&Sm;\/ . . .a&S;ya0oPDrStp vlwkdYonfaexkdifrItwGufif;?
tpma&pm&SmazG pm;aomufrI twGufif;? aeYpOfESifhtrQtm;xkwf BudK;yrf;cJhMu&avonf/
vl t jzpf w nf w H h r I r S t pjyK wpwpwk d ; wuf ouf o macsmif c sd r I E S i f h pnf ; pd r f c H r I
txdBuKd ;yrf;vmcJMh u&m vufeufu&d ,
d m trsKd ;rsKd ;udk zefw;D toH;k jyKchJ Mu\/ xkad emuf wacwfxuf
wacwf p d w f u l ; nPf qef ; opf o nf E S i f h t rQ vk d t if q E x l ; awG r sm;jym;vmonf E S i f h t rQ
toH;k taqmifu&d ,
d mypn;f trsKd ;rsKd ;udk tqef;wMu,f wDxiG f jyKvyk o
f ;kH pGcJ MhJ u\/ xkaYd Mumifh
,if;ypnf;rsm;onf vlwkdY\,Ofaus;rIjy'g;csdefjzpfonf[k qkd&acsrnf/ a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI
om"ujzpf a om t&m0w K tpk p k w k d Y u d k avh v m ,Of a us;rI o rk d i f ; jyKpk j cif ; onf y if
a&S;a[mif;okawoeac:onfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif tusKH;0ifavawmhonf/
[kxw
k af zmfajymMum;yHu
k kd awG&U ojzifh OD;atmifaomfonf ky0f xKypn;f jyKvyk yf "kH avh (Material Culture)
udk tajccHavhvmjcif;tay:,MkH unftm;xm;onfU ynm&Sijf zpfaMumif; od&EdS idk af yonf/ a&S;a[mif;okawoe
vkyif ef;rsm;aqmif&u
G &f mwGif tajccHtm;jzifh ordik ;f rwifraD cwf (Pre-history) ESihf ordik ;f wifacwf (Historic
Period) [l ESpfydkif;cGJjcm;xm;&SdyHkukdvnf; if;a[majymcsufwGif &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;onfudk awGY&\/
(OD;atmifaomf? ]a&S;a[mif;okawoeESihf yk*}H ? yk*H&ufowywfa[majymcsufrsm;
sm;? &efuek ?f a&S;a[mif;
okawoeXme? 1961? pm 53-58)
jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f ordik ;f rwifraD cwf a&S;;a[mif;okawoe (Prehistoric Archaeology) vkyif ef;rsm;rSm
'kwd,urmppfBudKacwfumvtxd tm;enf;cJh\/ blrdaA'ynm&Sifwpfpkuom OD;aqmifvsufuGif;qif;
okawoejyKcMhJ uzl;\/ ba&mif; (J.Coggin Brown)? aumhwm; (G de P. Cotter)? arm&pf (T.O Morris)?
aemhwvif; (F.Noetling)? oDtadk bm (W.Theobold) paomblrdaAynm&Sifrsm;u ynm&yf*sme,ftcsdKUwGif
tpD&ifcw
H ifjyuJo
h rQavmufuo
kd mod&MdS u \/ 1937-38 ckEpS t
f wGi;f u tar&duefbrl ad Aynm&Sif 'Dwm;&m;
(Dr. Hellmutde Terra) ESihf a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&Sif rkA
d ;D &yf (c) (Hallam L. Morius Jr. ) wko
Yd nf
jrefrmEdik if o
H Ydk a&mufvmcJMh uNy;D {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f u ausmufacwf"avhukd uGi;f qif;avhvmcJMh u\/ if;tzGu
YJ
- 153 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
{&m0wDjrpfurf;qifrh sm;rS ausmufMurf;acwfEiS hf ausmufacsmacwfvufeuf ud&,

d mrsm;pkaqmif; &&Scd MhJ uNy;D vQif
if;jrefrmEkid if t
H v,fyikd ;f ausmufacwf"avhukd tnmom;"avh (Anyathian Culture) [ktrnfay;oGm;
cJyh gonf/ vGwv
f yfNy;D acwfoYdk a&mufonft
h cg ausmufacwfopfavh okawoetwGuf awmiforefw;l azmfrI
(1971-72)? vufyaH csay:w;l azmfrI (1973) wku
Yd v
kd nf; aumif;? ausmufacwfa[mif;"avh? jy'g;vif;*lw;l azmfrI
(1969)udv
k nf;aumif;? jrefrm wkid ;f &if;om; a&S;a[mif;okawoDwu
Ydk aqmif&u
G v
f mcJMh uygonf/
&Sr;f jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f ? awmifBu;D cdik ?f &GmiHNrKd eY ,f? a&yky&f mG ESiahf nmifusy&f mG wkt
Yd eD;&Sd jy'g;vif;*l
wl;azmfru
I kd 1969-ckEpS w
f iG n
f eT Mf um;a&;rSL;csKyOf ;D atmifaomfu,
kd w
f idk f OD;pD;aqmif&u
G cf jhJ cif;jzpf\/ {&m0wDjrpf
urf;qifhrsm;wGifawGY&aom tnmom;"avh taxmuftxm;trsdK;tpm; ausmufacwfa[mif;vlom;\
ausmufvufeufypn;f rsm;tjyif td;k t<uif;tuserf sm;udyk gawG&Y onf/ *ltwGi;f rSr;D zkad [mif; t<uif;tuse[
f k
,lq&aom rD;aoG;cJrsm;udk a&'D,u
dk mbGef "gwcf eJG nf;ESihf ppfaq;onft
h cgveG cf ahJ om tESpf (7, 740)
cefu
Y kd oufwrf;nTejf yonf/ td;k erlemudpk pfaq; od&aomoufwrf;rSm vGecf ahJ omtESpf 11,000 cefu
Y
jzpf\ (atmifaomf? ]jy'g;vif;*lausmuf acwf,Ofaus;rI} wuokdvfynmya'ompmapmif? twGJ 6?
trSwf 1? 1971? ZE0g&?D pm 315-50)/
anmifO;D NrKd eU ,fvufyaH jcay:&mG ? ausmufacwfopf&mG a[mif;uke;f wl;azmfrI (1973) udk okwoerSL;
(0efaxmuf) OD;jrifah tmifuaqmif&u
G o
f nf/ tr&yl&NrKd eY ,f? awmiforeftif;apmif;rS ausmufacwfopf
&Gma[mif; uke;f wl;azmfrI (1971-72) udo
k ak woerSL; (0efaxmuf) OD;pdeaf rmifO;D u aqmif&u
G cf yhJ gonf/
ausmufacwfopfavhrmS vlwt
Ydk pm;tpmudx
k w
k v
f yk jf cif; pku
d yf sKd ;arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;rsm;jzpfxeG ;f vsuf aus;&Gm
xlaxmifaexkid Mf uNyjD zpf taemuftm&Sa'o wGiv
f eG cf ahJ om tESpf 9000 rS 6500 twGi;f oufwrf;&Syd gonf/
jrefrmEdik if v
H ufyaH jcay: ausmufvufeufrsm;\ oufwrf;udk ausmufacsmacwf tapmydik ;f umv[k cefrY eS ;f Ekid Nf y;D
awmif orefausmufvufeufrsm;udk ausmufacsmacwf aESmif;ydik ;f umvjzpfrnf[k cefrY eS ;f Ekid \
f / okjYd zpf
jrefrmEkid if w
H iG af usmufacwfO;D umvrSp ausmufacwfaESmif;umvtxd vlaerI&adS Mumif;udk wkid ;f &if;om;
ynm&Sifrsm;udk,fwkdif wl;azmfokawoejyKEkdifcJhNyDjzpfaMumif;awGY&\/
ausmufacwfokawoetjyif owKacwfa&S;NrdKUa[mif; ,Ofaus;rIokawoeudkvnf; wpfcsdef
wnf;aqmif&u
G cf MhJ u\/ vkyif ef;udak qmif&u
G o
f nft
h cg OD;atmifaomfuyif OD;aqmifNy;D 1959-ckEpS Zf eG v
f
ok0Pbrl ad cwf\
oufaotxmuftxm;
vufa&;pif;tkycf syrf sm;
- 154 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
(11)&ufrS pufwifbmv (1) &ufaeYtxdAo

d Ek;d NrKd aU [mif;udk pwifw;l azmfco
hJ nf/ wpfzef 1959-ckEpS f
'DZifbm (11) &ufrS 1960 ckEpS rf wfv (4) &ufaeYtxd AdEd;k udk 'kw,
d tBurd q
f ufvufw;l azmfonf/
xkEd pS t
f wGi;f rSmyif OD;zk;d vwfonf 14? Zlvikd ?f 1960 tNird ;f pm;,lco
hJ jzifh OD;atmifaomfu a&S;a[mif;
okawoenTeMf um;a&;rSL;&mxl;udk qufc&H \/ xkaYd emufrmS yif AdEd;k NrKd aU [mif;udk wwd,tBurd (f 27? Mo*kw?f
1960 rS 29 pufwifbm 1960)? pwkxt
Burd f (15? ZE0g&D 1961 rS rwf 1961)? yOrtBurd f (22?
ZE0g&D 1962 rS 3 {Ny?D 1963) wl;azmfoak woejyKcyhJ gonf/
OD;atmifaomf\ AdEd;k wl;azmfrt
I pD&ifcpH m ( 1964 ) onf jrefrmEdik if aH &S;a[mif; okawoe
wl;azmfro
I rkid ;f wGif pHerlemjyjzpfatmif tqift
h wef;jrifrh m;onfh tpD&ifcpH mjzpfcyhJ gonf/ AdEd;k NrKd aU [mif;
,Ofaus;rIukd c&pfEpS (f 1)&mpkEpS cf efu
Y ysLvlrsKd ;wk\
Yd ,Ofaus;rI jzpfaMumif; tapmqH;k xGe;f um;cJah om ysLNrKd aY wmfBu;D
jzpfrnf[
k vnf; cefrY eS ;f onf/ AdEd;k onf tpOftvmt& oa&acw&mNrKd aY [mif;Bu;D ESihf acwfNyKd i[
f q
k &dk aomf
vnf;awG&Y aom ,Ofaus;rI taxmuftxm;rsm;ESihf ,SOMf unhv
f Qif oa&acw&mxufy
kd a&S;usrnf[o
k &d \/
aemiftcg rkid ;f arm(yifv,f)NrKd aY [mif;udak wGcY o
hJ nft
h cg rkid ;f armuAdEk;d xufyif yd
k a&S;usO;D rnf[k ygarmu
a'guw
f moef;xGe;f ucefrY eS ;f on (Than Tun, A Forgotten Town of Burma, WPD. 24 & 25 February,
f moef;xGe;f onf AdEd;k udyk sLNrKd aY wmfjzpfrnf[k owfrw
S jf cif; tay:oabmrwlcahJ y/
1978) / ygarmua'guw
xked nf;wlpmG rkid ;f armNrKd aU [mif;udak wGpY Ofuvnf; ysLNrKd [
Y ck sucf si;f vufccH jhJ cif;r&Sad y/ c&pftBuKd (2) &mpkcefu
Y
NrdKUa[mif;BuD;wpfck[lomazmfjyonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;rS ysLNrdKYawmfAdEdk;ukd azmfxkwfcJhNyD;aemuf 1963-ckESpfwGif a&Tbkdcdkif?
0ufvufNrKd eY ,ftwGi;f &Sd [efvif;NrKd aU [mif;udk okawoerSL; (0efaxmuf) OD;jrifah tmif upwifw;l azmfygonf/
[efvif;udk 1964 ? 1965? 1966 ESihf 1967-ckEpS rf sm;txd qufwu
dk f wl;azmfco
hJ nf/ wpfcsed w
f nf;rSmyif
atmufjrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ysLNrKd aU [mif;Bu;D oa&acw&mudk OD;pdeaf rmifO;D u 1963-1964 ckEpS rf pS wpfzefjyef
vnfw;l azmfjcif;jyKco
hJ nf/ jrefrmEkid if aH jrmufyikd ;f wGiv
f nf; waumif;NrKd aY [mif;udk okawoerSL;(0efaxmuf)
OD;oef;aqGu 1968- ckEpS Ef iS hf 1969-ckEpS rf sm;wGif pwifw;l azmfjcif;jyKcyhJ gonf/
AdEd;k ? [efvif;ESihf oa&acw&mysLNrKd aU [mif;Bu;D rsm;udk wl;l azmfoak woejyKcjhJ cif;aMumifh ysLwk\
Yd
,Ofaus;rIukd txku
d t
f avsmufo&d cdS iG &hf cJah yNy/D ,if;ysL,Ofaus;rIEiS hf acwfNyKd ix
f eG ;f um;aecJah om jrefrmEdik if H
awmifyikd ;f rS rGe,
f Ofaus;rIEiS hf jrefrmEkid if t
H aemufbufurf;d;k wef;rS &ckid ,
f Ofaus;rIwYdk taMumif;udv
k nf;odem;
vnf&efvkdtyfao;onf[k ,lqojzifha&S;a[mif; okawoeXmeonf rGefjynfe,ft,ufonfr 0if;u
wl;azmfrEI iS hf &ckid (f jynfe,f) a0omvDNrKd aY [mif;wl;azmfrw
I u
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txm;ae&mwpfcrk [kwaf Mumif; ,lq&eftaMumif;jzpfay:cahJ yonf/ NrKd w
Y iG ;f ajrjyifw;l uGurf sm; (AYT.2,3)
wkrYd v
S nf; pdw0f ifpm;zG,af &S;a[mif;ypn;f wpfpw
kH pf&mrawGcY &hJ ay/ xkaYd Mumifh aemufwpfEpS w
f ;l azmfr&I moDwiG f
t,ufonfrudk qufvufw;l azmfjcif;rjyKawmhy?J if;\ awmifbuf (2) rkid cf eft
Y uGm&S0d if;uodaYk jymif;a&TY
wl;azmfcJh&onf/
0if;u&GmwGif 1976-ckESpfwl;azmfrI&moDtwGif; av;axmifhyHkpH&Sdaom tkwftaqmufttHkBuD;udk
wl;&onf/ tem;wpfzufonf 69ayt&Sn&f /dS twGi;f vlaerItydik ;f udk tcef; 14 cef; zGpYJ nf;aqmufvyk o
f nf/
tv,fcef;rBu;D wpfcu
k kd ab;av;bufav;wefrS tcef;t&G,t
f pm; 13 cef;uywf&x
H m;onf/ ,if;tcef;
rsm;udk tv,fcef;rBu;D ESihf qufo,
G Ef ikd &f ef wHcg;aygurf sm; azmufvyk af y;xm;onf/ taqmufttH\
k ta&SY
taemuf tydwftkwfdk;onf taemufbufodkY 15 'D*&DcefYapmif;vsufaqmvkyfxm;aMumif;awGY&onf/
ta&Sb
U uftw
k f ;kd udak b;wku
d Mf unfv
h Qif (tajzmifrh [kw)f tenf;i,fc;kH ae\/ tcsuu
f kd Adou
k mtqif
wefqm oabmrsKd ;jyKvyk x
f m;jcif;jzpfonf[k qkEd idk \
f / jrefrmEkid if rH S wl;azmfawG&NdS y;D tkww
f u
dk t
f aqmufttHk
wkEYd iS hf EdiI ;f ,SOo
f nft
h cg yk*pH ;dk rif;Bu;D tkwaf usmif;ESihf if;0if;utrSwf (1) taqmufttHw
k Ydk yEuyf pkH cH si;f
cyfqifqifw\
l / tdE,
d Ekid if eH *Zleuk@ESihf rd*'g0ek t
f &yfrsm;&Sad &S;a[mif;0d[m& (bke;f Bu;D ausmif;) yHpk w
H rYdk mS
tv,fcef;rBu;D udk t&G,w
f t
l cef;rsm;u av;bufav;wefrS ywf&x
H m;onfU yHpk rH sKd ;jzpf\/ yHpk rH sm;onf
- 159 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
0if;u&GmtaqmufttHkyHkpHtm; xif[yfvsuf&Sdonf/ okdYaomf0if;u taqmufttHkBuD;udkwl;azmf&m

bmoma&;qkdif&m0wKypnf;? (qif;wk? kyfwk? oydwfawmf) wpfpHkwpf&mrQrawGU&ay/ xkdYaMumifh
bmoma&;qkid &f mtaqmufttHk (0d[m&) [kajym&ef taMumif;rvHak vmuf[,
k q
l onf (jrifah tmif? 2007?
126-130)/
0if;utaqmufttHkBuD; (WK.1) udkwl;azmf&mwGif ajrrD;zkwfykwD;aphESifh ausmufykwD;aphrsm;?
a&zse;f tk;d vnfwrH sm;? tajcwGipf vkwyf gaom ajru&m;EIwo
f ;D rsm;? wpfqpfcsKd ;csujf yKwf tk;d uGrJ sm;&&So
d nf/
,if;yHkpHrsm;udk AdEkd;NrdKUwl;azmfrIwGifvnf;awGUcJh&\/ xkdYaMumifhNcHKiHk (yHkpHwl wkdufqkdifppfaq;enf;jzifh)
pOf;pm;&vQif 0if;u&Gmtkww
f u
dk Bf u;D onf ysL(acwf),Ofaus;rIEiS hf (acwfNyKd i)f tquftqH&adS Mumif; ,lqEkid f
ayonf (jrifah tmif? 2007? 131)/
dS nf/ okaYd omf
0if;utrSwf (2) (WK-2) uke;f onftrSwf (1) \awmifbufteD;uyfwnf&o
uke;f apmif;jzpfyd
k tedryhf ikd ;f wGiu
f sygonf/ tvsm;awmifEiS ahf jrmuf 52ay? 10 vuEiS hf teHa&SEY iS ahf emuf
36ay? 5vut&G,t
f pm;&Sad om av;axmifyh t
kH aqmufttHk wpfcx
k u
G af y:vm\/ t&G,t
f pm;rnDaom
tcef;aygi;f (8) cef;yg0ifzpYJG nf;xm;onf/ ,Ofaus;rIajrvTm (5) vTmudak wG&U Ny;D ? ,if;wkrYd S ajrxnft
h ;dk tifrsm;?
pOfo
h w
k af jrxnfrsm;? ajrqDr;D cGuEf iS hf r[l&m ausmufyw
k ;D aphrsm;udk wl;azmf&&Scd o
hJ nf/ trSwf (2) uke;f rS
awmifbufridk 0f ufceft
Y uGm 0if;u&Gm ausmufv;kH Bu;D ydik ;f trSwf (6) uke;f (WK.6) udw
k ;l azmfco
hJ nf/
xku
d ek ;f rSav;axmifyh akH pwD yp,may:wiG f t0kid ;f yHak pwDwpfql qifx
h yfwnfxm;onf/ xku
d ek ;f xdyaf e&m
okduform;rsm;wl;qGxm;onfU usif;wpfckudkawGY&NyD;? xkdusif;udk wl;azmfokawoejyKonfUtcg ajrrD;zkwf
tkwcf u
G if ,frsm; 127 qluakd wG&Y onf/ ,if;wkt
Yd euf (6) qlww
Ykd iG f a&SzY ufyviaf jc pmta&;tom;
(4) aMumif;pDyg&o
dS nf/ zwf
I &oavmuftw
k cf u
G w
f pfq\
l rGepf mrSm
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
. . .
o0&G
. . . 0g&af usmuf
. . . |&a0gtf
[lt"dyg ,t
f m;jzifh tpHt
k vifrod&aomfvnf;c&pf 6 &mpkEpS rf eG b
f momvufa&;jzpfaMumif; cefrY eS ;f onf/
0if;u&GmtrSwf (3) ukef;ESifhtrSwf (4) ukef;wkdYonftkwfwkdufBuD;rsm;tjzpf wifusefvsuf
r&Sdawmhaomfvnf; tkwfdk;t<uif;useft&qufpyfyHkazmf&aom yEufyHkpHwkdYrSm av;axmifhyHk&Sd Mu \/
if;wku
Yd t
kd rSwf (1) uke;f Esit
hf rSwf (2) uke;f wkt
Yd Mum;wGif awG&Y &dS \/ 0if;utrSwf (5) uke;f (WK-5)
onf ukrm&apwD\taemufbuf teD;uyfwnf&adS eygonf/ if;onftvsm; 62 ay 5 vuEiS hf teH
54 ayt&G,ftpm;&Sdav;axmifhyHkrsdK;jzpfonf/ tcef; aygif; 12 cef;yg&Sd\/ 4if;taqmufttHkrms;\
yEuq
f yJG rkH sm;udk (cifarmifBu;D ? 1999 ESihf Tin Maung Htwe, 2007 wkw
Yd iG f yI g/)
0if;uwl;azmfrIed*Hk;csKyfcsdefNyD;aemufESpf 1979-ckESpfEkd0ifbm (3) &ufwGif rEav;wuodkvf
orkid ;f XmerS r[m0dZm wef;ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;udk ygarmua'guw
f moef;xGe;f OD;aqmifNy;D uGi;f qif;
avhvmcJhMu&m tzGJY0ifausmif;om;cifarmifBuD;u okdYrSwfcsufcsxm;ayonf/
- 160 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ynm&Sit
f csKd ,
Y q
l xm;wJh ok0Pbrl Nd rKd Y jyrif;Ekid if [
H m c&pfEpS rf wkid rf u
D yif xGe;f um;<u,f0cJah om
EkdifiHjzpfaMumif;,lqxm;cJhMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh vuf&SdavhvmwJhtcgrSm 'Da'oNrdKY jyrif;EdkifiHvkdY
,lqEkid af vmufatmifyif NrKd Y jyEkid if w
H pfc&k UJ Adou
k mt*Fg&yfrsm; ajymyavmufatmifr&Syd g/ (OyrmNrKd U ;kd ? usKH ;? eef;awmf&m? omoemhtaqmufttHrk sm;eJY tjcm;toH;k taqmifypn;f rsm;)? yifv,f
qdyu
f rf;NrKd Y jzpfc&hJ if? ukeo
f ,
G u
f ;l oef;jyKcw
hJ hJ Ekid if rH sm;&UJ taxmuftxm; (Oyrm-tEkynmvuf&m
ypn;f rsm;? '*Fg;rsm;udak wG&Y rSm jzpfayr,f,
h ckrawG&Y yg/ . . /. (cifarmifBu;D ? 1999? pm1-3)
q&mBuD;a'gufwmoef;xGef;uvnf; 1980-81 ckESpftwGufrEav;wuodkvf? orkdif;Xme?
0dZm*kPfxl;wef;ausmif;om;trsm;twGuf ydkYcsaom ]jrefrmajrxJorkdif;} The Archaeology of Burma,
pmpOfwGif ok0Pblrdwl;azmfrI&v'frsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;a0zefoHk;oyfxm;ayonf/
Suvannabhumi.... is an Indian name supposed to be either the whole of South Eas Asia or
a place somewhere in it, But a modern Burma would identify it as a place around The Gulf
of Madama and claimed that Buddhism reached this place soon after the third Buddhist
Council held in India under the auspices of Emperor Asoka in 246 B.C. He depends in this
case on a popular legend in Burma which was perhaps started by the Singhalese.
The Kalyn inscriptions of Pagui (1480), however, clearly states that Suvannabhmi is a
country whose capital is located at the northern end of a small range called Kelsa (1, 181'
above sea-level) on the South east of the Rankuri-Moaulamruin railway line between stations
Maramikum and Toricwani, It was called Golamattikanagare or Tuikkal, though it is known
o
as Ayeksama (Latitudes 17,4'.15"IIX 97 7' E). So it seems that largely under the influence
of this inscription that villages Ayaksama and Wenika (Latitude 1713N and Longitued
79-4E) were chosen as sites for excavation in 1975, 1976, 1977 and 1978.
These two villages are situated so closely that they are really one big village divided into
two sectors morth and south. As eastern portion of the town wall built of laterite about
twenty seven feet high and thirteen feet thick was unearthed first. Than a birck buildings of
sixty nine feet square with fourteen rooms came to light next. The place was formerly a
kind of sea port as the name Winka (in Mwan Weika meaning a Lagoon of fish) suggests
and the building was probably a custom house. Pottery and plan of the building together
suggest it to be of the 6 century A.D.
A Thermoluminescence dating puts it between 476B.P and 313 B.P. (AD 1499-AD. 1662)
if;jrefrmjyefrSmok0Pblrd[lonf ta&SUawmiftm&SwpfckvHk; okdYr[kwf if;twGif;&Sdwpfae&m&mudk ac:aom

tdE,
d wkid ;f &if;trnfyifjzpf\/ if;ud,
k aehjrefrmwpfa,muftm; (ar;vQi)f rkwr auG0Y ef;usiu
f
ae&mwpfcu
k n
kd eT jf y&if; bDpD 246 ckEpS t
f wGi;f tdE,
d tifyg,m&Sit
f aomurif;Bu;D taxmuftyHjU zifh
wwd,o*Fg,emwifyGJusif;ytNyD;wGif Ak'omomoempwifa&mufvmonfh ae&m[kqkdayrnf/
oD[Vdk Ef idk if o
H m;rsm;pwifajymqdck NhJ y;D ArmjynfwiG v
f o
l rd sm;cJah om '@m&Duu
kd ;kd um;ajymqkjd cif;jzpfonf/
yJc;l uvsmPD odraf usmuf pm(1480)wGif ,ckarmfvNrKd i-f &efuek rf ;D &xm;vrf;rS r&rf;uke;f ESiahf wmifpeG ;f
blwmwkt
Yd Mum; auvmo (1,181)[kac:onfah wmifuek ;f \ ajrmufbufpeG ;f ok0Pbrl Ed idk if H
NrdKYawmfwnf&SdaMumif; tckdiftrmazmfjyxm;onf/
- 161 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
,if;NrKd aY wmfukd a*gVrwdu

d e*& (wdu
k u
f vm;) [kvnf;ac:Mu\/ t,ufor(ajrmuf 17? 4'?
15" x ta&SU 97? 7') [lvnf;odMuygonf/
ausmufpmazmfjycsuu
f kd tm;ud;k vsut
f ,uforESihf 0if;u (ajrmuf 17? 13' x ta&SU 974') wku
Yd kd 1975 ? 1976? 1977 ESihf 1978 ckEpS rf sm;wGiaf e&ma&G;cs,f wl;azmfco
hJ nf/
&GmESp&f mG wko
Yd nf wpf&mG wnf;udk awmifEiS ahf jrmufEpS yf ikd ;f cGx
J m;ovkd eD;uyfpmG &SMd u\/ (t,ufor
&GmwGi)f tjrifh 27 ayESit
hf &G,f 13ay&Sad om ta&Sb
Y uf *0HNrKd Y ;kd udk OD;pGmwl;azmfc\
hJ / xkad emuf
(0if;u&GmwGi)f pwk&ef;yHk 69 ayt&G,&f adS om tkww
f u
dk t
f aqmufttHu
k akd zmfxw
k af y;cJ\
h / if;
(0if;u)ae&monf yifv,fqyd u
f rf;jzpfcahJ Mumif;0if;u? rGeb
f mom (ig;tkid )f [lonfh trnfu
axmufco
H nf/ okjhd zpf taqmufttHo
k nf taumufXmepcef; wpfcjk zpfEidk yf gonf/ ajrxnf
ypn;f rsm;ESihf tkww
f u
dk yf Euyf pkH w
H u
hdk c&pfEpS f 6-&mpkuakd zmfneT ;f vsu&f \
dS / omrkv
d rl q
D if&h ufpu
JG rl
vGecf ahJ omtESpf 476rS 313tMum; (at'D-1499 ESihf at'D 1662 ckEpS )f &ufpu
JG akd zmfjyygonf/
(Than Tun, Professor; The Archaeology of Burma, (Lectures delivered to B.A. Hons History
students during the academic year 1980-1); Dept of History, Mandaly University, Type
Script, p. 48).
0if;u? t,ufonfrwl;azmfrrI mS xifoavmufc&D;rayguEf idk yf &J cdS \

hJ / tcsed w
f t
dk wGi;f ? vltiftm;enf;
enf;ESihf uJsus0J idk ;f NcKd ;NcaH cRwmNy;D ? tcuftcJrsm;Mum; vH;k yrf;cJ&h yHu
k kd pmemjcif;? axmufxm;jcif;rsm;rawG&Y ?
uJh&JUHIUcsonfhavoHrsm;om ay:xGufvmonf/ rwl;cifu rSef;xm;onfUtajzrsdK;udkvnf; r&Ekdifao;ay/
t,uforESifh 0if;uwkdYwGifaemufxyfwl;azmfavhvmrI wpfpHkwpf&maqmif&GufEkdifjcif;vnf;r&SdcJhay/
t,ufonfrNrKd aY [mif; (1975-ckEpS )f ESihf 0if;uNrKd aY [mif; (1976 ckEpS rf S 1978 ckEpS )f wku
Yd kd
wl;azmfonft
h cg AdEd;k ? [efvif;? waumif;ESihf oa&acw&mNrKd aY [mif;Bu;D rsm;udk wl;azmfcphJ OfuuJo
h Ydk
r[kwaf y/ wl;azmfrv
I yk if ef;Ny;D pD;onf[k rqkEd idk yf v
J yk if ef;pOfrsm; ,kw& uf&yfqifdk ;f oGm;cJo
h nfh tajctaeudk
awG&Y rnfjzpfygonf/ ,if;NrKd aY [mif;ESpcf t
k euf t,ufonfrwGif wl;azmfru
I ek ;f (2)uke;f ? 0if;uwGif (6)
uke;f rQomwl;Edik cf o
hJ nf/ xkt
d aMumif;pHu
k kd xkpd Ofu ok0Pbrl Nd rKd aY [mif; azmfxw
k af &;wm0efco
H ak woerSL;
(0efaxmuf) OD;jrifah tmif\ tpD&ifcw
H ifjycsurf sm;rS atmufygtwkid ;f xkwEf w
k w
f ifjyazmfjyygrnf/
ok0Pbrl o
d ak woetpysKd ;yHEk iS yhf wfouf? 1976 ckEpS /f rwfvxkw?f rGejf ynfe,f pmapmifyg
]rGefjynfe,fa&S;a[mif;tarGtESpf} aqmif;yg;udka&;om;azmfjyonfhtcg OD;jrifhatmifu
a&S;acwfjrefrmhorkid ;f wGif jyemrsm;tjzpf us,jf yefeY ufiId ;f pGmavhvmazmfxw
k &f rnft
h ajccH 3ck
&So
d nf/ ,if;wkrYd mS (1) ysL,Ofaus;rI (2) rGe,
f Ofaus;rI (3) &ckid ,
f Ofaus;rIwu
Ydk kd jynfph pkH mG azmfxw
k af &;
jzpfMuonf/ 1959 ckESpfavmufu pysL,Ofaus;rIjyemudk uGif;qif;okawoenf;rsm;jzifh
tajz&SmcJMh uay&m AdEd;k ? [efvif;ESio
hf a&acw&mNrKd aY [mif;rsm;udk ajrvTmatmufraS zmfxw
k af y;
jcif;tm;jzifh ysL,Ofaus;rIjyemrSm tawmftwefajyvnfvmNyjD zpfonf/ ysLNy;D vQif rGeo
f rYdk [kwf
&ckdif,Ofaus;rItwGuf uGif;qif;tajz&mxkwf&efudkrl ,cktcgpDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJxm;NyD;jzpfonf/
[l tpysKd ;ed'ge;f csu
D m a&S;a[mif;rGe,
f Ofaus;rIukd rdrad zmfxw
k &f ef&adS Mumif;azmfjyonf/
avhvm&efe,fy,ftus,t
f 0ef;udk owfrw
S o
f nft
h cg oxHck dik t
f wGi;f jzwfoef;pD;qif;vsu&f adS om
ppfawmif;ESihf oHviG jf rpfEpS o
f ,
G \
f tMum;a'oudOk ;D pm;ay;a&G;cs,o
f nf/ xkad 'owGif rGeo
f rYdk [kwf xkx
Yd uf
- 162 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
a&S;usonfU ,Ofaus;rIvuf&m taxmuftxm;? NrKd Y ;kd ae&mrsm;? bk&m;ykx;dk rsm;udk awG&Y adS eMu&onf[q
k \
dk
(jrifah tmif? 2007? pm 108-9)/ uGi;f qif;avhvm&ma'o\ tus,t
f 0ef;udv
k nf; ajrmufvww
D 'G f 17
'D*&D 10 rdepfEiS hf ajrmufvww
D 'G f 17 'D*&D 15 rdepf? ta&SaY vmif*sw
D w
G f 97 'D*&D 4 rdepfEiS hf ta&SY
avmif*sw
D 'G f 97 'D*&D 10 rdepftMum; auvmoawmifajcwpf0u
dk u
f kd yxrOD;pm;ay;ae&mtjzpf owfrw
S f
cJyh gonf (jrifah tmif? 2007? pm 110)/
auvmoawmifajcwGif wkdufukvm;ac: ok0PblrdNrdKYa[mif;ae&mudk OD;pGmavhvm&\/ wkduf
ukvm;udk ajrwkid ;f Xmexkwaf jryHt
k rSwf 94 *sD 4? tuGut
f rSwf 9005^5901 wGif &SmazGawG&Y o
dS nf/
okdYaomfaumif;uif"gwfyHkwGif xkdNrdKYa[mif;yHkudk jynfUpkHatmifrawGY&[kqkdygonf/ vuf&SdNrdKYtaetxm;rSm
auvmoawmif taemufajrmufaxmifu
h kd trSjD yK awmif? ajrmuf ESihf taemufbufww
Ydk iG f v,fuiG ;f
jyifrsm;jzpfaMumif; ae&ma[mif;rsm;wnf&SdaMumif;udkom aumif;uifdkufajrwkdif; "gwfyHktrSwf 518-157
wGiaf vhvmawG&Y &dS onf[k qkyd gonf/ (jrifah tmif? 2007? pm 111)
if;uGif;qif;tzGJY jrifawGY&aom ok0Pblrd? wkdufukvm;-t,ufonfrNrdKYa[mif;jrifuGif;udkvnf;
vuf&t
dS ,uforaus;&GmwGif vlaetdraf jcrsm;udk ta&SaY emufwef;vsuf wnfaqmufxm;Muonf/
,if;tdraf jcrsm;ausmjyKxm;aom ajrjrifyh ikd ;f a'owGif ajrmufbufNrKd Y ;kd wpfcu
k kd ta&St
Y aemufwef;
vsuf jrifawG&Y \/ ,if;udk *0Hausmufajrjzifjh yKvyk x
f m;onf/ ,if;\teD;tem;wGif usK;H ae&mudk
vnf;awG&Y \/ NrKd Y ;kd \tjrifrh mS 10 aycefrY Q&rdS nf[k cefrY eS ;f ygonf/ xkNd rKd U ;kd ukjd zwf ajcoGm;vrf;
twkdif; MunfhIpHkprf;onfhtcg ajrrsufESmjyifonf tenf;i,fjyefjyL; uGufvyfjzpfaeonfudk
awG&Y ygonf/ ,if;wGif ao;Ekyaf omtk;d jcrf;uGu
J av;rsm; trsm;tjymjyefu
U saJ eaMumif;awG&Y &dS onf/
jyefjY yL;onfh uGuv
f yfonf wpfBurd w
f pfcgu vlaerI&yfuu
G jf zpfcphJ &m&Sd rnf[ck efrY eS ;f ygonf/
uGuv
f yfrS awmifbufoYdk ajrrsuEf mS jyifonf jrifw
h ufomG ;umawmifxyd &f dS jrode;f wefb&k m;
(usefppfom;rif;jyKjyifcJhaMumif; rGefausmufpma&;xkd;cJhonfh usdKufwvifapwD) okdYa&mufatmif
awmifaMumtjzpf qufvufwnf &Sad eonfuakd wG&Y onf/ tydik ;f wGif awmifbufNrKd Y ;kd t<uif;
tuseftcsdKYudk qufvufawGY&onf/
[kazmfjyxm;onf ( jrifah tmif? 2007? pm 111-2)
t,ufonfrNrKd aY [mif;ae&monf ysLNrKd aY [mif;Bu;D rsmjzpfMuaom AdEk;d ? [efvif;? oa&acw&m
wku
hd o
UJ Ydk Bu;D rm;x,f0gjcif;vnf;r&Sad y/ t&G,t
f pm;rSm ao;i,fveG ;f vSonf/ aumif;uif"gwyf t
kH axmuftxm;
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- 167 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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- 170 -
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D yif ajray:awGY taxmuftxmrsm;t& yk*aH cwftapmydik ;f udk
nTefjyaeaMumif;od&ayonf/ ok0Pblrdacwftaxmuftxm;rsm; rnfokdY&Sdrnf udkrrSef;omonfh
tajctaersKd ;&S\
d / yk*aH cwf (11) &mpkEpS Ef iS hf ok0Pbrl ad cwf (aomPESiOhf w& qku
d af &mufcsed u
f mv)
(3-&mpkbpD )D wko
Yd nfEpS af ygi;f (1300) rQumG jcm;ayonf/ rQa&S;usEidk af om taxmuftxm;udk rnfuo
hJ Ydk
tuJjzwf&rnfqkdonfh udprSmrao;i,fvSay/
vufa&;pif;tkwf
0if;uudak jrjyifuiG ;f qif;pOfuyif ajray:awGt
Y axmuftxm;rsm;udk ppfaq;onft
h cg vufa&;pif;
tkwcf syrf sm; ay:xu
G v
f suaf wG&Y ayvdrrhf nf/ t,ufonfruke;f trSwf (1)? AYT (1) udw
k ;l azmfcphJ Ofuvnf;
tqkyd gvufa&;pif;tkwcf syf erlemrsKd ;udak wGEY ikd rf nf[rk eS ;f q&\/ if;tkwcf syt
f rsKd ;tpm;udk AdEd;k NrKd aY [mif;wGif
awGcY zhJ ;l Ny;D jzpfaMumif; OD;atmifaomf\ AdEd;k NrKd aY [mif; (atmifaomf? 1993) pmrsuEf mS 43 wGiw
f ifjyxm;
aMumif; txufwpfae&m azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/
- 171 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
0if;urSawG&Y aom vufa&;pif;tkwcf syBf u;D rsm; (teH? Asuf 11 vufr t&G,t
f pm;&So
d nf)
OD;jrifah tmifuvnf; if;\[efvif;NrKd aY [mif; (1965-65) wl;azmfrw
I iG f
wpfcgwpf&H (tkwu
f )kd aervSr;f rD zkwv
f yk o
f \
l trSwt
f om;rsm;tjzpf tkw\
f xdyw
f pfzufwpfcsuw
f iG f
teHvu
dk v
f ufacsmif;jzifh a&;jcpfxm;aomaMumifh ajrmif;&pfrsm; xifuseaf ejcif;udk awG&onf/
(jrifah tmif? 1993? pm 87)
[ktpD&ifccH zhJ ;l ygonf/ AdEd;k (OD;atmifaomf) ESihf [efvif; (OD;jrifah tmif) wkYd 1960 jynfv
h eG Ef pS rf sm;u
wl;azmfawG&Y cdS ahJ om ysLacwfvufa&;pif;tkwrf sm;udk aemiftcgq&mBu;D OD;armifarmifwif? a'guw
f moef;xGe;f ?
opfawmrif;Bu;D OD;atmifjrifEh iS hf jrefrmrIynm&Sif OD;0if;armif (wr0wD)wku
Yd rkid ;f armNrKd aY [mif;wGif xyfrH
awG&Y &dS jcif;jzpf\/ xkt
d cgrpS vufa&;pif;tkwcf syo
f nf ysL,Ofaus;rItrSwt
f om;oauFwwpfcjk zpfaMumif;
owfrSwfjcif;? *kjyKpl;prf;&SmazGjcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJhMuygonf/ q&mBuD;OD;armifarmifwif (r[m0dZm)
url tkwcf syrf sKd ;udk ysLtkw[
f
l yif yifyeG ;f wyfcahJ yonf/ ynm&Sit
f csKd u
U rl ysLacwf"avh (yk*rH wdik rf aD cwf)
taxmuftxm; [lom vufcx
H m;Mu\/ ysLESiahf cwfNyKd it
f jcm;aom &ckid Nf rKd aU [mif;? rGeNf rKd aY [mif;rsm;wGif
awGY&ao;jcif;aMumifhyifjzpfygonf/
pma&;olonf auvmoawmifajct,ufonfr-0if;ua'orSm azmfjyygvufa&;pif; trSwf
tom;yg tkwfcsyfrsm;jzifh taqmufttHka[mif;rsm;? NrdKYdk;a[mif;rsm;awGY&aMumif;udk &efukefwuokdvf
orkid ;f XmeokYd 1986-ckEpS f wifoiG ;f aom ppfawmif;ESifh oHvGifjrpfESpfoG,fpyfMum;&Sd a&S;NrdKUa[mif;rsm;
tm; yPmravhvmcsuf (r[m0dZm ? ordik ;f bmombG,
YJ u
l sr;f ) wGiw
f ifjycJzh ;l ygonf/ (pH0if;? 1986? )/
if;"avUonf ppfawmif;jrpfEiS hf oHviG jf rpfwt
Ydk Mum; xGe;f um;cJah om a&S;NrKd aY [mif;wkid ;f vkv
d dk (usKd uo
m?
wku
d u
f v
k m;? oxHNk rKd aY [mif;rsm;) rSmyif us,u
f s,jf yefjh yefx
h eG ;f um;cJah Mumif; awG&Y jcif;jzpfonf/ ysLNrKd aY [mif;
rsm;ESihf acwfNyKd ix
f eG ;f um;cJah Mumif; cefrY eS ;f & ,if;"avh\ oufwrf;udk c&pfEpS f 6-&mpkxuf aemufrusEidk f
aMumif; wifjyxm;cJhygonf/ cefYrSef;csufonfyifvQif a,bl,sqefaeayao;onf/ tdEd,EdkifiHwGif
"avhukd Ak'a cwfa&S;NrKd aY [mif;Bu;D rsm; awGEY ikd yf gonf/ tkww
f u
dk t
f aqmufttHrk sm;? omoedu taqmuf
ttHk Bu;D rsm;wnfaqmufaom tavhtxESit
hf wl "avhonf tdE,
d rSwpfqifh jrefrmEdik if o
H Ydk a&muf&dS
vmjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ tdE,
d Edik if aH cwf (bDp-D 6 &mpkEpS )f ESihf taomurif;\ arm&d, acwf (bDp-D
3&mpkEpS )f rsm;txdtoD;oD;a&S;usEidk af om (vufa&;pif;) tkwcf syf "avhyifjzpfygonf/
- 172 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
jrefrmEdik if H vufa&;pif; tkwcf sy"f avhtaMumif; wGiw

f iG u
f s,u
f s,?f vltrsm;odatmif az:xw
k f
ay;olrSm opfawmrif;BuD;OD;atmifjrifhyifjzpf\/ OD;atmifjrifhjyKpkaom aumif;uif"gwfyHkrsm;rS jrefrmh
a&S;a[mif;NrKd aY wmfrsm; (&efuek f ,Ofaus;rI0efBu;D Xme? 1998) pmtkyw
f iG ?f rkid ;f arm (pm 23-46)? 0wD; (pm
49-63) oa&acw&m (pm 67-85)? oJuek ;f (pm 89-97)? usKd uo
m (pm-100-126) NrKd aY [mif;rsm;onf
vufa&;pif;tkwcf sy
f avhukd awG&U aom a&S;NrKd aY [mif;Bu;D rsm;jzpfaMumif; wifjyxm;onfuakd wGEY ikd yf gonf/
OD;atmifjrifo
h nf 1970 jynfh vGeEf pS rf sm;rSp aumif;uif"gwyf rkH sm;ay:rS NrKd aY [mif;&mrsm;udk azmfxw
k jf cif;?
ajrjyifuGif;qif; taxmuftxm; (Surface finds) rsm;pkaqmif;jcif;jyKcJhonf/ if;ajrjyifawGY
taxmuftxm;rsm;wGif vufa&;pif;tkwf (Finger Marked Brick) udt
k xl;*kjyKvsuf pl;prf;&SmazGco
hJ yl if
jzpfonf/ if;yk*Kd vBf u;D ESihf twly;l aygi;f 1977-ckEpS w
f iG f txufjrefrmEkid if rH S OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm )?
(jrefrmorkid ;f tzG0YJ if) ESihf OD;0if;armif (wr0wD)wku
Yd vnf; uln&D mS azGcMhJ uonf/ if;wk\
Yd &SmazGawG&Y cdS surf sm;udk
OD;wifjrwfoed ;f (ygwo
D ak woe) u? tajcjyjrefrmEdik if aH &;orkid ;f (yxrwG)J wGif xnfo
U iG ;f azmfjyonf/
okjYd zpf vufa&;pif;tkwcf syu
f kd wGiw
f iG u
f s,u
f s,f vlord sm;vmonf[k qkEd ikd yf gonf/
aemiftcg OD;atmifjrifEh iS hf wGzJ ufa'guw
f mtJvpfpAufr;dk (vef'efwuov
dk ?f ta&Sw
Y idk ;f ESit
hf mz&du
avhvma&;ausmif;? a&S;a[mif;okawoeynmXme) u? xkid ;f Ekid if H okawoetoif;*sme,f (Journal of
k if rH S vufa&;pif;tkwcf syrf sm;taMumif; aqmif;yg;udk
The Siam Society 19 (2): 81-102) wGif jrefrmEdi
a&;om;wifjyonfhtcg EkdifiH&yfjcm;ynm&Sifrsm; avhvmEdkifonftxd us,fus,fjyefhjyefhod&SdcJhMuayonf/
,if;uJo
h v
Ydk ufa&;pif;tkw"f avhay:viG x
f if&mS ;vmjcif;udk a0zefo;kH oyfvQif t&if;tjrpf ususpwif
azmfxw
k af y;ol ynm&SiBf u;D rsm;rSm OD;atmifaomfEiS hf OD;jrifah tmifwyYdk ifjzpfMuaMumif;? if;ynm&Sirf sm;jyKpo
k nfh
AdEd;k NrKd aY [mif; tpD&ifcpH mESihf [efvif;NrKd aY [mif;tpD&ifcpH mwkt
Yd & awG&Y rdS nfjzpfygonf/
vufa&;pif;tkwcf syaf vhonf jrefrmEdik if aH &S;NrKd aY [mif;vlw\
Ydk "avhwpfrsKd ; (Culture) jzpfaMumif;
od&&dS ayNy/D vufa&;pif;tkwcf syaf wG&Y vQif if;NrKd aY [mif;uke;f onf ysLacwfxuf aemufrusEidk af Mumif;udv
k nf;
cefYrSef;od&SdEkdifayNyD/
a&S;NrdKYa[mif;BuD;rsm;wGif NrdKYdk;tkwfonf rlvNrdKYwnfptcsdefuyif? ueOD;tkwfjrpfcsxm;onfU
ypn;f rsKd ;jzpf? NrKd \
Y oufwrf;twGuf tapmqH;k taxmuftxm;[kq&dk ygrnf/ NrKd Y ;kd udk wl;azmfoak woe
jyKEidk jf cif;r&Sad o;apumrl NrKd Y ;kd tNyKd tysuaf e&mwkrhd S tkwcf u
J sKd ;ud&k mS Munf&h ef odrrf cufay/ NrKd Y ;kd udjk zwfvsuf
&Gmom;rsm;vSn;f vrf;azmufvyk o
f nfah e&mrsK;d rS tvG,w
f ul&Edik o
f nf/ ,if;NrKd U ;dk tkwcf syrf mS vufa&;pif;tkwf
jzpfrnfqydk gu ysLacwfxufaemuf rusEidk af Mumif;cefrY eS ;f onf/ xkNd rKd \
Y yHo
k @mef? t&G,t
f pm;? a&S;a[mif;
ypn;f awG&Y rdS I taxmuftxm;wku
Yd ykd g aygi;f pyfvQiyf sLacwfvm;? yk*aH cwfvm;? tif;0? uke;f abmifacwfvm;
qko
d nfukd cefrY eS ;f &ef tcuftcJr&Syd g/ xkaYd Mumifh vufa&;pif;tkwu
f kd a&S;NrKd aY [mif;uGi;f qif; okawoe
jyKolwkdYu trSwfoauFwjyKcJhMu\/
ok0Pbrl Nd rKd aY [mif;trnfuifyeG ;f wyf wl;azmfavhvmcJah om wku
d u
f v
k m; (t,ufonfr? 0if;u)
wGiv
f ufa&;pif;tkwef rlemudk a&S;NrKd aY [mif;taxmuftxm;wpfct
k jzpf owfrw
S cf jhJ cif;r&Sad y/ yk*aH cwfxuf
apmrnf? ysLacwfEiS hf acwfNyKd ijf zpfrnf[k cefrY eS ;f &ufpJG (Relative Date) udn
k eT jf yaeonfh tqkyd gvufa&;pif;
tkwrf sm;udk awGaY e&aomfvnf; rSww
f rf;rwifEidk cf ahJ y/ *krpku
d Ef idk ?f ta&;ryg? toH;k r0if[ak b;z,fxm;cJah y
onf/ okv
Yd ufa&;pif;tkwu
f kd ab;z,f xm;cJjh cif;aMumifh ok0Pbrl ad zmfxw
k af &;rSm [muGuw
f pfcjk zpfcyhJ u
kH kd
qufvufwifjy&ygOD;rnf/
- 173 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ok0Pblrdacwfudk &nfnTef;jyoEkdifaomtapmydkif; taxmuftxm; vufa&;pif;tkwfcsyfudk

acwfyikd ;f jcm;owfrw
S jf cif; (Chronology) toH;k rjyKEidk yf ?J ajrxnftydik ;f tp (tk;d jcrf;uG)J taxmuftxm;udk
"gwcf pJG pfaq;&aom "gwcf cJG ef;tajz (Thermoluminiseence date) ESiahf <uxnfypn;f (porcelain ware)
awG&Y rdS w
I aYdk Mumifh ok0Pbrl ad cwfNrKd aY [mif;[k xifaMu;ay;xm;cJah om wku
d u
f v
k m;onf (at'D 1499)
ESifh (at'D 1662) ckESpftwGif;tBuHK;0ifrnfU NrdKYa[mif;wpfckjzpfcJh&ayonf/ c&pftBudK 3-&mpkESpf
tm;&nfreS ;f csux
f m;cJ&h mrS c&pfEpS f 15 &mpkEpS Ef iS hf 17 &mpkEpS t
f xd? tESpf (1800) cefaY emufusrnfh
,Ofaus;rI oufaoudo
k m jyoEkid cf ahJ Mumif;awG&Y jcif;yifjzpfygonf/ uJo
h jhdk zpfc&hJ aom wl;azmfoak woe
vkyif ef;taMumif; t&mrsm;udk
a'guw
f moef;xGe;f (75) ESpaf jrmufarG;aeh txdr;f trSwpf mwef;rsm; twGJ (1) wGiaf zmfjyaom
OD;jrifah tmif\ ]t&ufonfrESi0hf if;u (ok0Pbrl )d wl;azmfrpI mwef; (Myint Aung, The Excavation
of Ayethama and Win ka (Suvannabhmi) STUDIES IN MYANMAR HISTORY, Essays Given
To Than Tun on His 75th Birthday, Yangon, Thein Htaik Yadana Press, 1999, pp. 17-64)
ud&k nfneT ;f ud;k um; atmufygtwkid ;f aumufEw

k w
f ifjyoGm;ygrnf/
if;wl;azmfrIrSwfwrf;t&qkdvQif
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
1975? t,ufonfr
1975? t,ufonfr
1975? t,ufonfr
1976? 0if;u
1977-78 0if;u
1977-78 0if;u
1977-78 0if;u
1977-78 0if;u
1977-78 0if;u
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
NrKd Y ;kd uke;f wl;azmfrI

(AYT 2) tprf;wGi;f wl;azmfrI
(AYT 3) tprf;wGi;f wl;azmfrI
(WK-1) tkww
f u
dk t
f aqmufttHk (vlraI &;)
(WK-2) tkww
f u
dk t
f aqmufttHk (vlraI &;)
(WK-3) bmoma&;taqmufttHk
(WK-6) apwDa[mif;
(AYT 1)
wkdYudkazmfxkwfEkdifcJhaMumif;od&\/
0if;u? t,ufonfrwl;azmfru
I kd AdEd;k ? [efvif;ESihf oa&acw&mNrKd aY [mif;rsm; udw
k ;l azmfcphJ Ofu
a&S;NrKd aY [mif;yHk ay:atmifw;l cJo
h nft
h pOftvmESihf wku
d q
f idk pf pfaq;vQif
(u) NrKd Y ;kd ESit
hf &Htwm;? t,ufonfrtrSwf (1)? AYT.1
(c) vlaerItaqmufttH?k 0if;u (1)? (2)? WK.1,2
(*) bmoma&;taqmufttH?k 0if;u (3)? (4)? (5)? (6)? WK.3, 4, 5, 6
wkdYudkwl;azmfawGY&SdcJhaMumif;od&ojzifh wl;azmfNyD;pD;rIukef;ta&twGufenf;yg;aeao;onftjyif? taMumif;
t&mpHkvifjcif;vnf;r&Sdao;aMumif; awGY&Sd&\/
I ek ;f onf oD;jcm;NrKd u
Y u
G w
f pfc\
k NrKd Y ;kd wpfyikd ;f jzpfonf/
t,ufonfrtrSwf (1) (AYT.1) wl;azmfru
if;udck efrY eS ;f &ufpaJG zmfonht
f cg at'D? 1499 rS 1662-ckEpS cf eft
Y wGi;f xGe;f um;onf[k Thermoluminescence
dS ayonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ok0Pbrl d acwftwGi;f tusK;H 0ifjcif;r&Sad y/ odjhk zpf wku
d u
f v
k m;NrKd aY [mif;
Dating t&od&&
- 174 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
(t,ufonfr) udo
k 0k Pbrl d NrKd aY [mif;ae&mwpfct
k jzpf todtrSwjf yKEikd &f ef tcuftcJ&v
dS maMumif;udv
k nf;
awGY&ygonf/
t,ufonfrtrSwf (1)uke;f ? AYT (1) udw
k ;l azmfonft
h cg aumif;uif"gwyf akH y:wiG f NrKd u
Y u
G u
f t
kd xif
t&Sm;awG&Y Ny;D ? ajrjyifrmS vnf;NrKd Y ;kd ESpx
f yfEiS hf usK;H wpfxyfuakd wG&Y aom ajrmufbufNrKd Y ;kd udk wl;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/
wl;azmfreI nf;pepft& usi;f &Snpf eH pf (Long Trench Methode) udo
k ;kH onf/ tvsm; (153) ay? teH (15)
ay yeufu
kd v
f suf uefv
Y efjh zwfw;l uGuw
f iG Nf rKd Y ;kd ESpx
f yfEiS hf usK;H udik rkH ad tmifw;l azmfco
hJ nf/ ajrvTm (3)
xyfawG&Y \/ yxrajrvTm (Layer 1) onftndKa&mif&adS om opfaqG;ajrvTmjzpf txl 2 ay2 vufr
cef&Y o
dS nf/ txufrS NyKd usxm;[efwal om tkwcf u
J sKd ;rsm; &Hzef&cH gawG&Y ojzifh ,cifutkww
f w
H idk ;f xyfqifh
wnfcrhJ nf[k cefrY eS ;f &\/
'kw,
d ajrvTm (Layer 2) udEk pS yf ikd ;f cGEJ idk \
f / txufyikd ;f ajrvTm (2 A) onfoq
J efvsuf cyfz,
G zf ,
G f
ta&mifazsmhawmhonf/ ajrmufbufuusKH;ESifh pyfvsuf&Sdojzifha&tpkd"gwf&Sdonf/ if; ajrvTmatmufrS
(2 B) ajrvTmonftxl 4 ay 6 vufr&SNd y;D tndKa&mifajrrmjzpfonf/ tkwc
f rJ sm;? txl;ojzifh awmifbufyikd ;f
wGif tpktyHkydk rsm;jym;pGmawGY&\/ xkdYaMumifhtxufrS tkwfwHwkdif;NydKuscJhaMumif;ydk odomonf/
h cg tkwu
f sKd ;rsm;ydrk sm;aMumif;
if;tcsuu
f akd xmufco
H nfh oabmudw
k wd,ajrvTm (Layer 3) a&mufonft
xyfraH wG&Y o
dS nf/ xkt
d csurf sm;udk pkaygi;f vku
d v
f Qif NrKd U ;kd wHwidk ;f onf ajrom;wpfxyf? tkwf ;kd wpfxyf
wnfaqmufxm;aom cHuwkwfwpfck jzpfaMumif;odomayonf (Myint Aung, 1999, pp. 23-24)/
NrKd Y ;kd uke;f wl;uGuaf jrvTmtrSwf (2) rS tpdr;f a&mifa<uxnfypkH u
H JG wpfcu
k w
kd ;l azmfawG&Y o
dS nf
(Myint Aung, 1999, p.37)/ if;trSwf (2) ajrvTmrSyif wl;azmfawG&
Y NdS y;D aumuf,pl ak qmif;xm;aom
ajrxnftydik ;f tp (tk;d jcrf;uG)J ESppf udk 1976-ckEpS w
f iG f Mopaw;vsEikd if H trsKd ;om;wuov
dk f lyaAXme
"gwcf cJG ef;okYd erlemtrSwf (1017) ESihf (1018) tjzpfay;yd
Yk oufwrf;wGucf supf pfaq;cJo
h nf/ if;"gwcf cJG ef;wGif
(thermoluminescence dating) enf;pepfjzifh ppfaq;Ny;D aemuf tk;d jcrf;uGe
J rlemtrSwf 1017 (T/S 1017)
onfveG cf ahJ omtESpf (476) ESpo
f ufwrf;&SNd y;D ? erlemtrSwf 1018 (T/S 1018) onfveG cf ahJ om tESpf
(313) ESp&f NdS y;D jzpfaMumif; cefrY eS ;f od&&dS onf[q
k \
dk / okjhd zpft&ufonfrNrKd U ;kd wl;azmfrI uke;f oufwrf;onf
yxrerlemypn;f t& at'D 1499-ckEpS u
f n
kd eT jf y? 'kw,
d erlemypn;f t& at'D 1862-ckEpS f udn
k eT jf yygonf/
"gwcf cJG ef;&v'ftajzaMumifh t,ufonfrtrSwf (1) NrKd Y ;kd uke;f onf acwfv,f ya'o&mZfw\
Ydk
cHuwkww
f pfcrk Qom jzpfEidk af Mumif; wpfenf;tm;jzifh ok0Pbrl ad cwf (bDp3D &mpkEpS )f taxmuftxm;r[kwf
aMumif; tajzxGuaf eygonf/ ,if;tajzudyk ifaxmufcH tm;jznfah y;aeonfh aemufxyfw;l azmfawG&Y rdS rI sm;vnf;
&Sad o;\/ t,ufonfr trSwf (1) uke;f ? NrKd Y ;kd wl;uGu\
f awmifbufukd tenf;i,fceft
Y uGm NrKd w
Y iG ;f ydik ;f wGif
tprf;wl;uGuf (Trial Diggings) ESpu
f u
G u
f kd t,ufonfr (2) ESihf (3) (AYT. 2 and 3) tjzpfowfrw
S f
vsuw
f ;l azmf onft
h cg tpdr;f a&mif (pOfo
h w
k )f yk*v
H ;kH wpfc\
k EIwcf rf;em;tpdwt
f ydik ;f udk t,ufonfrtrSwf
(2) uGi;f \ yxrajrvTmrS awG&Y onf (Myint Aung, 1999, p. 37)/
awG&Y cdS suo
f nf t,ufonfrtrSwf (1) (AYT .1) trSwf (2) ajrvTmrS wl;azmfawG&Y &dS onfh
tpdr;f a&mify*k jH ym;uJo
h yYdk if a<uxnf (Porcelain) ypn;f trsKd ;tpm;yifjzpf onf/ a<uxnf ajrxnfypn;f
(Ceramic) taxmuftxm;t& wkdufukvm; (t,ufonfr) NrdKYa[mif;\ oufwrf;rSm c&pf(15)&mpkEpS x
f ufrnforYdk Qy
kd rapmEkid af Mumif;od&ayonf/ xkaYd Mumifh aemuftusq;kH oufwrf;udv
k nf; (TLf cJG ef;tajzunTejf yonfh c&pf (17) &mpkEpS f jzpfrnf[
l vufc&H ayawmhrnf/
Date) "gwc
- 175 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ok0PblrdNrdKUa[mif;jzpfrnf[k xifjrif,lqxm;aom wkdufukvm;\oufwrf;udk twkdif;yif

vufc&H rnfjzpfaMumif; ordik ;f ygarmuq&mBu;D a'guw
f moef;xGe;f u (1981) ckEpS w
f iG f atmufygtwkid ;f
azmfjycJhyHkudkvnf;awGY&ygonf/ q&mBuD;u ]ok0Pblrd} [l awmfpdefckd (1892 ckESpf)ESifh wify,f
(1894 ckESpf) wkdY cefYrSef;azmfjyaomae&monf tdEd,wkdif;&if;om;trnfyifjzpf ta&SUawmiftm&S
a'owpfckvHk;udk &nfnTef;onf[kqkdEkdifaomfvnf; acwfopfjrefrmwkdYurl rkwryifv,fauGYywf0ef;usif
a'oudk nTejf yMurnfjzpfaMumif;? a'orSm tdE,
d Ekid if w
H iG f c&pftBuKd 246-ckEpS f (246 B.C)u taomu
rif;vufxufwwd, o*Fg,emwifyt
JG Ny;D wGif Ak'o
moempwifa&muf&cdS o
hJ nfU ae&m[k,q
l aMumif; jrefrmwkYd
tm;ud;k tm;xm;jyKxm;aom jrefrmjynfrx
S if&mS ;onfh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk oD[Vdk &f mZ0if pwifazmfjy
aMumif;? xkaYd emuf 1840 jynfEh pS u
f a&;xk;d cJah om yJc;l uvsmPDord af usmufpmwGif ok0Pbrl o
d nf (tjrifah y
1118aycef&Y adS om) auvmoawmifajca'ao\ taemufajrmufbuftpGe;f ? ,ck&efuek af rmfvNrKd if &xm;
vrf; r&rf;uke;f blwmESihf awmifpeG ;f blwmwkt
Yd Mum;? t&ufonfr&Gm (ajrmufvww
D 'G f 17 'D*&D 4 rdepf
15 pueEYf iS f ta&SaY vmif*sw
D 'G f 97 'D*&D 7 rdepf) jzpfrnf[k jyxm;aMumif;? xkad e&mudak *gVrwdu
e*&
okrYd [kwf wku
d u
f v
k m;[kac:aMumif;? okjhd zpf ausmufpm taxmuftxm;tm;ud;k jzifh t,ufonfraus;&GmESihf
0if;u aus;&Gm (ajrmufvww
D 'G f 17 'D*&D 13 rdepfEiS hf ta&SaY vmif*sw
D 'G f 97 'D*&D 4 rdepf) wku
Yd kd 1975?
1976? 1977 ESihf 1978 ckEpS rf sm;wGif owfrw
S af &G;cs,w
f ;l azmfcahJ Mumif;? aus;&GmESp&f mG wko
Yd nf teD;uyf
wnf&adS eMuNy;D ? &Gmwpf&mG wnf;udak wmifyikd ;f ESihf ajrmufyikd ;f [lESpyf ikd ;f cGx
J m;ouJo
h Ydk &Sad Mumif;&Si;f vif;azmfjy
vsu?f wl;azmfawG&Y &dS aom taxmuftxm;ESiyhf wfouf
-
NrKd aY [mif;\NrKd Y ;kd ta&Sb

U ufwpfyikd ;f udk *0Hausmuftw
k pf v
D suf tjrifh 26 ay? tus,f 13 ay
&So
d nfNh rKd w
Y w
H idk ;f tjzpf yxrazmfxw
k af wG&Y o
dS nf/ xkad emuftvsm;ESihf teH 69 aypDpwk&ef;yH&k NdS y;D ?
tcef;aygi;f (14) cef;yg0ifaom tkww
f u
dk af qmufttHu
k kd wl;azmfawG&Y cSd o
hJ nf/ a'oonf
(rGeb
f momjzif)h 0if;u - (ig;usi;f ) [ktrnfwiG v
f suf yifv,fqyd u
f rf;wpfcjk zpfrnf[q
k Edk idk \
f /
wl;azmfawG&Y &dS aom taqmufttHrk mS vnf (yifv,fqyd u
f rf;) taumuftcGef ;kH wpfcjk zpfz,
G &f \
dS /
awG&Y &dS aom ajrxnfypn;f rsm;ESihf taqmufttHyk Euyf pkH w
H t
Ydk & c&pf 6-&mpkEpS u
f n
kd eT jf yonf/
I ajzt& NrKd aY [mif;onf vGecf ahJ om
omrkv
d rl eD q
D ifh (Thermotuminescence) "gwcf pJG rf;oyfrt
tESpf (476) ESprf S (313) ESpf (at'D -1499 rS at'D - 1662 ckEpS )f u NrKd w
Y pfNrKd Y jzpfrnf
[ko;kH oyfwifjyonf (oef;xGef;? 1981? 48-9)/
wifjycsuw
f iG f NrKd aY [mif;\oufwef;udk 15 &mpk-17 &mpk jzpfrnf[k cefrY eS ;f onfrmS 0if;uudv
k m;
t,ufonfrvm;qko
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Yd nf &Gmwpf&mG
wnf;vkd qufpyfaeonfqadk omfvnf; NrKd aY [mif;uke;f wpfcpk w
D pfo;D wpfjcm;wnfaeMujcif;jzpf\/ ajrjyifyuwd
taetxm;t& 0if;u NrKd aY [mif;\NrKd u
Y u
G u
f yd
k Bu;D Ekid yf gonf/ tkwu
f ek ;f ? tkwx
f yfaygrsm;<u,f0rIrmS vnf;
0if;uonft,ufonfrxuf yd
k omonf/ tjcm;qifjcifp&m taMumif;wpfcrk mS vnf; oxH&k mZ0ifwiG f
auvmoawmif\ ta&SYawmifbuf ok"r0wD ok0PblrdNrdKY&Sdonf? xkdNrdKYonfwkdufukvm;e,fwGif;
&Sdonfjzpf if;udkvnf;wkdufukvm;NrdKY[l yifac:cJhMu onf[kqkdxm;onfudkvnf;awGYEdkifayonf/
xkNd rKd Y Bu;D t&G,t
f pm;udk ] NrKd t
Y eHum; ta&St
Y aemufwm (500)? (1750 udu
k )f ? tvsm;um; awmifajrmuf
wm (750) (2625 udkuf) &Sd\/} [kazmfjyxm;ojzifh {&d,mrSm {uaygif; (950) cefYt&G,f&Sdrnf/
t,ufonfr&Gm wdu
k u
f v
k m;NrKd EY iS hf pmvQit
f &G,t
f pm;rSmtq (9) qrQ ydBk u;D aMumif;cefrY eS ;f Edik yf gonf/
(,ck NrdKYa[mif;\ taemufbufajrjyefYydkif;rSm urf;NydKysufpD;vsuf? NrdKYkd;ESifh usKH;a[mif;ae&mwkdYudk
- 176 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
rawGEY ikd af wmhNy/D awmifajc&if;? awmifapmif;ESihf 0if;u? ausmufv;kH Bu;D ESihf awmifBu;D &Gmtydik ;f wkYd wGio
f m
a&S;NrKd aY [mif;t<uif; tusew
f u
Ydk akd wGEY idk yf gonf/) NrKd w
Y nfou&mZfuv
kd nf; omoemESpf (208-209) ckEpS [
f
l
azmfjyaomaMumifh (bDpD 336)c&pfrwkid rf t
D ESpf 300 rS 400 (4 &mpkEpS b
f pD )D ud&k nfneT ;f azmfjyvsu&f \
dS
(oxHk&mZ0if? pm 82)/ okdhjzpfodyHenf;us wl;azmfokawoe&v'f tajzonf yuwdajrjyifay:rS
taxmuftxm;ESiafh omfvnf;aumif; a&S;a[mif;tpOftvm tqdk trderYf sm;ESiahf omfvnf;aumif; uGm[csuf
rsm;&Sdaeonfudk awGY&rnfjzpfygonf/
0if;uwl;azmfrI
0if;uwl;azmfrt
I aMumif;udk qufygO;D rnf/ wuov
dk yf nmya'om pmapmif twGJ 12? tydik ;f 1?
ckESpfwGift,ufonfr wkdufukvm;wl;azmfrItNyD; 0if;uwl;azmfrItaMumif;udk qufvufazmfjyonfhtcg
OD;jrifhatmifu0if;u&GmwGif ,ckEpS f (1976-ckEpS )f azmfxw
k af wG&Y adS om tkwt
f aqmufttHBk u;D onf ok0Pbrl d
NrKd aY wmfa[mif;twGi;f aqmufvyk Nf y;D ajycJo
h nfh taqmufttHw
k pfcck [
k w
k rf [kwf twdtusajym
Ekid pf &m taxmuftxm;enf;yg;ao;onf/ okw
Yd ap,if;udo
k kyf azmfwifjy&efvt
dk yf\ [lwifjy
xm;onfukd awGEY ikd yf gonf ( jrifah tmif? 2007? 127 )/
,ckwl;azmfvkdufaom taqmufttHkonf av;axmifhyHkpHjzpfonf/ tem;wpfzufonf 69
ayt&Sn&f \
dS / twGi;f vlaerItydik ;f udt
k cef; 14 cef;zGpYJ nf;aqmufvyk o
f nf/ tv,fcef;rBu;D wpfcu
k kd
av;bufav;wefrS tcef;t&G,t
f pm; 13 cef;u ywf&x
H m;onfh oabmjzpfonf/ ,if;tcef;rsm;udk
tv,fcef;rBu;D ESihf qufo,
G Ef idk &f efwcH g;aygurf sm; azmufvyk af y;xm;onf/ wl;azmfawG&Y &dS aom
,cktaqmufttHk\ ta&SYtaemuf tydwftkwfdk;BuD;rsm;udk taemufbufokdY 15 'D*&DcefY
aqmif;aqmufvkyfxm;aMumif;awGY&onf/
[lqufvufazmfjyonf/ tkwfwkduftaqmufttHk\oufwrf;udk cefYrSef;onfhtcgwdus oufwrf;
(Absolute Dating ) azmfjyEki
d af om "gwcf cGJ ef;tajzrsKd ;r&&Scd ahJ y/ taqmufttkyH pkH H (yeuf) Ekid ;f ,SO;f jcif;?
ajrxnfypn;f awG&Y rdS t
I & EdiI ;f ,SOaf vhvmjcif;rsm;jzifo
h m &ufpu
JG ckd efrY eS ;f xm;aMumif;awG&Y \ (jrifah tmif 2007?
128-129)/
if;tpD&ifcpH mrSmyif tcef;i,ftoG,o
f ,
G yf g&adS om taqmufttHyk pkH rH sKd ;udk yk*NH rKd Y pk;d rif;Bu;D tkwf
ausmif;wGifvnf;awGY&aMumif;? ,if;tkwfausmif;wGiftcef;rsm; uefYowfaqmufvkyfxm;onfUoabmrSm
,ck0if;u&Gmwl;azmfawG&Y &dS aom taqmufttHt
k wkid ;f yifjzpfaMumif;? okaYd omfjcm;em;csurf sm; vnf;&Sad o;
aMumif; pk;d rif;Bu;D tkwaf usmif;wGiyf g&adS om Oypm (tjyif) cef;rESihf *Eu#k D (bk&m;cef;)rSm rlvtaqmufttH\
k
av;axmifyh pkH t
H wGi;f xnfo
h iG ;f xm;jcif;r[kwb
f J tjyifoo
Ydk ;D oefx
Y w
k af qmifxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;? xkt
d csuu
f
0if;u taqmufttHkyHkpHESifhjcm;em;aeaMumif;? okdhjzpf tao;pdwfdIEdIif;wkdufqkdifEkdifatmif tdEd,jynf
em*Zleuk@ESihf rd*'g0ek t
f &yfrsm;&Sd a&S;a[mif;0d[m& (bke;f Bu;D ausmif;) rsm;\yEuyf pkH EH iS hf wku
d q
f idk pf pfaq;&
aMumif;? 4if;0d[m&wk\
Yd y"meusaom yEuyf pkH rH mS t&G,w
f t
l cef;rsm;u tv,fav;axmifh uGuv
f yf
- 177 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
okrYd [kwf cef;rBu;D udk av;bufav;wefrS 0ef;&Hxm;onfyh pkH jH zpfaMumif; awG&Y onf[k qk\
d (jrifah tmif?
2007? pm 128-130)/
okdhjzpftaqmufttHk yEufyHkpHcsif;wkdufqkdifppfaq;csuft&? 0if;u trSwf (1) tkwfwkduf
aqmufttHo
k nf? yk*pH ;dk rif;Bu;D tkwaf usmif;ESihf qifwal omfvnf; rluw
JG pfrsKd ;pDjzpfae\/ tdE,
d Ekid if 0H [
d m&rsm;ESihf
EdiI ;f ,SOMf unfah omtcgrsm;pGm qifwal eyHu
k akd wG&Y \/ okaYd omf tcef;zGyYJ t
kH &G,t
f pm;rwlnjD cif;udk awG&Y jyef\/
xkaYd Mumifb
h ek ;f Bu;D ausmif; (0d[m&) [l rqkEd idk yf jJ zpfvuf&\
dS / xkt
Yd jyifw;l azmfawG&Y &dS aom a&S;a[mif;ypn;f rsm;
teuf bmoma&;qkdif&m0xKypnf;wpfpHkwpf&mrQ rawGY&SdaomaMumifh ,if;udkbmoma&;taqmufttHk
(bke;f Bu;D ausmif;) tjzpf,q
l &ef tcuftcJ&\
dS / tdE,
d Edik if b
H moma&;qkid &f m taqmufttHrk sm;ESihf yEuyf pkH cH si;f
wlnrD w
I pfcw
k nf;tay: rlwnf 0if;utaqmufttHu
k kd bmoma&;ESihf oufqidk f onf[ak jymqk&d eftaMumif;
rvHak vmufacs/ okjhd zpf 0if;urStaqmufttHo
k nf bmoma&;xuf vlraI &;ESihf ydrk o
dk ufqidk rf nf[ck efrh eS ;f
aMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf (jrifah tmif? 2007? pm 130)/
S o
f nft
h cg t,ufonfr
0if;utrSwf (1) taqmufttHk (WK-1) \acwfuykd ikd ;f jcm;owfrw
h Ydk Absolute Date wdusoufwrf;udk ajymEkid af om (T.L Date) omrkv
d rl eD q
D ifh
trSwf (1) (AYT-1) uJo
&ufprJG sKd ;r&cJah y (erlemypn;f ay;ydEYk idk jf cif;r&Sad y)/ tkwcf syt
f &G,t
f pm;udk wku
d q
f idk pf pfaq;onft
h cgwiG v
f nf;
vufa&;pif;trSwt
f om;rsKd ;awG&Y rdS t
I ay: tmHpk u
dk jf cif;r&Scd ahJ y/ 0if;u&GmwpfavsmufrmS tqkyd gvufa&;pif;
tkwcf syu
f kd a&SmifrvGwaf tmifawG&Y rnf jzpfaomfvnf; xkpd Ofuvufa&;pif;tkwu
f kd a&S;NrKd aY [mif;taxmuf
txm;tjzpf toH;k rjyKcahJ o;onfrmS EIid ;f ,SOo
f ufwrf; (Relative Dating) wGucf su&f m vkt
d yfcsuw
f pf&yfvdk
jzpfcyhJ gonf/ ok&Yd mwGif tkwcf syt
f &G,t
f pm;udrk El iId ;f ,SOo
f ufwrf;twGuf toH;k jyKcyhJ gonf/ if;taqmufttHk
(WK-1) rS tkwc
f syo
f nf tvsm; 1 ay 4 vufr? teH 7 1^2 vufrESihf txl 2 1^2 vufr t&G,f
tpm;rsKd ;jzpf yH*k NH rKd aY [mif;&Sd taqmufttHt
k w
k cf syt
f rsKd ;tpm;yifjzpfaMumif;? okjYd zpf Adou
k moabmt&
vnf; yk*aH cwfxuf aemufrusaomvuf&mjzpfonf[k ,lqaomf&Ekid rf nf xifygonf[k aumufcsucf sxm;
onfukd awG&Y ygonf/ (jrifah tmif? 2007? pm 131)/
tu,fomxkdpOfu q&mOD;jrifhatmifonf 0if;utaqmufttHkrsm;wGif vufa&;pif;tkwfcsyf
awG&Y rdS u
I kd xnfo
U iG ;f toH;k jyKEidk cf yhJ gvQif ,if;taqmufttHw
k u
Ydk kd yk*aH cwf[q
k jdk cif;xuf? AdEd;k ? [efvif;?
oa&acw&mwku
Yd o
hJ Ydk ysLacwfNrKd aY [mif;wpfcjk zpfrnf[k qkad umif;qkEd idk af yvdrrhf nf/ tb,fah Mumifq
h adk omf
0if;u (1) taqmufttHrk S wl;azmfawG&Y &dS aom ajrxnfypn;f rsm;rSm ysL,Ofaus;rIacwfukd nTejf yaeaMumif;
awG&Y jcif;aMumifyh ifjzpfonf/ ,if;tcsuu
f kd OD;jrifah tmifu
0if;utaqmufttHBk u;D udk wl;azmfvu
dk &f mwGif rD;zkwaf jrESihf ausmufyw
k ;D tcsKd ?Y a&zse;f tk;d vnfwrH sm;?
tajcwGipf vkwyf gaom uk&m;EIwo
f ;D rsm;? wpfqpfcsKd ;csujf yKwt
f ;dk uGrJ sm; &&Scd o
hJ nf/ ,if;yHpk rH sm;udk
AdEd;k NrKd w
U ;l azmfrw
I iG v
f nf;awGcY &hJ \/ xkaYd MumifNh cKH pOf;pm;&ygaomf ,ck0if;u&Gmtkww
f u
dk Bf u;D onf
ysL,Ofaus;rIESifh tquftoG,f&SdaMumif;,lEkdifayonf/
[lwifjyxm;aMumif;awG&U ygonf (jrifah tmif? 2007? pm 131)/
,if;wifjycsut
f ay:xyfr
H ]ok0Pbrl w
d ;l azmfru
I akd cwfcjJG cif;} acgi;f pOfjzifh (15 9. 7. 6) &ufaeY
xkwv
f rf;pOfowif; twG-J 12? trSw-f 18 wGit
f ao;pdyaf zmfjyonft
h cg a&S;a[mif;tk;d tifypkH rH sm;ESihf ,if;wkYd
ysHYESHYyHkudk avhvmjcif;onforkdif;rwifrDESifh orkdif;0ifa&S;a[mif;a'orsm;tm; acwfcGJjcm;ay;jcif;wpfrsdK;yif
- 178 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
jzpfaMumif;? enf;udt
k oH;k jyK jrefrmEdik if &H dS a&S;a[mif;a'orsm;udak vhvmaomtcg ,if;wk\
Yd jynfwiG ;f jynfy
qufqaH &;tjzmjzmudo
k &d v
dS mEkid rf nf jzpfaMumif;? AdEd;k NrKd aY [mif;wl;azmfrrI sm;rSxyd 0f vH;k EIwcf rf;teD;jyefY
um;aom tpGe;f xkwx
f m;onfU a&zse;f tk;d vnfwrH sm;? tk;d EIwo
f ;D rsm;ESihf bD;vSrd &hf mtjc,ftvS,yf g&o
dS nfU
tk;d uGrJ sm;awG&Y cdS zhJ ;l aMumif;? ,if;wkt
hd euft;dk EIwo
f ;D wk\
Yd tajcwGipf vkwo
f @mefjyKvyk x
f m;aMumif;? AdEd;k
ysLNrKd u
Y kd umAGef 14? "gwcf eJG nf;jzifh c&pf 1 &mpkES 4 &mpkEpS o
f yYdk ikd ;f jcm;owfrw
S f acwfcx
JG m;Muonfjzpf
acwfyikd ;f jcm;rIonf ckEpS af ojcmNy;D jzpfaom tdE,
d a&S;a[mif;tk;d tifypkH w
H EYdk iS v
hf nf; wku
d q
f idk n
f n
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f rf;jyKxm;aom 0if;u &Gmwl;azmfrrI S pvkwyf g&adS om
tk;d EIwo
f ;D ESpcf Ek iS hf a&zse;f tk;d vnfwaH v;ck xyfrx
H ;l azmf&&Sjd yefaMumif;? tk;d EIwo
f ;D ESpcf t
k eufwpfcu
k kd ajreDom;
tEkpm;jzifjh yKvyk x
f m;tjcm;wpfcu
k kd tndKa&mifajrom;jzifh yHak zmfxm;&m? ,if;wkt
Yd euf wpfco
k nfA
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tkd;EIwfoD;ESifhqifwlaMumif;? a&zsef;tkd;vnfwHav;ckteuf oHk;ckudk ajrom;taumif;pm;jzifhjyKvkyfxm;
ajreDwpfxyfow
k v
f rd ;f um rD;zkwx
f m;onfukd awG&Y Ny;D ? usew
f pfcrk mS ajrndKom;jzpfaMumif;? EIwcf rf;teD;
jyefu
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dS sut
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k x
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(jrifah tmif 2007? pm 132-134)/
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Y m;aom a&zse;f tk;d vnfwrH sm;udk tdE,
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134-5)/ ,if;a&zse;f tk;d rsm;rSm 'uP
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134-136)/
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h Qif a&zse;f tk;d rsm;onf tdE,
d trsm;tjym;awG&Y onfreS af pumrl tjcm;
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ckESpfydkif;jcm;vmEkdifayonf/ xkdYaMumifhc&pfESpftapmydkif; tdEd,tkd;tifrsm;ESifh ykHpHwlnDrIt& 0if;u
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l
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- 179 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
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(Layer 1A) onf txl 1 ayceft
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ay 6 vufr&Sad om ajreD? ajryGrsKd ;jzpfonf/ 4if;atmufrS 'kw,
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U yd x
f m;aMumif;awG&Y onf/ 4if;atmufrS
wwd,ajrvTm (Layer 3) onf vnf;zkaYd jryifjzpfonf/ 4if;onftxl 3 ay 4 vufrrQ&
dS tkwMf urf;cif;&ef
ckid cf efaY omtrmcH ajrom;xkjzpfonf/ 4if;atmufrS pwkxa jrvTm (Layer 4) onf t0ga&mifoef;aom
ajrndKatmufcaH jrom;jzpfonf/ ausmufw;kH Bu;D rsm; &Hzef&cH ga&maESmvsuaf wG&Y onf/ 4if;ajrvTmudk teuf
2 ay 9 vufrt
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okjYd zpf0if;uwGif wpfzef&mS azGw;l azmfc&hJ jyef\/ 0if;utkww
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opfyifopfawmxlxyfjcif;? yifv,furf;pyfjzpfjcif;paom taMumif;rsm;aMumifhjzpfygonf/
0if;u&Gmonftjrifah y 1081 aycef&Y adS om auvmoawmifajc&if;wGif wnfaeojzifh ajrjyefaY e&m
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rkdYrkdYrsm;udkvnf; [kdwpfpk? onfwpfpkawGYEdkifygonf/ &Gmvrf;ESifh vSnf;vrf;aMumif;wpfavQmufwGifvnf;
NrKd Y ;kd uke;f o@mefajrjyifvuPmudk *kwpdu
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- 180 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
wef;Bu;D wpfcjk zpfaMumif;awGEY ikd yf gonf/ awmifajc&if;ajredryhf ikd ;f wGif xku

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ok0Pbrl Nd rKd aY [mif;uke;f ae&m wpfcjk zpfz,
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- 181 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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onfh tcef;rsm;ESifh tpdwftydkif;rwluGJjym;yHkwkdYt& vlrIa&;taqmufttHkom jzpfEkdifaMumif;awGY&onf
[kqydk gonf/ toH;k jyKaomtkwcf syt
f &G,t
f pm;rSm tvsm; 1 ay 3 vufr? teH 7 vufrESihf twl 2
1^2 vufrt&G,&f o
dS nf/ (xkt
d w
k cf syrf sm;wGif vufa&;pif;trSwt
f om;ygtw
k cf syf tcsKd u
Y &kd mS azGawG&Y ydS gonf)/
ajrvTmaAppfaq;csuft& ajrvTm (5) vTmawGU&onf/ yxr (tay:,H) ajrvTmtndKa&mif
opfaqG;ajronf 10 vufrxl\/ cyfz,
G zf ,
G af jrrsKd ;jzpfonf/ ukek ;f tajcta&SEY iS hf taemufoq
Ydk ifajcavsm
apmif;aeojzifh a&wku
d pf m;rI&o
dS nf/ atmufxyfu 'kw,
d ajrvTmonf tkwu
f sKd ;rsm;a&mvsuaf jrrmjzpfonf/
- 182 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ESpfaycefYxlygonf/ if;onfwwd,tBudrf wnfaqmufonfhajrvTmjzpfonf/ atmufwpfxyfwwd,

ajrvTmonf 2 ay 8 vufrtxl&
dS zkaYd jr? wwd,ajrrmjzpfonf/ pwkxa jrvTmonf txl 4 ay 8
vufr&So
d nf/ xkad jrvTmMurf;cif;onf taqmufttH\
k 'kw,
d tBurd w
f nfaqmufaom ,Ofaus;rIajrvTm
jzpfrnf[k ,lq&\/ atmufq;kH yrajrvTmonf oJEiS ahf jra&mvsuzf x
Ydk m;aom yxrtBurd w
f nfaqmufrI
Murf;cif; jzpfz,
G &f adS Mumif;od&ygonf/ if;atmufq;kH tvTmrSm tkwcf syt
f &G,t
f pm;yd
k Bu;D rm;aMumif;udv
k nf;
awGY&onf/ xkdYaMumifh 0if;utrSwf (2) tkwfwkduftaqmufttHkudk ,Ofaus;rIacwfoHk;acwfxyfqifh
wnfaqmufcrhJ nf[k cefrY eS ;f onf/ xkt
d csuu
f kd axmufcaH omtk;d jcrf;uGt
J axmuftxm;udv
k nf; awG&Y onf[k
qkyd gonf (Myint Aung, 1999, 29-30)/
azmfjyNy;D orQ0if;utrSwf 2-taqmufttH\
k taetxm;udo
k ;kH oyfvQif trSwf (5) ajrvTmwGif
awGY&aom yxracwfay:wGif xyfrHajrtkwfjrpfcsNyD; trSwf (4) ajrvTm 'kwd,acwfudkwnfonf/
if;taqmufttHkysufpD;oGm;NyD;aemufusrS trSwf (3) ajrvTmay:wGif wwd,acwftaqmufttHkudk
xyfqifw
h nfjyefonf/ if;wkt
Yd m;vH;k trSwf (2) ajrvTmay:wiG f aemufq;kH tBurd Nf yKd us ysupf ;D oGm;cJjh cif;jzpf
aMumif;awGY&onf/ xkdYaMumifh0if;u (2) (WK-2) onfacwfBuD;oHk;acwfqufwkdufwnfxm;cJhjcif;jzpf
hf Ofaus;rIajrvTm qifx
h yfyckH si;f rwlnyD u
kH akd wG&Y onf/ 0if;u (1) (WK-1)
0if;u (1) (WK-1) ESi,
onf acwfwpfacwfwnf;udkom udk,fpm;jyKxm;onf[kqkdvkdygonf/
0if;u (1) ESihf 0if;u (2) udq
k ufpyfru
I o
kd &d Ny;D aemuf 0if;u (2) udak cwf ydik ;f jcm;owfrw
S &f ay
OD;rnf/ if;0if;u (2) tkwu
f ek ;f wl;azmfrI yxrtay:,aH jrvTm (tndKa&mif opfaqG;ajr) rS tpdr;f a&mif
h nfypn;f awG&U rdS I taxmuftxm;t&
(pOfo
h w
k )f yk*v
H ;kH udak wG&Y onf (Myint Aung, 1999, 37)/ pOfx
0if;u (2) tay:,HajrvTmonf wwd,,Ofaus;rIacwftwGif; tBuHK;0ifvsuf&Sd\/ wpfenf;qkd&aomf
t&ufonfr (1) (AYT.1) ESihf acwfNyKd ijf zpfonf/ xkt
d csuu
f kd tjzLa&mifpOfo
h w
k af jrxnf\vnfyif;wGif
tpdr;f a&mifpOfrh sO;f aMumif;wpfxyfukd xyfqifjh c,fv,
S x
f m;aom tk;d jcrf;uGrJ sm;awG&Y rdS u
I axmufcaH eygonf
(Myint Aung, 1999, 40)/
t,ufonfr? 0if;uwl;azmfrw
I iG af wG&Y aom wwd,,Ofaus;rIEiS hf tBuKH ;0ifonfh ajrxnfypn;f rsm;
k \
dk /
udk okycf MJG unfo
h nft
h cg yHpk H (Type) 38 rsKd ;cefaY wG&Y onf[q
- yHpk H (1) rS (8) onft0us,t
f ;dk Bu;D rsm; (wide-mouthed storage jars) jzpfMuonf/
- yHpk H (9) rS (19) onf t&G,v
f wft;dk rsm;jzpfMu\/
- yHpk H (20) rS (26) onft;dk i,frsm;jzpfMu EIwcf rf;ESihf ab;om;wGif (criss-cross, groves and
f sm;ygonf/
ridges) tjc,ftvS,r
- yHpk H (27) rS (28) onfb;l oD;yHk (globular) ESihf ud,
k x
f nfv;kH 0kid ;f Ny;D EIwcf rf;ygonfU tk;d rsm;
jzpfMuonf/
- yHpk H (32) ESihf (34) wko
Yd nftndKa&mifEiS hf tjzLa&mifpOfo
h w
k t
f ;dk rsm;jzpfMu twGi;f om;rSm
teDa&mifjzpfonf/
Yd euf
- yHpk H (35) rS (38) onf (wky)f a<uxnf (porcelain) ypn;f rsm;jzpfygonf/ ,if;wkt
yHpk H (35) onf atmufwiG t
f ajcygNy;D ? ud,
k x
f nf (azgi;f um;aomyHpk )H jzpf vnfyif;wpfajzmifh
- 183 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
wnf;&Sdaom cGufwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ ajrom;rSma<uxnfjzpfygonf/ if;udkt,ufonfrtrSwf

(3) wl;uGuf AYT (3) \ 'kw,
d ajrvTmrSw;l azmfawG&Y o
dS nf/
- yHpk H (36) onf tpdr;f a&mifa<uxnfy*k jH ym;\ tpdyt
f ydik ;f jzpfonf/ yk*EH w
I cf rf;rSm tjyifoYdk
vefonf/ udk,fxnfrSm azmif;um;aomyHk (Convex body) ESifh tajcrSm wpfajzmifhwnf;
(straight base) yHp
k jH zpfonf/ if;udk t,ufonfrtrSwf (1) wl;uGuf (AYT-1)\ 'kw,
d ajrvTmrS
wl;azmf&&Sdonf/
- yHkpH (37) onftpdrf;a&mifa<uyk*HvHk;jzpfonf/ if;udkt&ufonfr trSwf (2)
yxr (tay:,)H ajrvTmrS wl;azmf&&So
d nf/
(AYT-2)
- yHpk H (38) onfvnf; tpdr;f a&mifa<uyk*v

H ;kH yHpk yH ifjzpfaMumif;atmufajcrSm jyifnt
D jym;twkid ;f
jzpfaMumif;od&onf (Myint Aung, 1999, pp. 36-37)/
wwd,,Ofaus;rIacwf twGi;f tBuKH ;0ifaom ajrxnfypn;f trsm;pkjzpfMuonf/ ,if;wk\
Yd
oufwrf;udck &pfEpS f 15-16 &mpkEpS rf sm;xufy
kd rapmEdik af Mumif; cefrY eS ;f od&&dS ayonf/
wpfqufwnf;rSmyif 0if;uajrxnfypn;f yHpk rH sm;udk qufvufazmfjyygO;D rnf/ 0if;u ajrxnfrsm;rSm
k \
dk /
teDa&mif (a red ware industry) oufoufjzpfonf[q
yHpk H (1) rS (11) EIwcf rf;us,t
f ;dk Bu;D (wide-mouthed storage jars) rsm;jzpfMuonf/
yHpk H (12) rS (22) onft&G,v
f wft;dk rsm;? yHpk H (23) rSm t&G,if ,ft;dk rsm;jzpfMuonf/
tk;d jcrf;uGrJ sm;wGif teDa&mifaq;okwNf y;D rD;zkwx
f m;aMumif;? ,if;wk\
Yd twGi;f a&mtjyifrmS yg aq;eD
a&mifrsm; awGY jrif&jcif;aMumifo
h &d ygonf/ tk;d cGut
f m;vH;k udt
k ;dk xde;f pufjzifjh yKvyk o
f nf/ tk;d cGuyf pkH w
H u
Ydk kd
'kw,
d ,Ofaus;rIacwf? yxru@ydik ;f tjzpf ydik ;f jcm;owfrw
S o
f nf/ ,Ofaus;rIacwftwGi;f owfrw
S x
f m;
aom 0if;utrSwf (1) uke;f rS ajrxnfypn;f rsm;rSm-ajru&m;EIwo
f ;D ESpcf Ek iS hf a&zse;f tk;d vnfwH 4-ck (two
d jrxnfypn;f rsm; yHpk EH iS hf
spouts with a pouch like bulge and four sprinkler necks) wkjYd zpfMuygonf/ xka
AdEd;k NrKd aY [mif;rS wl;azmfawG&Y &dS aom ajru&m;EIwo
f ;D rsm;? a&zse;f tk;d vnfwrH sm;ESiyhf pHk w
H jl cif;? tdE,
d Edik if rH S
&ufpo
JG x
d m;Ny;D jzpfaom tvm;wlypn;f rsKd ;ESihf qifwjl cif;paomtaMumif;wkaYd Mumifh 0if;utrSwf (1) uke;f udk
'kw,
d ,Ofaus;rIacwf\ yxru@twGi;f tBuKH ;0ifonf[k cefrY eS ;f xm;jcif; jzpfaMumif;od&ygonf (Myint
Aung, 1999, pp. 39-39, plate VII)/
h Qif t,ufonfr?
uJo
h Ydk ajrxnfypn;f wku
d q
f idk pf pfaq;jcif;enf; (Ceremic Typology) t&Munfv
0if;u,Ofaus;rIonf AdEd;k ysLacwfrS rkwr ([Hom0wD) acwf (c&pfEpS f 4-&mpkEpS rf S 15 &mpkEpS )f
txd&n
S v
f sm;aom ,Ofaus;rIorkid ;f udk azmfjyaeaMumif;awG&Y ygrnf/ ,Ofaus;rIorkid ;f aMumif;wGif yk*aH cwf
(c&pf 11-&mpkEpS )f ausmufpm? urn;f pmtaxmuftxm; (taemf&xmtkwcf u
G pf mESihf usepf pfom;ausmufpm)
rsm;utv,fydkif;acwfwpfacwfudk azmfnTefjyovsuf&Sdayonf/ azmfjycsuf\ qkdvkd&if;t"dyg,frSm
t,ufonfr? 0if;uudk yk*EH idk if aH wmfacwf (c&pf 11-13 &mpkEpS )f a&mufrS yk*u
H vma&mufNy;D xlaxmifay;cJjh cif;
r[kwfaMumif; ay:vGifxif&Sm;onf/ yk*HrwkdifrDysLacwfuyif vlaerItzGJYtpnf;xlaxmifaexkdifvsuf&SdNyD
jzpfaMumif; od&ayonf/ 4if;vlt
Y zGt
YJ pnf;onfvrl sKd ;pktaeESihf ysLvlrsKd ;vm;? rGev
f rl sKd ;vm;? tjcm;rnfonfU
- 184 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
tdE,
d wkid ;f &if;om; (a&S;OD;udv
k edk )D rsm;vma&mufxal xmif cJjh cif;vm;qko
d nfukd qufvufpl;prf;avhvmMu
&OD;rnfjzpfonf/
t,ufonfr? 0if;uwGif yk*rH wkid rf aD cwf (ysLacwf)? yk*aH cwfEiS hf yk*v
H eG af cwf (rkwr ? [Hom0wD)
[l acwfpOfo;kH ckwpfqufwnf;wnf&cdS yhJ u
kH kd ,Ofaus;rIajrvTmxyfqifyh EkH iS w
hf uG azmfjyay;onft
h axmuf
I ek ;f yifjzpf\/ txufwiG f azmfjycJo
h nft
h wkid ;f 0if;u (2)
txm;rSm 0if;utrSwf (2) (WK-2) wl;azmfru
(WK-2) onf t&G,t
f pm;rwlaomtcef;aygi;f (8) cef;jzifh zGpYJ nf;wnfaqmufxm;onfh pwk*yH akH v;axmifh
tkww
f u
dk f taqmufttkw
H pfcjk zpfygonf/ 0if;u trSwf (1) ESihf teD;uyfwnfaeaom ,Ofaus;rIacwfBu;D
(3) acwfqifx
h yfaerIuakd zmfjyonfh taxmuftxm;jzpfonf/ taMumif;udk q&mOD;jrifah tmif\ tpD&ifcH
pmwGif
0if;u (2) rS tk;d tifcu
G af ,mufrsm;udk 0if;u (1) tk;d tifrsm;ESihf EIid ;f ,SOo
f nft
h cg yHpk H (Type)
a&m yHo
k @mef (Shape) rsm;ygqifwo
l nfh tcsurf sm;awG&Y onf/ teDa&mif ajrxnfvyk if ef;onf
,Ofaus;rIacwfwiG f qufvufwnfwahH ecJph Ofu a<uxnfy*k v
H ;kH (tuG)J rsm;udv
k nf; wpfquf
wnf; awGaY e&ayonf[
l azmfjyxm;ygonf (Myint Aung, 1999. p. 39)/ if;trSwf (2)
uke;f rS tk;d tifcu
G af ,mufrsm;ykpH H (Type) rsm;rSm
yHpk H
yHpk H
yHpk H
yHpk H
yHpk H
yHpk H
yHpk H
yHpk H
yHpk H
yHpk H
(1) tifwBkH u;D (basins)

(2-6) a&wnft;dk ? tk;d wkwf (storage jars)
(7) csujf yKwt
f ;dk (cooking vessel)
(13-14) t&G,v
f wft;dk (medium sized pots)
(15-23) apmufwrd yf *k H (shallow dish)
(16) tifwv
Hk wf (medium sized basin)
(24-25) tk;d i,frsm; (small-sized pots)
(27-29) cGurf sm; (bowls)
(30) tk;d EIwcf rf; (lid)
(31) tk;d EIwcf rf; (spout) ? wkjYd zpfMuygonf/
0if;utk;d rsm;ay:wiG f tjc,ftvS,f (patterns of decoration) ygonfqadk omfvnf; jrefrmEkid if H

txufyikd ;f ESihf tv,fyikd ;f uysL (AdEd;k ? [efvif;) wku
Yd o
hJ rYdk sKd ;uGaJ ygi;f rsm;pGmESihf tvSty tqifwefqmrsKd ;
odyrf awG&Y [kqydk gonf/ azmfjyNy;D orQ tk;d yHpk H (Pottery Type) wGit
f d;k tk;d (burial urn) yHpk rH sKd ;udak wG&Y adS Mumif;
azmfjyrxm;ay/ tk;d twGi;f rS usL,Ofaus;rI ("avh) taxmuftxm;wpfcjk zpfaom td;k jym? td;k prsm;ESihf
oHxnfypn;f rsm; awG&Y aMumif;udv
k nf;rod&ay/ tcsuu
f t,ufonfr0if;uwl;azmfrrI mS jrefrmEkid if H
txufyikd ;f ESihf tv,fyikd ;f u ysL"avhwpfrsKd ;jzpfaom td;k tk;d jrKyEf o
HS N*Kd vrf
I avhysEYH ahSH &muf&v
dS myHk taMumif;udk
axmufcHazmfjy jcif;rjyKay/
AdEd;k NrKd aU [mif; (1958-1963) wl;azmfrw
I iG f ocsK i;f uke;f rsm; (trSwf 3? 4? 10) udw
k ;l azmfawG&Y cdS hJ
aMumif;azmfjycJyh gonf/ if;tjyiftd;k tk;d jrKyEf rHS
I avhuakd zmfjyaom uke;f trSwf (6? 9? 11? 12? 14? 18)
ESihf (24) wk\
hd twGi;f ydik ;f ESihf tjyifyikd ;f wkrYd v
S nf; td;k tk;d jrKyEf rHS rI sm;awG&Y onf[k qkyd gonf/ (atmifaomf?
1993? pm 46) ,ckt,ufonfr? 0if;uNrdKYa[mif; (1975-1978) wl;azmfrIwGif ocsKif;ukef;rsm;udk
- 185 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
wl;azmfawG&Y cdS jhJ cif;r&Sad o;onft

h jyif wl;azmfNy;D orQ taqmufttHak [mif;rsm; (WK. 1-6) \ twGi;f ydik ;f ESihf
tjyifyikd ;f wkrYd S td;k tk;d rsm;wl;azmfawG&Y cdS jhJ cif;r&Sad y/
0if;u&GmwGiw
f ;l azmfonfh trSwf (1) ESihf (2) (WK- 1, 2) wko
Yd nfbmoma&;ESirhf qkid ?f vlraI &;
taqmufttHkwkdYomjzpfaMumif;od&ayNyD/ 0if;u (1) ESifh (2) wkdYonfawmifukef;wpfckwnf;ay:wGif
teD;uyfwnf&adS eaomfvnf; ,Ofaus;rIqifx
h yfyckH si;f rwlMuay/ 0if;u (2) wGi,
f Ofaus;rIacwfo;kH acwfxyf
qifah eyHu
k akd wG&Y \/ 0if;u (1) rSm wpfacwfwnf;omxGe;f um;cJah Mumif;awG&Y onf/ xkaYd Mumifh if;vlraI &;
taqmufttHEk pS cf w
k q
Ydk ufpyfru
I kd od&EdS idk &f eftrSwf (3)? ESihf (4) wku
Yd q
kd ufvufw;l azmf&onf/ okaYd omf
,if;wkdYrSm tkwfwkduftaqmufttHkrsm;tjzpf yDyDjyifjyifay:xGufrvmcJhojzifh tquftpyfudkvnf;
ay:vGifatmifrazmfEkdifcJhay/
0if;u (3) (WK-3) wl;azmfrw
I iG f tkwpf Buw
pfcEk iS hf *0Hausmuf tkwpf w
D w
H idk ;f wpfck ay:xu
G v
f m\/
*0Hww
H idk ;f wGif *0Hausmuftw
k af v;vTmay:xu
G af e\/ tkwpf Bur mS tvsm;vku
d f tkwo
f ;kH vTm? axmifvu
dk f
tkwaf v;vTmxyfpv
D suf t<uif;tuseu
f akd wG&Y onf/ if;wkEYd pS cf o
k nf wpfo;D wpfjcm;jzpf qufpyfrrI &Sad y/
ukef;\yEufyHkpHudkvnf;azmfr&cJhay/
0if;u (4) onfta&Sb
U ufcyfvrS ;f vSr;f ae&m&S\
d / uke;f vTmrSmvnf; tkww
f u
dk t
f aqmufttHk
H u
G rf sm;du
k Nf y;D wl;azmfcahJ omfvnf; tkwf ;kd tkwu
f ek ;f rsm; ay:xu
G rf vmbJ
udrk azmfEidk cf ahJ y/ 15' x 15 ywfvnfpu
obm0ausmufwef; wpfct
k oGiu
f o
kd mawG&Y onf/ uHaumif;axmufrpGmjzifh tk;d jcrf;uGpJ tcsKd ?Y tkwcf u
G b
f &k m;
(tusKd ;)ydik ;f ESihf ykw;D aphtenf;i,fpak qmif;&&Scd o
hJ nf (Myint Aung, 1999, 31)/
0if;u&Gmv,fyikd ;f &Sd tvsm;? teHay 250 cefpY &D adS omuke;f apmif;ajrjyifwiG f wl;azmfrI uke;f aygi;f av;uke;f
(WK, 1, 2, 3, 4) wku
Yd w
kd ;l azmfcphJ Ofbmoma&; taqmufttHk trsKd ;tpm;udrk awGcY &hJ ay/ yJc;l uvsmPDord f
ausmufpmtqkt
d & Ak'o
moemtapmqH;k a&muf&cdS &hJ m auvmoawmifajcrSm bmoma&;ESihf oufqidk af om
apwDrsm;? bke;f Bu;D ausmif;a[mif;rsm;&S&d ayOD;rnf/ ,if;wku
Yd pkd ;l prf;&SmazG&ef qufvuftm;xkw&f ayOD;rnf/
okjYd zpf qufvufoak woejyKonft
h cg wrvGeb
f 0tay:,MkH unfjcif;udk azmfjyaom bmoma&;taqmuf
ttHrk sm;udv
k nf;awG&Y \/ if;wku
Yd 0kd if;u&Gmajrmufyikd ;f (WK-5) wGiw
f pfae&mESihf 0if;u&Gmawmifyikd ;f (WKf pfae&mwl;azmfawG&Y cdS \
hJ /
6) wGiw
0if;u&Gmajrmufyikd ;f rS bmoma&;taqmufttHo
k nf ukrm&apwD[ak c:aom *0Htw
k af usmuftw
k pf D
apwDi,fteD;&Syd gonf/ if;\ajrmufbufwiG f &Sr;f bk&m;[kac:aom a&S;a[mif;apwDwpfqu
l akd wG&Y ao;onf/
S w
f ;l azmfc\
hJ / tvsm; 62 ay 5vufrESihf the 54
4if;uke;f ud0k if;utrSwf (5) (WK-5) tjzpfowfrw
ayt&G,f&Sd tkwfwkduftaqmufttHkwpfckay:xGufvmonf/ taqmufttHk\ ta&SYajrmfbufjcrf;rS
NyKd usysupf ;D yEuyf pkH w
H iG f jynfjh ynfph pkH akH y:viG jf cif;r&Sad wmhay/ okaYd omf taemufyikd ;f wpfjcrf;wGif tcef;aygi;f
(7) cef;udv
k nf;aumif;? ta&SY jcrf;wGif tcef; (5) cef;udv
k nf;aumif;azmfxw
k Ef idk cf yhJ gonf/ tkww
f u
dk ef &H rH sm;udk
yQr;f rQtw
k t
f &G,t
f pm; 1 ay 4 vufr _ 8 vufr _ 3 vufr wkjYd zifw
h nfcyhJ gonf/ (cifarmifBu;D
1999? pm 7? yHk 4? 0if;utrSwf (5) yEuyf zkH wfyI g/)
wl;azmfawG&Y &dS aom tk;d cGuyf pkH rH sm;rSm
yHpk H (1-10) a&wnft;dk okrYd [kwf tk;d wkwf (&dum okad vSmift;dk Bu;D rsm;)
yHpk H (11-26) t&G,v
f wft;dk rsm;
- 186 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
yHpk H (27-29) t&G,if ,ft;dk rsm;

jzpfMuonf/ if;tkd;cGufrsm;rSm teDa&mifajrxnfrsm;omjzpfMuonf (pOfhxnf? a<uxnfrsm; rygay)/
,Ofaus;rIajrvTmrSmvnf; acwfBu;D wpfacwfwnf;udo
k m azmfjyyk*rH wkid rf D ysLacwfEiS hf acwfNyKd ijf zpfEidk yf gonf
(Myint Aung, 1999, p. 29)/
0if;uwl;azmfrI trSw(f 6)uke;f

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xyfqifh wnfxm;aMumif;awG&Y onf (Myint Aung, 1999, 34)/
if;0if;u-6 (WK-6) wkdY\xdyfydkif;wGif odkufwl;orm;vufcsuf? xGif;azmfwl;azmfxm;onfU
usi;f twGi;f xyfapwDrmS a&m? tjyifxyfapwDrmS ygysupf ;D aeygonf/ if;txufyikd ;f ajrvTmudk wl;azmfpOf
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tcsed u
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qkEd idk af Mumif; txufwiG t
f pD&ifcpH mwifjyNy;D jzpfygonf/
k ek ;f rSw;l azmfawG&Y &dS aom tkwcf u
G f
apwDuek ;f 0if;utrSwf (6) (WK-6)udk acwfyikd ;f jcm;Ekid &f ef? xdu
bk&m;rsm;udkom taxmuftxm;jyK&ayonf/ pifppf0if;u-t&ufonfr yPmruGif;qif;c&D; (1974)
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dS nf/
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l ;kH ql? 'kw,
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f l
wwd,wef;wGif- 'gerkj'm[eftv,fxkdifawmfrlESifh ab;ESpfbufwGif wpfqlpD? pwkxwef;&yfawmfrEl pS q
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H suaf wG&Y onf (Myint Aung,
1999, pp. 40-41, Plate VIII)/
- 187 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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k yf ef;vS? ]orkid ;f wefz;dk Bu;D aom tkwcf u
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f wifjycJyh gonf (Myint Aung, 1999, p. 54) /
0if;u? t,ufonfr wl;azmfrEI iS yhf wfouf qufpyfoufwrf; (relative chronology) azmfjycsuf
Z,m;wGif 0if;u (1) ESihf 0if;u (5) taxmuftxm;rsm;udk c&pf 4-5 &mpkEpS f oufwrf;tm;vnf;aumif;?
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- 189 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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yifjzpfrnf[k qdyk gonf (jrifah tmif? 2007? pm 147-150)/ ok0Pbrl Ad 'k o
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2007? pm 152)/
t,ufor? 0if;u wl;azmfrI jcHKiHo

k ;kH oyfcsuf
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d Ydk tpD&ifcNH y;D aemuf 1976 ckEpS pf ufwifbmv
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- 190 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
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ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
usdKuomNrdKYa[mif; aumif;uif"mwfyHk (OD;atmifjrifU)
usdKuomNrdKYa[mif; qGJyHk (OD;atmifjrifU)
- 196 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
bk&m;wpfaxmifuek ;f rS a&S;a[mif; *0Hausmufqpfyk rf sm;
- 197 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
bk&m;wpfaxmifuek ;f rS a&S;a[mif; *0Hausmufqpfypn;f rsm;
bk&m;wpfaxmifukef;rS a&S;a[mif; *0Hausmuf*l
- 198 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
usdKuomrS vufa&;piftkwfcsyfrsm;
usdKuomrS ajrrD;zkwfjrif;pD;vlkyf
usKd uo
mrS ausmufom;jrif;pD;vlyk f
usKd uo
mrS *0Hajcqif;xdik af wmfral eonfU kyyf kH
- 199 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
usdKuom '*Fg;rsm; (ckoif; ESifh od&dapyHkrsm;)
usdKuomrS aMu;qif;wkig;qlyHk
- 200 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
usdKuom rkqdk;r*lac: 80HausmufxGif;vdkPf*l
usKd uo
mrS ausmufacsm vufewfEiS hf ajrykw;D aph
- 201 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
udsKuo
m rkq;kd r*ltwGi;f q&mBu;D OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZm )ESihf a'guw
f muHeT hf
( &efukefwuodkvfordkif;Xme) wdkh tzGJY0ifa&mufavhvmpOf
- 202 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
usKd uo
mNrKd aY [mif; bk&m;wpfaxmifuek ;f rS *0Hypn;f rsm;
usKu
d o
mNrKd Y ;dk rsm;rSm *0Htw
k rf sm;ESihf ajrrD;zkwt
f w
k cf syrf sm;a&mvsuf wnfaqmufxm;aMumif;od&\/
ajrtkwfcsyfrSmt&G,ftpm;BuD;rm;onfh (18' x 9' x 7') trsKd;tpm;jzpfonf/ tkwfcsyfrsufESmjyifrS
vufa&;pif;trSwt
f om;udak wG&Y ygonf/ atmufjrefrmEdik if w
H iG f vufa&;pif;tkw"f avhukd a&S;OD;pGm &SmazG
awG&Y cdS ahJ om NrKd aY [mif;vnf;jzpfygonf/ ,if;tkwrf sK;d udk rdik ;f arm? AdEd;k ? oa&acw&m? awmifwiG ;f Bu;D ?
oJuek ;f ? [efvif;? 0wD;ysLNrKd aY [mif;rsm;wGif awGx
Y m;Ny;D jzpf usKu
d o
mudk ysLNrKd rY sm;ESihf acwfNyKd iNf rKd w
Y pfNrKd Y jzpfrnf[k
cefUrSef;EdkifcJhygonf/
usKd uo
mNrKd aY [mif;? bk&m;wpfaxmifuek ;f rS *0Hausmufqpfvuf&mypn;f rsm;
- 203 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
usdKuomNrdKYa[mif; wl;azmfrI trSwf(7)ukef; (2000 jynfUESpf)rS &&Sdaom

ajrrD;zkwv
f l yk w
f k
usKduomNrdKUa[mif;uGif;qif;tzGJYonf NrdKYa[mif;ordkif;twGuf ,Ofaus;rIypnf;taxmuftxm;

rsm;udv
k nf; rSww
f rf;wifEikd cf yhJ gonf/ ysLacwfaiG'*Fg;jym;rsm;? ausmufacsm acwfvufeufEiS hf ykw;D aphrsm;?
taphtqefBuw
d af om ausmufusw
d q
f t
kH ydik ;f tusK;d wpfck ajrrD;zkwjf rif;pD;vl kyt
f ydik ;f tusK;d ESpcf w
k Ykd awG&Y aom
aMumifh usKu
d o
monf jrefrmEdik if yH sLacwfEiS hf xkid ;f Edik if 'H gG &0wDacwfwEYkd iS hf acwfNyKd iNf rKd aY [mif;Bu;D jzpfEikd yf u
kH kd
odcGifh&cJh\/ NrdKUa[mif;twGif;rS apwDysufukef;rsm; pGmudkawGY&NyD; a&S;a[mif;tkwfcGufbk&m;qif;wkrsm;ESifh
aMu;qif;wkig;qlwu
Ykd kd rSww
f rf;wifco
hJ nf/ NrKd aY [mif;\ta&Sb
Y ufNrKd U ;dk rS rkq;kd r*lEiS hf aAmhuAef;*lrsm;udv
k nf;
a&muf&NdS y;D *0Hausmuf xkwv
f yk o
f nfh ausmufusi;f udv
k nf; avhvmcJ\
h / 4if;c&D;pOftNy;D 1986 ckEpS w
f iG f
usKduomudk a&S;a[mif;okawoeOD;pD;XmerS pwifwl;azmfavhvmcJhygonf/
- 204 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
usKd uo
mNrKd aY [mif; wl;azmfrI trSw(f 7)uke;f (2000 jynfEU pS )f
usdKuomNrdKYa[mif; wl;azmfrI trSwf(7)ukef; (2000 jynfUESpf)rS &&Sdaom ajrrD;zkwfqifkyfwk
- 205 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
usKd uo
mNrKd aY [mif; ajrxnfypn;f rsm;
usKduom(17? 22' x 96? 55') onf ajrmufbufodkY ppfawmif;NrdKYa[mif;? awmifbufwGif

aumhxif;NrKd aU [mif; (17? 19' x 96? 59')? taemufajrmufbufwiG f BuKw
H (l a0gNrKd )Y a&S;a[mif;ae&mwk&Yd H
vsuw
f nfaeyHt
k & ppfawmif;jrpf0uRe;f ay:wpfcv
k ;kH ,Ofaus;rIysEYH ahHS eyHu
k kd awGEY ikd af yonf/ *0Hausmufqpf
jcaoFh yk ?f qifyk ?f *VKiH u
S f yk ?f *0HapwD? *0HEpS u
f syd &f pS q
f yl akH wmf ausmufqpfyk ?f MumyGio
hf
Pmefyef;wifc?kH
qGrf;wifcHkrsm;awGY&ygonf/ usKduomrS *0Hajratmuf OrifvdkPfazmufvkyfxm;yHkpepfudkvnf; avhvm
awGY&SdcJh&ygonf/
usKd uo
mNrKd aY [mif;rS ajrykw;D rsm;
- 206 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
auvmoawmifajca'o a&S;NrdKYa[mif;rsm;
yx0Dtaetxm;ESiUf blrd yk o
f iG f
wnfae&m
&efuek rf S armfvNrKd if rD;&xm;jzifo
U mG ;aom vrf;c&D;wGif usKd ux
f Nkd rKd u
Y kd vGeaf omf auvmoawmifukd
vrf;\nmbuf awGEY ikd yf gonf/ r&rf;uke;f ESiUf awmifpeG ;f blwmodhk tMum;&S\
d / tvsm;(5)rdik ?f teH(3)rdik cf ef?h
awmifwef;\tv,fyikd ;f rSm tjrifU (1181 aycef&h adS om) awmifxw
G af y:wiG f auvmoapwDukd zl;awG&Y \
xdak pwD&ifjyifrS &mrm"dywd ("rapwD) rif;\ ausmufpmwGif bk&m;ocif\ qHawmf"mwfEiS Uf oGm;awmf"mwfrsm;
ude;f atmif;&m apwDa[mif;udk xdrk if;vufxuf jyKjyifwnfxm;cJaU Mumif; a&;xd;k xm;onf/ awmiftaemufbuf
jrode;f wefawmifay:u usKd uo
f vef;apwDEiS Uf awmif ta&Sb
Y uf aqmifcaJ wmifay:rS usKd uw
f aJ pwDwrhkd mS
yk*H usepf pfom;rif;u ,cifapwDa[mif; tysut
f pD;rsm;udk rdrv
d ufxuf (at'D 1098 ) topf
rGe;f rHjyKjyifc&UJ yHrk sm;udk a&S;rGeb
f momjzifU ausmufpmwdik rf sm; a&;xd;k pdu
k x
f cl aUJ Mumif; od&ygonf/
- 207 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
jrode;f wef(usKd uo
f vef;)awmifajcwGif wdu
k u
f v
k m;NrKd aY [mif; wpfae&m&S\
d / ,ck t,ufor&Gm
wGifjzpf\/ rkwrESifU [Hom0wDacwf rif;rsm;vufxufrS ukef;abmifacwfaESmif;ydkif;a&mufonftxd
wdu
k u
f v
k m;trnfjzifU xif&mS ;cJaU om ya'o&mZfe,fpm;rif; ydik pf m;&onfU NrKd aY [mif;wpfcjk zpf\/ uke;f abmif
acwf wdu
k u
f v
k m;e,f\ ajrmufbufwiG f ppfawmif;NrKd ?Y ta&Sb
Y ufwiG f ,if;tkNH rKd ?Y awmifbufwiG f 'H0k ef;
NrdKYe,frsm;&Sd taemufbufrSm yifv,f(ppfawmif;jrpf)jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkufukvm;NrdKYa[mif; wnfae&m
auvmoawmifajcrSmyif ,ck r&rf;uke;f ? ydik 'f ef? t,ufor? 0if;u? ausmufv;kH Bu;D ? awmifBu;D ? uif;
&Gm? awmifpeG ;f ? Bu;D yif? awmifuav;? qufomG ;? qiftif;? usKu
d w
f aJ us;&Gmrsm; &SMd u\/ 4if;auvmoawmif
ajcESiUf awmifay:b&k m;? apwDrsm;wnfxm;&m awmifxw
G rf sm;? vQKd ajrmif? awmifapmif;? awmif;kd rsm;onf
a&S;ok0Pbrl ad cwf wdu
k u
f v
k m;NrKd aY [mif;\ wnfae&myifjzpf\/
blrd yk o
f iG f
auvmoawmifonf rkwr awmifwef;? ausmuftrsKd ;tpm;(Martaban Series)wGif yg0ifNy;D ouf
&ifaU usmufawmifwpfcjk zpfonf/ xdak wmifrS vrf;cif;&efo;kH aom xH;k ausmuf? vdyo
f aJ usmufEiS Uf ESr;f zwf
ausmufrsm; xkwf,lvQuf&Sd\/ ausmufxkwfpcef;rsm;? awmifpGef;(usdKufa';,sHKawmif)ESifU BuD;yif(awmif
uav;awmif)&GmteD;wdw
hk iG &f MdS u\/ a&S;NrKd aY [mif;acwfu ausmufwef;pD NrKd Y ;kd rsm;vnf; auvmoawmif
ay:? awmifatmufwpf0dkufwGif &Sdaeygonf/ udkvdkeDacwfrSp 4if;ausmufrsm; xkwfvkyfpOftcgu
auvmoawmif ta&Sb
Y ufEiS Uf ajrmufbuf rD;&xm;vrf;teD;&Sd a&S;a[mif;ausmufNrKd Y ;kd rsm;rS ausmufw;kH
rsm;udk tvG,w
f ul ,liiftoH;k jyKcMUJ uygonf/ odjhk zpf awmifta&Sb
Y uf NrKd aY [mif;taxmuftxm;rsm;
ysupf ;D oGm;cJo
U nf/ awmiftaemufbuf vrf;ESiaUf 0;onfaU e&mrS ausmufw;kH NrKd Y ;kd rsm; tcsKd u
Y seyf gao;onf/
awmifajc&if; ajrjyefyh ikd ;f rSm *0Hajrom; uke;f jyifrsm;ukd v,fuiG ;f rsm;tMum;wGif awG&Y onf/ ,ck
aumhuwGw?f Zkwo
f w
k ?f rkoifpaom aus;&Gmrsm;wnf&&Sd m *0Huek ;f rsm;jzpfMuygonf/ *0Hausmufuv
kd nf;
vrf;cif;&ef? taqmufttHkwnf&ef oHk;Edkifonfjzpf xdke,fajrrSmyif *0Hausmufxkwfvkyfief;&Sdao;\/
a&S;ok0Pblrdacwf *0HausmuftaqmufttHka[mif;rsm;onfvnf; vufwavmwl;azmfxkwfvkyfaom
*0Hausmufrsm;ESiaUf &m tcsKd aY ysmufq;kH oGm;cJNU yD jzpfygonf/ Zkwo
f u
k &f mG rS qifwyf? jrif;wyf NrKd w
Y w
H ikd ;f onf
*0Hausmuftw
k pf x
D m;aom NrKd Y ;kd t<uif;tusew
f pfyikd ;f jzpfygonf/ auvmoawmif wnf&&dS m rkwr yifv,f
auGY urf;d;k wef;ay:&dS usKd uu
f omESiUf oxHNk rKd aY [mif;rsm;? ppfawmif;? aumhxif;? 'H0k ef;? uwdu
k Bf u;D paom
NrKd aY [mif;i,fuav;rsm;onf *0Huek ;f ay:wnfxm;aom a&S;vlaeNrKd aY [mif;rsm; jzpfMu NrKd Y ;kd rsm;udk *0H
ausmuftw
k cf syBf u;D rsm; toH;k jyKum wnfavh&ydS gonf/ NrKd v
Y jkH cKH a&;twGuf tapmifcU sxm;&ef *0Hvikd *f rl sm;
wl;jcif;? ajratmufqufo,
G af &;vdP
k v
f rf;rsm;ESiUf a&wGi;f oP
mef vl0ifvx
l u
G f wGi;f aygurf sm;wl;xm;jcif;
paom *0HNrdKYwnftaxmuftxm;rsm;udkvnf; awGYEdkifonf/ bmoma&;,HkMunfrIt& wnfxm;aom
*0HapwDa[mif;rsm;? kyyf mG ;qif;wkrsm;udv
k nf; awGEY ikd yf gonf/ od*hk 0Hausmuf toH;k csr"I avUEiS Uf vdyo
f J
ausmufw;kH rsm;jzifU NrKd Y ;kd pDjcif;"avU taxmuftxm;rsm;udw
k zJG ufNy;D ajrrD;zkwt
f w
k rf sm; xkwv
f yk t
f oH;k jyKonf
udv
k nf;awG&Y onf/ ,if;*0HNrKd aY [mif;uke;f rsm;rS &SmazGawG&Y &dS aom ajrrD;zkwt
f w
k cf syw
f o
hkd nf t&G,t
f pm;Bu;D
rm;jcif;? pyg;cGaH &maESmyg0ifaejcif;ESiUf tkwcf syrf suEf mS jyif vufa&;pifaMumif;trSwt
f om;rsm; a&cspx
f m;
jcif;wdahk MumifU ysLacwf(yk*rH wdik rf aD cwf)xuf aemufrusaom a&S;NrKd aY [mif;taxmuftxm;rsm; jzpfMuyg
onf/ ,ckwifjyoGm;rnfU auvmoawmifay: NrKd Y ;kd rsm;wGif 4if;vufa&;piftw
k cf syrf sm;? 80Htw
k cf syrf sm;ESiUf
- 208 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
auvmoawmifta&SY oJjzLacsmif;a&pG,f pwifp;D qif;yHk

vdyfoJausmufwHk;rsm a&maESmvQufawGY&jcif;jzpfygonf/ a&S;NrdKYa[mif;acwf vlwdkhonf rdrdwdkhaexdkif&m
ywf0ef;usirf S tvG,w
f ul&Edik af om obm0t&if;tjrpf ausmufw;kH ? 80Hw;kH ? &Tw
YH ;kH rsm;udk toH;k jyKvQuf
NrdKYwnfyHkudk jrifawGY&ygonf/
ajrjyiftaetxm;ESiUf a&S;a[mif;a&tm;oH;k pepf (Ancient Water Management )

auvmoawmif;wGif a&S;NrdKYa[mif;wnf&SdyHkudk azmfjyaom ajrjyifvuPm&yf tcsdKY&Sdygonf/
ajrrsuEf mS oGijf yifukd avhvmtuJcufNy;D NrKd \
Y vHjk cKH a&;? avaMumif;qufo,
G af &; paom 4if;wd\
hk vdt
k yf
csurf sm;udk a&S;acwfvw
l hkd pDrzH efw;D cJMU uyHk taxmuftxm;rsm;yifjzpfygonf/
ajryH?k aumif;uif"mwfyEkH iS Uf N*Kd [w
f "k mwfyrkH sm;ay:wiG f auvmoawmif\ wnfae&mtaetxm;
udMk unfv
U Qif oJjzLacsmif;onf ta&Sb
Y uf d;k rawmifrS auvmoawmifajc&if;odhk eD;uyfpmG pD;qif;vQuf
&SNd y;D taemufbufppfawmif;jrpf0xJohkd pD;0if;aeyHk taetxm;udjk rif&\/ oJjzLacsmif;\txufyikd ;f rSm ajr
jrifUydkif;jzpfonf auvmoawmifajcodkha&mufaomtcg ta&SYbufajredrfUydkif;wGif oJjzLacsmif;a&pG,fonf
awmifajc&if;qDohkd OD;wdu
k x
f ;dk qif;um awmifajcrSab;ESpzf ufohkd jzmxGuNf y;D pD;qif;oGm;yHu
k akd wGEY ikd o
f nf/
4if;a&pG,fvrf;aMumif; ESpfckonf awmifbufydkif;wGif auvmoapwD&Sd&mawmifxGwfESifU usdKufa';,sHK
apwDwnf&&dS m awmifxw
G w
f t
hkd Mum; vQKd ajrmifcsKd i0Uf rS ;f jzifU awmiftaemufbufohkd pD;qif;Edik af tmif pDpOf
xm;onf/ xdek nf;wlpmG ajrmufbufyikd ;f vnf; auvmoapwDawmifxw
G Ef iS Uf awmifuav;awmif? ewf
- 209 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
auvmoawmifta&SY oJjzLacsmif;a&pG,f xd;k qif;aeyHk

rsm;awmifwt
hkd Mum; vQKd ajrmifcsKd i0Uf rS ;f jzifU awmiftaemufbufohkd pD;qif;Edik af tmif pDrzH efw;D xm;onfU oabm
vuPmrsm;udv
k nf; awG&Y ygonf/
auvmoawmif taemufbufrmS a&S;NrKd aY [mif; vlaeuke;f rsm; wnf&adS eygonf/ awmifta&SY
a&pG,v
f rf;aMumif;ESiq
Uf ufNy;D awmiftaemufbufu a&usKH ;rsm; t<uif;tusew
f o
hkd nf xdv
k al euke;f rsm;
tm;0ef;&Hvsuf wnfaeyHu
k v
kd nf; awG&Y onf/ xif&mS ;aom 4if;usKH ;a[mif;ae&mrsm;udk uif;&GmESiUf awmif
Bu;D &GmtMum;&Sd 'EH;k acsmif;vnf;aumif;? 0if;uESiUf t,ufor&Gmwdt
hk Mum;&Sd yef;yifBu;D acsmif;vnf;aumif;
uGi;f qif;ppfaq; awG&Y ygonf/ 4if;a&usKH ;rsm;\ wnfaeyHrk mS oJjzLacsmif;a&udk awmifMum;vrf;? vQKd ajrmif
vrf;jzifU awmifta&SyY ikd ;f rS taemufqo
D hkd cufcufccJ J pDrzH efw;D &,lxm;yHu
k kd azmfjyvsu&f ydS gonf/ xdo
k hkd
a&tm;toH;k cspepfwiG f txufupD;a&udk wmwrHjzifU qnf,Nl y;D vdt
k yfaomae&mudk a&vTv
J rf;aMumif;
jzifU wpfqifNU y;D wpfqifU vTaJ jymif;,l&aom oabm&Syd gonf/
jrefrmEdik if H ysLacwfNrKd aY [mif;Bu;D rsm;rSm a&vTpJ epfrsKd ;udk toH;k jyKcaUJ Mumif; AdEd;k ESiUf &efy,f
acsmif; tpOftvmjzifU od&ygonf/ oa&acw&mNrdKYa[mif;wGif jrifAm[kawmifwef; acsmif;ajrmif;rsm;rS
usKH ;ajrmif;rsm;odhk a&oGi;f yHu
k kd awGEY ikd o
f nf/ auvmoawmifajca'owGif usKd uo
mNrKd aY [mif? Zkwo
f w
k Nf rKd Y
a[mif;ESihf oxHNk rKd aY [mif;wdrhk mS vnf; tvm;wla&vTq
J nfpepftaxmuftxm;tcsKd Y awG&Y ygao;onf/ ,ck
wifjyaom auvmoawmif oJjzLacsmif; a&vTq
J nfpepfrmS auvmoawmifwiG f wdu
k u
f v
k m;NrKd aY [mif;
acwf a&S;NrKd Y ;kd taxmuftxm;rsm; awG&Y yHEk iS Uf qufpyfay;aom ajrjyifvuPm wpf&yfyifjzpfygonf/
- 210 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
auvmo taemufajrmuf t,ufor&Gm? wdu

k u
f v
k m;NrKd u
Y u
G yf kH
auvmoawmifay:wGif NrdKY ;kd rsm;wnfaeyHk

auvmoawmifay:wiG f NrKd Y ;kd rsm;udk awmifay:b&k m;? apwDrsm;odYk wufaomvrf;rsm;tjzpf jrifawGY
&onf/ awmifajc&if; taemufbufjcrf;&Sd uif;&Gm? awmifBuD;? ausmufvHk;BuD;ESifU 0if;u&GmwdkYrS
auvmoawmifxyd af pwDoYkd wuf&efvrf;rsm;&So
d nf/ uif;&Gm? 'EH;k acsmif;vrf;ESihf 0if;u? yef;yifBu;D acsmif;
vrf;wdu
hk kd toH;k rsm;ygonf/ awmifBu;D &Gmtkwaf ygurf S wpfvrf;&Sad o;onf/ xdv
k rf;onf tkwaf ygurf S jr
oydwfbk&m;odkha&mufNyD;? xdkrSwpfqifU auvmoawmifdk;odkY xdkrSwpfqifU jroydwfbk&m;odkYwufaom
vrf;wpfo,
G &f adS o;onf/ ausmufv;kH Bu;D rSyif jrovGeaf pwDow
hkd ufNy;D xdrk jS roydwaf pwDohkd wufa&muf
Edkifaom vrf;wdkwpfoG,f&Sdygao;\/
aumvmobk&m;wufvrf;rsm;onf awmifMum;twdkif; azmufvkyfxm;aom awmifdk;avsmuf
vrf;rsm;jzpfMu\/ omreftm;jzifMU unfv
U Qif tvdt
k avsmuf&NdS y;D om; obm0awmif;kd wef;ay:rS vlomG ;vrf;
aMumif;rsm;[k xif&\/ odaYk omf vrf;wpfavQmufwhkd ausmufw;kH rsm;udk pepfwus pDvsucf if;xm;jcif;?
vrf;aMumif;wpfavsmuf *0Hausmuftw
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xm;aom vrf;rsm;jzpfaMumif; odom\/
- 211 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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- 212 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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jroydwfawmifay:wGif awGY&aom ok0PblrdNrdKYdk; tydkif;rsm;
- 213 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
awmifBu;D &GmESiUf 0if;u&GmMum; awmifay:NrKd Y ;kd uGi;f qif;wkid ;f wmonft

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0if;u&Gmvrf; azmufvkyfpOfu toHk;jyKcJUaom vufa&;pif;trSwftom;yg ajrtkwfrsm;
- 214 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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0if;u&Gm yef;yifBu;D acsmif;rS usKH ;a[mif;ae&mudk q&mOD;jrifaU tmifppfaq;MunfU aI eyHk
awmifBuD;&GmESifU uif;&GmtMum;&Sd 'EHk;acsmif;ac: ok0Pblrdacwf usHK;a[mif;ae&m
- 215 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
jroydwfawmifapmif; awmifBuD;&GmrS0if;u&Gmodkha&mufaom awmifay:ausmufwef;NrdKYdk;wnfae&mjyyHk
jroydwaf wmifay:NrdKY ;kd rsm;

0if;u&Gmvrf;rS ajrjyefNh rKd Y ;kd ydik ;f onf acwfopfoyd aH usmif;rSpwif jroydwaf wmifay:ohkd a&muf
onf/ ausmufw;kH pD NrKd Y ;kd wpfyikd ;f jzpf\ if; ausmufw;kH pDNrKd Y ;kd onf jroydwaf wmifay: jrbke;f &Sed af pwDrS
taemufawmifbuf ajrjyefYodkhqif;oGm;um awmifBuD;tkwfaygufodkh qdkufa&mufygonf/ if;awmifay:
NrdKYdk;rsm;t&Snf 2 rdkifcefh&Sdygonf/ ajrjyefhwGif 0if;uESifUawmifBuD;&Gm tuGmta0;rSwpfrdkifcefh&Sdygonf/
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t0ef;t0dik ;f twGi;f &S\
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yg av;axmifUyHktkwfwdkuf taqmufttHkwpfckjzpfygonf/ trSwf(2)ukef;onf tkwfwdkufwpfckjzpfNyD;
tvsm;(52)ay? teH (36 5. ) vufr? (15 8. 5 _ 10 9. )rDwm t&G,&f
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(24 5. )rDwmtuGm wnf&\
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- 216 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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bk&m;wufvrf;onf ausmufpND rKd Y ;kd ay:uvnf;aumif;? wpfcgwpf&H NrKd Y ;kd ESiUf ,SOv
f suf eHab;rS
vnf;aumif;? wufqif;oGm;vsuf&Sd\/ awmifxGwfrsm;ay:a&mufvQif axmifxdyfab;EIwfcrf;wpfzufrS
ywfoGm;onf/ jroydwfawmifay:wGif jrbkef;&SdefapwD wnfxm;aomukef; xdkNrdKYdk;wHwdkif;udk awGYEdkif
ygonf/ xdrk aS uvmoodYk wufaomvrf;wGif ausmuformefapwDteD;vnf; awGEY ikd af o;\/
ausmuformefrS auvmoawmiftul;wGif rMumao;rDu puf,E&m; tultnDjzifU azmufvyk f
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aumvmoawmifay:apwDESifU jroydwfawmifay:apwDrsm;odkY wufaomvrf;rStaemufbuf
awmifajc&if;odYk a&mufonft
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odyaH usmif;a&Sw
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jyovsuf&Sdygonf/
- 217 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
auvoawmif taemufbuf 0if;u&Gm wdu

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- 218 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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0if;u&Gm OD;armifwefukef;rS(ajrwl;puf)wl;azmf&&Sdaom a&S;a[mif;vuf&mypnf;rsm;
tkwu
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ajrrD;zkwf uacsonf
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- 219 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
*0Hausmufqpfpmr&Dom;aumifkyf
ajrrD;zkwfxkwfwef;yef;qGJ
MuKH wpl Ofu

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- 220 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
Zkwo
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jcaoFUrsufESmyHk
- 221 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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aumhu'Gwf&Gm a':cifav;jzLjcH *0HapwDi,ftm; avUvmpOf
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0if;u&GmrS ukrm&apwDonf a&S;apwDa[mif;udk *0Htkwfrsm;jzifU xyfqifUiHk wnfxm;onf/
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- 222 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
0if;u&Gm &Srf;bk&m;ac: a&S;a[mif;apwDu rGef;rHNyD;aemuf jrifawGY&yHk
- 223 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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k (f 100)
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vdyo
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pdu
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k usmif;rsm;teD;rS apwDa[mif;uke;f rsm;udk awG&Y onft
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k pfa0;wnf;
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ukeo
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kd nf; pHpk rf;
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a&mifpakH usmufyw
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k ifjzLuRe;f ? prg,ef *d&k (f vuGe;f Asn;f )ESiUf bmtHa'orsm;rS ykw;D aph t
axmuftxm;rsm; &Syd gonf/
a&S;a[mif;acwfuek ;f oG,af &; taxmuftxm; aiG'*Fg;jym;rsm;udk ,cktcg ppfawmif;? usKd uo
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mNrKd aY [mif;rSm ckoif;ESiUf
od&0d p aiG'*Fg;jym;a&(1000)ausmf wl;azmf&&Scd zUJ ;l \/ if;usKd uo
m '*Fg;onf jrefrmEdik if H ysLacwfEiS Uf xdik ;f ?
'Gg&0wD;acwf '*Fg;trsKd ;tpm;yifjzpf\/
- 224 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
aumvmoawmifajc t,ufor&GmteD; ydkif'efuav;&Gm? ausmifq&mOD;ausmfjrifU aumuf,l

pkaqmif;xm;aom '*Fg;i,fonf od&0d pEiS Uf ae0ef;yHw
k pfbufpyD g\/ 0if;u&Gm OD;wmyd\
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t&G,t
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k hkd wpfbufpyD g&\
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hk oufwrf;udk c&pfEpS f 400-500
cefu
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(u)
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hk Mum; NrKd aY [mif;wpfc&k ydS gonf/ awmifEpS cf k
udk t&Htwm;jyKum awmifapmif;ywfvnf NrKd w
Y w
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txift&Sm;&S
d 1975 ckEpS u
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Y kd "rapwD(&mrm"dywd)ausmufpmtTe;f
ESiUf udu
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acwfveG f rkwr ? tif;0ESi[
Uf o
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cHNrKd w
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hk ;kH jzwf&jcif;
jzpfygonf/ t,ufor&Gm cspw
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hk jyif ydik 'f efuav;
&Gm a&wHceG af wmifay:ausmif;rS ausmufwef;NrKd Y ;kd onf ewfjrm ;awmifay:rS wpfqifU auvmoawmifEiS Uf
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v
awmifausmufwef;NrdKYdk;\ tqufyifjzpfonf/
- 225 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
wdu
k u
f v
k m; (t,ufor)NrKd u
Y u
G yf kH
- 226 -
ok 0 P bl rd
(c)
ok aw o e
0if;u&Gm wdu
k u
f v
k m;NrdKaY [mif;
t,ufor&Gm atmifyifv,fausmufwef;ESiUf ausmufv;kH Bu;D &Gm a&T'jD yefausmufwef;? awmifBu;D &Gm

tkwaf yguw
f t
hkd Mum; auvoawmiftaemufbufrmS 0if;u&Gmjzpfonf/ 4if;0if;u&Gmonf a&S;wdu
k u
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NrdKYa[mif;ae&myifjzpfygonf/
oxH&k mZ0ifwiG f auvmoawmifrS taemufajrmufbuf? awmif;apmif;wpf0uf? ajrnDwpf0uf
t&yfonfom a&S;ok0Pbrl Nd rKd aY [mif;ae&m jzpfonf[k Tejf yxm;\/ xdNk rKd o
Y nf tvsm;? awmifEiS ahf jrmuf
wm (750)? (2622)udu
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Uf aemuf wm (500)? (1750)udu
k ^f wpfrikd cf efh &Sd
onf[q
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azmfjyxm;ygonf/ 4if;NrKd o
Y nf yifv,fa& wdu
k pf m;NzKd zsujf cif;udk cH&ojzifU qufvufrwnfwEHU ikd af wmhbJ
NrKd aY wmfukd ,ckoxHNk rKd aY [mif;ae&modhk a&TaY jymif;wnfaxmifc&UJ aMumif; qufvufazmfjyxm;ygonf/ 0if;u
&Gmwpf0u
kd w
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kd a&S;usaom tkwu
f ek ;f ? tkwx
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tkwfcsyftaxmuftxm;udkMunfU odkhqHk;jzwfowfrSwf&jcif;vnf;jzpfygonf/ 0if;u&Gm acwfopfodyH
bke;f Bu;D ausmif;teD;rSp ta&Sb
Y ufjroydwaf wmifapmif;odhk wufomG ;Ny;D tjrifU ay 500 ceft
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jrbke;f &Sed b
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hk nf;aumif;? awmifBu;D &Gm tkwaf ygu[
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hk nf;aumif; a&S;a[mif;NrKd Y ;kd ausmuf
wef;rsm; oG,w
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dS nfukd awG&Y ygonf/
jroydwaf wmifajcawmifBu;D &GmrS tkwaf yguaf c: NrKd Y ;kd ydik ;f udk q&mOD;jrifaU tmifEiS t
hf zGYJ ppfaq;MunfU aI epOf
- 227 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
0if;u&GmaMumifwpf&mbk&m;wGif jcaoFrU suEf mS kyyf gaom *0Htw

k w
f ;kH rsm;udk &Hxm;vQuaf wG&Y yHk
0if;u&Gmusm;wpf&mbk&m;
- 228 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
0if;u&Gm jroydwf awmifay:apwDESifh a&T'DjyefapwD/ if;wdkhtMum;ajrjyifwGif ok0Pblrd NrdKYdk;wpfydkif;&Sdygonf
- 229 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
Zkwo
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k 8f 0H,Ofaus;rIjywdu
k rf S (ausmufx;D &Gu)f (qifwyf?jrif;wyf) Zkwo
f w
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Zkwo
f w
k Nf rdKaY [mif;
Zkwo
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f w
k &f mG Bu;D (17? 10' x 97? 10') [l
&G m ES p f & G m &S d M uonf U t euf a&S ; Nrd K U a [mif ; A[d k c suf a e&mud k Zk w f o k w f & G m uav; (usKd u f x D ; aqmif ; )
ukef;ay:wGifawGY&ygonf/ ZkwfokwfNrdKYa[mif;ukef;onf pwk&ef;rkdif (20)cefh us,fjyefhaombD;vif;jrpf
taemufbufajrjyefv
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dk Re;f ? rde;f rvSuRe;f ? a&jzLuef? a&TavS? uuwpf (rkq;kd ruRe;f )? rkoif?
0dik ;f ywf? ZG*J vm? anmifyvif? anmifvrf;? vdycf ;kH ? Zkw*f vd aus;&Gmrsm;xlaxmifonfh *0Huek ;f rsm;0ef;&Hxm;
vsu&f \
dS / if;*0Huek ;f rsm;ay:rS a&S;NrKd aU [mif; acwftw
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a[mif;rsm; awGY&onf/ odkhjzpf Zkwfokwfonf usKduomNrdKUa[mif;ESifhacwfNydKif *0HNrdKYawmfwpfckjzpfEdkif
aMumif;od&Sd&ygonf/
- 230 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
Zkwfokwf&Gmuav;NrdKYa[mif; twGif;xyf yxrusHK;wpfae&m
Zkwfokwf&Gmuav;(usdKufxD;aqmif;)NrdKYa[mif;twGif;xyf yxrNrdKYdk;udk ordkif;okawoe uGif;qif;tzGJYavhvmpOf
- 231 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
Zkwo
f w
k f (&Gmuav;)\ yHo
k @mefrmS usKu
d o
mNrKd u
Y o
hJ yYkd if tvsm;&Snf wpfzufusO;f ? wpfzuf
us,Nf y;D cg;odraf eaom t0dik ;f yHk (ajc&myH)k rsK;d jzpf NrKd w
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r&Sad wmhaomfvnf; NrKd aY [mif;taemufajrmufaxmifrh S qifxyfjrif;xyf *0Hww
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aeyHu
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Zkwo
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oabmw&m;twdik ;f vdu
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ajrjyifudk vdt
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uRef;BuD;av;uRef;t&Hxm;yHk? uRef;i,frsm;vnf;&HvsufaeyHk? r[mork'&mtoGifa&vTrf;vGifjyifudkvnf;
awG&Y yHw
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&Sdonf/ aomhayguf[kac:Mu\/ 4if;udk ajratmufOrifvdkPfpepfrS xGufaygufwpfae&mjzpfEdkifaMumif;
avhvmod&Sd&\/ tjcm;*0Hukef;rsm;ay:wGif tvm;wl*0HwGif;aygufrsm;awGY&ao;\/ usKduomNrdKYa[mif;rS
aAmhuAef;*lEiS hf rkq;kd r*lwu
Ykd o
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kd af cgi;f pepfrsK;d jzpfrnf[k cefrh eS ;f &ygonf/
ZkwfokwfNrdKYa[mif;tv,fA[dk usus&Sdaom usdufxD;aqmif;qHawmf&Sif apwD
- 232 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ZkwfokwfNrdKYa[mif; aumif;uif"gwfyHk
ZkwfokwfNrdKYa[mif; qGJyHk (OD;atmifjrifU)
- 233 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ZkwfokwfNrdKYa[mif; aumif;uif"gwfyHk
ZkwfokwftwGif;xyf 'kwd,NrdKYdk;ESifUusHK;
- 234 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ZkwfokwftwGif;xyf pwkwNrdKYdk;
- 235 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ZkwfokwftwGif;xyf yxrNrdKYdk;ESifUusHK;
- 236 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
uwdkufBuD;NrdKYa[mif; aumif;uif"mwfyHk
uwku
d Bf uD;NrdKaY [mif;
Zkwo
f w
k Ef iS hf oxHt
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Y ufurf;yifv,fpyfwiG f uwdu
k Bf u;D ? uwdu
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'H0k ef;? qdyu
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k f
Bu;D (17? 3 x 97? 14') onf NrKd u
Y u
G o
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f pm;rSmvnf; tvwfpm;t&G,f
({u200) cefh&Sdygonf/ obm0*0Hukef;\ ywfvnfrS tjyifNrdKY0ef;yHkrSm ajcz0g;yHkESifhqifwlaeonfh
twGi;f xyfNrKd 0Y ef;d;k oH;k xyfrmS pwk*yH rkH sK;d jzpf\/ if;NrKd Y ;kd ESiu
hf sK;H xyfrsm;udk aumif;uif"gwyf w
kH iG f xif&mS ;pGm
awGY jrifEikd yf gonf/ uwku
d Bf u;D \pwk*yH t
kH wGi;f xyfNrKd Y wnfxm;yHu
k kd oxHNk rKd u
Y u
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avhvmoifU\/ uwdkufBuD;onf usKduomESifh ZkwfokwfwdkYuJhodkY tapmydkif;acwfNrdKYa[mif;wpfckjzpfEdkifNyD;
4if;wdEYk iS ahf cwfNyKd if odrYk [kwf ra&S;raESmif;wnfc[
hJ ef&ydS gonf/ oxHu
k kd if;NrKd rY sm;ysuo
f ek ;f oGm;Ny;D rS wnfcUJ
[efwyl gonf/ odaYk omfNrKd aU [mif;tm;vH;k wGif vufa&;pif;tkwt
f axmuftxm;rsm;awG&Y jdS cif;udk axmufxm;vsif
yk*aH cwfrwdik rf u
D xGe;f um;cJah om NrKd rU sm;jzpfaMumif;odom xif&mS ;ayonf/
uwkdufBuD;ESifh ywf0ef;usif*0Hukef;rsm;wGif *0HapwD? *0Hkyfrsm;? qif;wkawmfrsm;? ausmuf
acwfopfvufeufypn;f rsm;? a&wGi;f ? a&uefrsm;? tkwu
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dS nf/ rsuaf rSmufacwf *0Hausmuf
xkwfaom ausmufusif;rsm;udkvnf;awGY&\/
- 237 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
uwdkufBuD;NrdKYa[mif;twGif;xyf yxrNrdKYdk;ESifU usHK;
- 238 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
uwdkufBuD;NrdKYa[mif;rS tkwfukef;tcsdKY
uwdu
k Bf u;D NrKd Y ;kd atmufrS 80HOrifvP
kd t
f wGi;f ydik ;f
- 239 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
uwdkufBuD;NrdKYa[mif;ordkif;udk azmfxkwfay;Edkifaom tkwfukef;a[mif;rsm;
- 240 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHak usmufpmHt
k wGi;f &Sd ausmufqpfrwf&yf ky<f uyHak wmf
- 241 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHNk rdKaY [mif;

(1)
oxHNk rdKY ;kd rsm;
aumif;uif"gwfyHkay:wGif oxHkta&SY NrdKYdk;ESifU ajrmufNrdKYdk;rsm;udk xif&Sm;pGmjrifEdkifonf/ awmifbuf

NrdKYdk;ESifU taemufbufNrdKYdk;rsm;rSmrl vlae&yfuGuftwGif; aysmufqHk;aevsuf&Sd\/ jroydwfawmifajc&if;rS
awmifwef;ESifUtNydKif awmif-ajrmufwef;aeaom ta&SY NrdKYdk;ESpfckonf av,mOfuGif;teD; ajrmufbuf
aZw0efausmif;0ef;rS awmift&yfqDodkh jroydwfbk&m;vrf;udk jzwfausmfNyD;? odrfukef;&yfOD;jzLvrf;twdkif;
bifvdIifMuufvQmpGef;txd a&mufonf/ xdkrStaemufodkh wpfqpfcsdK;auGYum awmifbufNrdKYdk;ESifU NrdKYaxmifU
(ta&SaY wmifaxmif)U udak wG&Y onf/ 4if;NrKd aY xmifaU e&mrSm NrKd 0Y ifaygu(f wHcg;aygu)f wpfck jzpfEikd yf gonf/ 4if;ab;
eH&Hajrom;wGif *0HtkwfpDeH&HESpfzuf t<uif;tusefudk awGYEdkif\/ 4if;awmifbufNrdKYdk;onf oxHkbm;tH
um;vrf; ta&mufwGif tqufjywfoGm;NyD; ewfpifukef;teD;wGif jyefay:vmonf/ xdkae&mwGif NrdKYdk;
wpfxyfudkom cyfyg;yg;awGY&awmh\/ ewfpifukef;rS oxHk-armfvNrdKifum;vrf; tquftpyftxd tjywf
tawmufrsm;pGmjzifU qufoGm;onfU 4if;awmifbufNrdKYdk;rSm um;vrf;\taemufbuf atmufusif;&yfuGuf
ta&mufwGif aysmufuG,fvQuf&Sd\/
atmufusif;&yfuGuftwGif;&Sd taemufNrdKYdk;rsm;udkvnf; ,cktcg&SmrawGY&awmhay/ eef;cJ&yfuGuf
tydkif; oxHkblwmHkvrf;\ ajrmufbuf&Sd azmifawmfOD;bk&m;teD;rSm taemufNrdKYdk;wpfydkif;udk jyefawGY&\/
qufvuf eef;cJ&yf jynfawmfomvrf;wGif taemufNrdKYwpfydkif;awGY&NyD; eef;cJESifU vdyftif;tMum; a&tdkif
(vdyt
f if;)tpyfwiG f aysmufu,
G af e\/ 4if;vdyt
f if;onf oxHNk rKd aY [mif;acwfu avSqyd ?f oabFmqdyaf [mif;
- 242 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHNk rKd Y ;kd ta&SaY wmifNrKd aY xmifw

U iG f NrKd 0Y ifayguaf e&mudk awG&Y yHk
( 0ifayguef &H u
H kd 80Htw
k rf sm;jzifU pDxm;onf )
jzpf taemufNrKd Y ;kd rsm; tqufjywfae[efw\
l (xdt
k if;Bu;D udik NkH y;D NrKd w
Y nfc[
UJ efrwlay)/ od&Yk mwGif vdyt
f if;
(a&tdkif? ,ckvlae&yfuGuf)tvGef ewfuRef;wGif taemufNrdKYdk;rsm; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awGYEdkif\/ 4if;vdyftif;
&yfuGuftaemufNrdKYdk;rsm;onf ajrmufbufNrdKYdk;rsm;ESifU qufpyfrdNyD; taemufajrmufNrdKYaxmifU udkawGY&onf/
ajrmufbufrSvmaom NrdKYdk; trSwf(4) ESifU trSwf(5)wdkhudk ,cktaemufNrdKYdk;ae&mrSm awGY&jcif;jzpfygonf/
trSw(f 5)NrKd Y ;kd onf ajrmufbufwiG f orD;awmfuek ;f jcm;vQuf trSw(f 4)ESiUf tvSr;f uGmaeaomfvnf;
taemufbufoahkd uG0Y u
kd Nf y;D trSw(f 4)ESieUf ;D uyfvsuo
f mG ;um ewfuRe;f [kac:aom uke;f wnf&m vdyt
f if;tpyf
odkha&mufygonf/ taemufbuf&Sd trSwf(3)ESifU trSwf(5) NrdKYdk;wdkhonf tus,fay(30)rS ay(40)
cefo
h m&Sad omfvnf; 4if;wdEhk pS cf t
k Mum;&Sd trSw(f 4) NrKd Y ;kd rSm ay(150)txd Bu;D rm;us,jf yefah Mumif; awG&Y onf/
NrdKYaxmifUae&mrS trSwf(3)NrdKYdk;onf usHK;tajcrS 15 aycefhtxd tjrifUusefygao;onf/ odkhjzpf
oxHkNrdKYdk;rsm; ysufpD;yGef;wD;rI&Sdonfqdkaomfvnf; tcsdKYae&mwdkhrSm a&S;NrdKYa[mif;txmuftxm; erlemjyp&m
usef&Sdaeao;aMumif; awGY&ygonf/ txl;ojzifU NrdKYa[mif;\taemufajrmufaxmifU ta&SYajrmuf axmifUESifU
ta&SYawmifaxmifUNrdKYdk;ae&mrsm;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;&SdoifUygonf/
oxHkNrdKYa[mif; ajrmufbufwGif NrdKYdk;(6)xyf&Sdonf[k oxHk&mZ0ifuqdkxm;ygonf/ taemf&xm
ppfa&mufvm rlvNrdKYdk;oHk;xyftjyif aemufxyfNrdKYdk;oHk;xyfudk wnfcJU&onf[k qdk\/ ajrmufbuftjyif
pGe;f NrKd u
Y kd v0awmifajcrSp taemufbuf yifv,fpyftxd wnfco
UJ nf[v
k nf; qdx
k m;ygonf/ aumif;uif
"gwfyHkrSwpfqifUjrifawGY&aom ajrmufbufNrdKYdk;rSm (5)xyfom&Sdonf/ xdkhaMumifU trSwf(6)NrdKYdk;wpfck&Sdao;
ovm;[k qef;ppf&ef aerdE&awmifukef;? atmif"rukef;ESifU atmifod'dukef;rsm;odkh oGm;a&mufcJUonf/
4if;wdkh\txuf awmif0dkif;BuD;[kac:aom awmifdk;wef;rSm NrdKYwHwdkif;ozG,f awmifESifUajrmufwef;aeaMumif;
awG&Y onf/ ,ckawmif0ikd ;f Bu;D bke;f Bu;D ausmif;? Z&yf? odrEf iS aUf pwDrsm; wnfxm;aomuke;f onf xdu
k ek ;f wef;\
tpjzpf xdkrS ajrmufbuft&SifqEm"du oDwif;oHk;&m a&Tyg&rDawm&ausmif;txd qufoG,faeyHkudk
- 243 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
awmifbufNrdKYdk; t<uif;tusef
jrif&onf/ v0awmifajc&Sd q&mawmfOD;oDv w&m;tm;xkwfcJU&m ausmuf*lrSpwifaom xdkukef;wef;onf
a&ykypf rf;zsm;&dS prf;acsmif;rsm;udk jzwfyw
d x
f m;aom qnfaygiw
f pfcu
k o
hJ hkd taetxm;&Syd u
kH v
kd nf; awG&Y onf/
awmif0ikd ;f Bu;D ausmif;0if;rS ajrmufbufuek ;f wef;wpfae&mudk ppfaq;onft
U cg ndKrnf;rnf;ta&mif (aeavmif
xm;onft
U a&mif)jzifU ausmufw;kH rsm;udk txyfxyfqif
U pepfwuspx
D m;yHrk mS NrKd w
Y w
H ikd ;f jyKvyk yf EkH iS Uf qifwal e
aMumif;awGY&ygonf/ ukef;wef;ay:wGif &mbmNcHrsm;? tcsdKYae&mwdkh &mbmyifysdKrsm; pdkufxm;onf/ 4if;
udk ta&SYbufawmifajc&if;u wpfpdwfwpfydkif;rQom ppfaq;cGifU&cJUNyD; ajrmufbufodkhqufvufoGm;rnfU
yHkudk rod&ao;yg/ a&Tyg&rDawm&tvGef auvmo(oxHk)awmifajcrS ajreDukef;? ay:awmfrlESifU qifjzLuRef;
txd awmufavQmuf vdkufvHppfaq;&rnfjzpf tcsdefrsm;pGm vdktyfygonf/
awmifbufNrdKYdk; ewfpifukef;t<uif;tusef
a&usHK;pepf tpDtrHrsm;
NrdKYdk;rsm;tMum;? ajrmif;rsm;udk a&oGif;&ef a&&&Sda&;pDrHxm;yHkudk qufvufavhvmonf/ ta&SY
NrdKYdk;rsm;tMum; usHK;ajrmif;twGuf a&Tacsmif;ESifU bifvdIif;prf;a&udk &,lEdkifygonf/ ajrmufNrdKYdk; rsm;twGuf
a&ykypf rf;a&udk &,lEikd Nf y;D awmifbufNrKd Y ;kd rsm;twGuf 0g;yg;acsmif;udk &,lEikd o
f nf/ ajrmufbuf a&ykypf rf;zsm;wGif
prf;a&udk tuefhtuefhydkif; a&wm;wrHrsm; wnfaqmufxm;[efwl\/ atmif"rukef;ESifU atmifod'dukef;
apmif; ajrmufbuf&Sd a&ykyfprf;acsmif;wGif jzwfydwfxm;cJUaom ausmufwHk;qnfabmifwpfck\ t&if;tikwf
- 244 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
udkawGY&ygonf/ oxHkNrdKYonf aqmif;ESifUaEGumvajcmufaoGY&moDrsm;wGif usHK;ajrmif;rsm;a&oGif;&ef ydkvdktyf

onfjzpf a&udx
k ed ;f csKypf rD o
H nfU enf;ynm (Water management) taxmuftxm;udk awG&Y jcif;jzpfygonf/
oxHkajrmufNrdKYdk;ESifU orD;awmfukef;? taemufajrmufNrdKYaxmifUyHk
ajrmufNrdKY ;kd ? orD;awmfuek ;f ESiUf taemufajrmufNrdKaY xmifU

taemufodkh qufvufoG,fwef;oGm;aom ajrmufNrdKYdk;tm;vHk;wdkhonf oxHkav,mOfuGif; jzwf
azmufonfv
U rf;aMumif;ta&mufwiG f wdw&d &d jd ywfawmufomG ;Mu\/ xdrk S taemufbuf av,mOfuiG ;f tpyf
&Sd pufrIv,f,mHk;0if;ESifU &GmOD;rlvwef;ausmif;0if;wGif cyfedrfUedrfUtaetxm;jzifU NrdKYdk;tm;vHk;jyefay:vm\/
aumif;uif"gwyf t
kH ultnDrygbJ 4if;av,mOfuiG ;f ae&mrS NrKd Y ;kd tjywfwu
hkd kd ajc&mcHvu
kd &f mS Edik rf nfr[kwaf y/
ta&twGuf rnfrQ&Sdonfudkvnf; od&rnfr[kwfay/
pufrIv,f,mHk;0if;\ aemufaMumwGif orD;awmfukef;&Sdonf/ 4if;orD;awmfukef;udk oxHkNrdKYajrmuf
bufu txif&Sm;qHk;ajrjyiftrSwftom;wpfcktjzpf aumif;uif"gwfyHkay:wGif awGYEdkif\/ pufrIv,f,m
0if;\ ajrmufbufuyfvsuf orD;awmfuefac: av;axmifhyHk a&uef&Sd\/ 4if;orD;awmfukef;ESifU orD;awmf
uefwdkhonf trSwf(3)? trSwf(4) NrdKYdk;wdkh\ tjyifbufwGif uyfvsuftv,fA[dkususwnf&Sdonf/
ajrmufbuftrSwf(5)NrdKYdk;rSm orD;awmfukef;ESifU ajrmufbufwGif uyfvsuf trSwf(3) trSwf(4)wdkhESifU
tNydKifwnfaeNyD; taemufum;vrf;rBuD;txda&muf\/ ta&SYbufydkif;rSmrl jroydwfawmifaMum v0awmif
ajctxd awmif;kd twdik ;f jrifw
U ufvsu&f o
dS nf/ odjhk zpf oxHNk rKd aY [mif; ajrmufbufwiG f orD;awmfuek ;f ESiw
Uf uG
NrdKYdk;ig;xyfwdkhudk wpfpkwpfaygif;wnf; awGY&onf/
ajrmufbuf trSw(f 3)(4)ESi(Uf 5) NrKd Y ;kd rsm;ESiUf taemufNrKd Y ;kd rsm; qufpyfyu
kH kd taemufajrmufNrKd aY xmifU
ae&mwGif qufvuf&SmazG&onf/ 4if;NrdKYdk;rsm;onf orD;awmfukef;rS taemufbuf&Sd ]&GmOD;ausmif;wdkuf
0if;} wdkhudk jzwfausmfNyD; armfawmfum;vrf;ta&mufwGif taemufodkhauGYvsuf&Sd\/ oxHkNrdKYt0if vdyftif;
ukef;twuf ajrjrifUydkif;onf NrdKYdk;rsm;ay:odkh um;vrf;azmufvkyfxm;cJUjcif;aMumifU jrifUwufaejcif;yif
- 245 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
jzpf\/ vdyftif;ukef;twuf um;vrf;\taemufbufuyfvsuf ae&mwGif trSwf(3) NrdKYdk;ESifU usHK;udkOD;pGm

awGY&NyD; 4if;tjyifbufrSm NrdKYdk;ig;xyf&Sdonf/ &efukefarmfvNrdKifum;vrf; jzwfoef;aeaom ta&SYbufjcrf;
wGif NrdKYdk;ESpfxyf trSwf(1)ESifU(2)&Sd taemufbufjcrf;wGif NrdKYdk;oHk;xyf trSwf(3?4)ESifU(5) &Sdygonf/
ajrmufbufNrdKYdk;trSwf(1)ESifU(2)wdkhwnfaeyHkudk ppfaq;onfUtcg 4if;wdkhudk ta&SYav,mOfuGif;
aZw0efausmif;0if; wHwdkif;tpyfrS taemufum;vrf;txd awGY&Sd&onf/ aZw0efausmif;teD;wGif 4if;NrdKY
d;k ESpaf csmif;wdo
hk nf xdyw
f u
kd t
f aetxm;jzifU awhqufqufNy;D taemufbufohkd tjyKd iq
f if;vm&m um;vrf;
ta&mufwGif vrf;udkrausmfbJ awmifbufodkY auGY0dkufoGm;onf/ 4if;NrdKYdk;ESpfacsmif;wdkhonf um;vrf;
(vdyftif;ukef;xdyf)rS oxHkav,mOfuGif;odkh qufoG,fazmufvkyfxm;aom ausmufcif;vrf;ESifUtNydKif
wnfaeonf/ taemufajrmuf NrdKYaxmifUwGif trSwf(1)NrdKYdk;auGYcsdK;NyD;aemuf ay(1000)cefhtxd qufoGm;
um vdyftif;&yfuGuf (&,u)Hk;teD;vdyftif;a&tdkiftpyfwGif tqHk;owfonf/ trSwf(2)NrdKYdk;tauGYonf
ausmufcrf;vrf;udkausmfNyD;aemuf um;vrf;atmufepfjryfaysmufuG,fvsuf&Sd\/ 4if;trSwf(2)NrdKYdk; tauGY
wGif usHK;a[mif;ae&m txift&Sm;&dSygonf/ NrdKYwHwdkif; ajrom;eH&HwGif *0Htkyfrsm;pepfwus uyfpDxm;aom
rlvNrdKYdk;rsufESmpm tpdyftydkif;rsm;vnf; t<uif;tusef&Sdygao;onf/ 4if;ae&mrS NrdKYa[mif;trSwftom;
t<uif;tusefwdkhrSm oxHkNrdKYa[mif;\ wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom owfaotaxmuftxm;rsm;yif jzpfygonf/
NrdKYdk;rsm;udk ae&mtESHwl;NzdKzsufqD;xm;jcif;rS uHaumif;axmufr vGwfuif;aecJUayonf/
ajrmufNrdKYdk; trSwf(3)ESifU(4)wdkYonf ta&SYNrdKYdk;ESpfpif;\ tquftpyfyifjzpfonf/ ta&SYajrmufNrdKY
axmifUae&mudk aZw0efausmif;0if; (tkwfwHwdkif;) ta&SYajrmufNrdKYdk;axmifUae&mrSmyif apwDi,fwpfql
wnfxm; trSwftom;jzpfaeonf/ trSwf(3)NrdKYaxmifUay:wGifjzpf\ 4if;tjyifbuf trSwf(4)NrdKYaxmifU
rSm ,ck&mbmpdkufxm;onf/ NrdKYdk;ajrawmifudkvnf; wl;NzdKajrndxm;onf/ 4if;wdkhESpfpif;tMum; usHK;ae&m
tpwGif aerdE&awmifrS prf;acsmif;wpfck pD;0ifaeonf/
yifv,fqyd u
f rf;a&vrf; xGuaf yguf
oxHkta&SYbuf jroydwfawmifwef; tjrifU 700 ay rS ta&SYNrdKYdk; tjrifU 100 aytxd &Gmus
aeaom rdk;a&udk usHK;a[mif;rsm;rSwpfqifU taemufNrdKYdk; tjrifU 50 ay ESifU vdyftif;tjrifU 25 ay xJodkh
pD;0ifapygonf/ vdyftif;onf taemufNrdKYdk;tjyifbufrS uefawmfr*Fvm(,ckaomufoHk;a&uefBuD;)ESifU
wpfqufwnf;jzpf oxHkNrdKYtaemufbufrSm ajredrfUcsdKifU0Srf;jzpfonf/ oxHkNrdKYa[mif;acwfu 4if;ajredrfU
ydkif;wGif a&jyifus,fBuD;&SdcJUNyD; xdka&jyifudkaqmif;ESifUaEG&moDrsm;wGif cef;ajcmufjcif;r&Sdatmif xdef;odrf;
xm;rnfjzpfonf/ ydkvQHaomrdk;a&ESifU pkaqmif;a&wkdhudk taemufbuf (rD;&xm;vrf; taemuf) &Sdqm;acsmif;
odkH pD;qif;apNyD; 4if;ajrmufbuf (15)rdkifcefhtuGm&Sd bD;vif;jrpfxJodkh pDqif;aprnfjzpfygonf/ aEG&moDwGif
qm;acsmif; a&rjywfrvyfap&efvnf; yifv,frS 'Da&twuf tusqm;iHa&ESifU usHK;a&? uefa&wdkhrS
a&csKd wahkd ygi;f pyfp;D 0ifaprnfjzpfonf/ xdahk MumifU oxHNk rKd aY [mif;acwfu yifv,fqyd u
f rf;NrKd BY u;D onf yifv,f
urf;pyfeD;vmonfjzpfap a0;oGm;onfjzpfap? avSqdyf? oabFmqdyf jzpfEdkifygonf/ tcsdKYynm&Sifrsm;u
oxHktaemufbufwGif yifv,furf;ajca&mufvmom qdyfurf;jzpfEdkifrnf[k ,lq ,cktcg yifv,f
urf;ajcESifU 10 rdkif 12 rdkifrQ uGmvSrf;NyD; qdyfurf;rjzpfEdkifawmhaMumif; t,ltqonf rrSefuefEdkifyg/
vdyt
f if;ESiUf qm;acsmif;wdt
hk aetxm;udMk unf
U oxHNk rKd aY [mif;acwfu qdyu
f rf;t0iftxGuf a&vrf;aMumif;
azmufvkyfxm;yHkudk odomxif&Sm;apygonf/
- 246 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
qHawmf&iS af pwDrsm;ESiUf omoedu taqmufttHt

k ajctae
a&Tpm&HapwD0if;twGif; apwDrsm;wnfxm;yHk (aumif;uif"gwfyHk)

oxHk&mZ0if? rGef&mZ0if? a&Tpm&Hbk&m;ordkif; ponfwdkh bk&m;ocif(8)0gajrmufonfUtcg *0Hyawh
&[EmavQmufxm;awmif;yef oxHkodkh<ua&mufawmfrlvmNyD; w&m;a[monf? udk,fpm;awmfxm;onf?
qHawmfrsm;ay;oem;awmfro
l nf[k azmfjyxm;onft
U wdik ;f ,cktcg usKd ux
f ;D d;k ? Zif;usKd u?f ZGu
J yiftp&Sad om
awmifxyfapwDrsm; wnfxm;udk;uG,fMuonf/ oxHkbk&if&aom qHawmf(2)qludk pd&HapwD(a&Tpm&H)wGif
Xmyemxm;onf[lvnf; od&ygonf/ wpfzefomoemESpf(128)ckESpf(bDpD 416)wGif t&Sifr[dEBuD;rSL;aom
&[Emig;yg;<uvm oxHkbk&if ok0P&mZmrif;BuD;tm; qHawmf(8)qlay;onf/ ,ckjroydwfawmfapwD?
o&uvsmPDapwD(ay:awmfrlbk&m;)? pHoD;apwDESifU eef;OD;apwD(eef;awmf&mbk&m;)wdkhwnfxm;cJUonf[k
tqdk&Sdygonf/
oxHkNrdKYay:&Sd azmfjyygqHawmfapwDig;qlpvHk; ,cktcg udkvdkeDacwf (1900)jynfUESpfcefhrSp topf
rGe;f rHxm;Ny;D jzpfygonf/ NrKd aY [mif;awmifbufwiG f *0Htw
k af usmufpw
D w
H ikd ;f 0ef; cyfxm;vsuf a&Tpm&HapwDawmf
BuD;rSmvnf; rSefpD? 0wfausmif;? wef;aqmifjyom'frsm;jzifU ,ckacwf vuf&mtqifwefqmwdkh vTrf;jcHKaeyg
Ny/D y&0kP\
f ajrmufbufwiG f yd#uwfapwD? ta&Sb
Y ufwiG f odMum;bk&m;(jrode;f wefapwD)ESiUf a&Tacs;cHapwD
- 247 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
rsm;? ta&SaY jrmufaxmifw

U iG f *0Ha&uefBu;D (apwDyx
k ;kd rsm;wnfpOfu ausmuftw
k x
f w
k ,
f o
l nfu
U si;f a[mif;)
wdkhudk awGY&ojzifU Ak'omoemESifUywfouf oxHkrif;tqufquf o'gMunfndKpdwf&SdonfUtavsmuf
bk&m;&Sifudk &nfpl; O'dapwDawmfrsm; wnfxm;onfU "avUtpOftquf&SdcJUaMumif; od&ygonf/
,if;apwDawmfrsm;udk acwfcGJjcm;owfrSwf&ef ,ckrjzpfEdkifawmhyg/ odkh&mwGif apwDa[mif;tysuftpD;rsm;rS
<uif;usef&pfaom *0HapwDtxGwf(xD;awmf)tpdyftydkif; wpfckudk y&0kPftwGif; ta&SYajrmufbufa&uef
axmifU wpfae&mrSmawGY&\/ xdkhtjyif apwDyp,maxmifUae&m tvSqifonfU jcaoFhrsufESmyHk ausmufwHk;
wpfwHk;rSm usifwG,fyHk&Sd twGif;om;udkz,fypfNyD; ab;om;ESpfzufESifU ta&SYbufwdkhudk kyfvHk;ay:atmif
xkppfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjrifEU pS af y? AsuEf pS af yomom&Sad om *0Hausmufw;kH onf jcaoFyh \
kH rsuEf mS wpfyikd ;f
twGuo
f mjzpf ud,
k cf Emwpfcv
k ;kH twGuq
f v
kd Qif tjcm;tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;qufum xkqpfxm;ay;&ayOD;rnf/
,ck wpfydkif;udkom awGY&awmh\/ apwDa[mif;udk jyKjyifolwdkhu roHk;awmhyJ pGefhypfxm;cJUjcif;jzpf\/
a&S; a[mif;okawoDwt
hkd wGurf l *0Htpdyt
f ydik ;f ESpcf w
k rhkd mS wefz;kd Bu;D aom a&S;a[mif;oufaotaxmuft
xm;jzpfawmhonf/
a&S;a[mif;*0Hausmuftkwf
odMum;bk&m;ajc&if;&Sd *0Hausmuf jcaoFrsufESm (ab;? ta&SY? taemuf jrifuGif;)

*0Hausmuftkwfudk acwfcGJjcm;owfrSwf wdusoufwrf;wGuf,l&ef rjzpfEdkifao;ay/ odkhaomf
odMum; bk&m;'kw,
d yp,meH&rH ck u
f yfrsm;twGi;f ajrrD;zkwf yk <f uyHrk sm;wGif r[medygw Ak'0 ifZmwfawmf(ZmwfBu;D
q,fbGJY) okyfazmfyHkrsm;ESifU qufpyf *0HjcaoFhrsufESmyHk 0wKypnf;\ a&S;ausaMumif; qufpyfoufwrf;
(Relative Date)udk od&onf/
a&Tpm&HapwDww
H ikd ;f awmifbufwiG f uvsmPDord &f o
dS nf/ xdo
k rd rf suEf mS pm (vrf;ab;)wGif *0HapwD
a[mif;tpdwt
f ydik ;f (3)ckukd pGeyhf pfvsux
f m;onfuv
kd nf; awG&Y onf/ uvsmPDord yf wfvnf&dS oJausmufqpf
odrfedrdwfwdkifrsm;rSm r[medygwfawmfAk'0ifZmwfuGufrsm; jzpfygonf/ (OD;jr\ tdEd,a&S;a[mif;ESpfcsKyf
(1930-34)tydkif;(1) pm 203-4 udkIYyg)/ taxmuftxm;rsm;t& oxHkwGif ajrrD;zkwftEkynmESifU
ausmufqpftEkynmvnf; xGef;um;cJUaMumif; odEdkif\/ OD;jru Ak'0ifZmwfuGufrsm;\ oufwrf;udk c&pfESpf
11-12 &mpkESf vuf&m[kqdkxm;aomfvnf; 4if;umvxufrsm;pGm ydkapmrnf[k cefhrSef;&\/
- 248 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
a&Tpm&HapwDrS *0HausmufapwD tpdwftydkif;rsm;

*0Hausmufqpf tEkynmypnf;rsm;udk ydkwGifwGifus,fus,foHkpGJcJU[efwl\/ odkhaomf*0Hausmuf
rSm aESmif;acwfvlwdkh vrf;cif;ausmuftjzpfvnf; oHk;onfjzpf a&S;*0Hypnf;rnfrnfrQ vrf;cif;ausmuf
tjzpf xkco
JG ;kH pGcJ aUJ Mumif; rcefrh eS ;f Edik af wmhay/ udv
k ekd aD cwfO;D umvrSmyif oxHNk rKd w
Y iG ;f vrf;rsm;udk *0HausmufjzifU
pwifcif;cJyU gonf/ xdv
k yk if ef;rsm;udk 1887 ckEpS u
f pwifzpYJG nf;aom oxHNk rKd Y jrLeDpy,ftzG(YJ pnfyifom,m)u
aqmif&Guf&\/ xdkvkyfief;rsm;udk 1923 ckESpfwGif zGJYpnf;aom oxHkcdkifa'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD
('dp&dwaf umifp)D uvnf; NrKd w
Y iG ;f ? NrKd Y jyifausmufcif;vrf;rsm;udk cif;onf/ xdpk Ofu NrKd Y ;kd a[mif;rsm; (ta&Sb
Y uf?
ajrmufbufNrKd Y ;kd rsm;)wGif awmifay:prf;ausmufw;kH (Conglomerate)rsm; ausmufw;kH Bu;D rsm;udk cGjJ zwf&aom
ausmufw;kH rsm;? *0Hausmufw;kH rsm;jzifU uyfpw
D nfxm;aMumif; awG&Y \/ (taemufajrmufaxmifh trSw(f 2)NrKd Y ;kd
erlemudkMunfUyg)/ ,ck xdkNrdKYdk;rsm;wpfavsmuf ausmuftkwfrsm;rSm &Sm;yg;ukefNyDjzpfygonf/ oxHkbm;tHodkh
qufoG,fxm;aomvrf;? oxHkrS0if;pdef&Gmodkh qufoG,faomvrf;? ponfwdkhrSm oxHkNrdKYopfumv tapmqHk;
vrf;rsm;jzpfzG,f&Sd 4if;vrf;ydkif;rsm;azmufvkyfcJUpOfu ausmufcif;&eftvG,fwul&Edkifaom NrdKYa[mif;
ausmufrsm;udkyif ,liifoHk;pGJcJUayrnf/ rSwfwrf;rSwf&m r&ao;ojzifU twdtus rajymEdkifao;ay/
tcsdKY NrdKYdk; *0Htkwfcsyfrsm;udk oxHkNrdKYwnfaxmifcgp bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;\ r[m&H
wHwdkif;wGif ,liif;oHk;pJGcJUMuao;\/ (oxHk&GmOD;ausmif;wdkufwHwdkif; ESifUaq;HkBuD;teD; eef;awmf&mausmif;
wdu
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H ikd ;f rsm;udMk unfyU g) NrKd w
Y iG ;f tcsKd w
Y u
kd w
f mtdraf jcrsm; wHwikd ;f 0if;cwfxm;&m a&S;a[mif;
*0Htkwftenf;ESifUtrsm; yg0ifaeygonf/
a&Tpm&Hbk&m;BuD;awmifbuf wHwdkif;atmufajcrSm rlv*0Htkwfdk;pDwHwdkif;jzpfzG,f&Sd\/ udkvdkeDacwf
bk&m;jyifcsdefusrS *0HtkwfwHwdkif;rsm;udk topfxkwf,loHk;pGJxm;[efrwlay/ ta[mif;udkjyefpDxm;jcif;vm;?
rlvtkwfpDwHwdkif;vm; cGJjcm;&efcwfygonf/ odkh&mwGif NrdKYtaemufazmifawmfOD;apwD atmufajctkwfdk;u
*0H tkwfpDbdeyfawmfwHwdkif;rSm rlvtwdkif;&SdcJUrnf[k ,HkMunf&\/ ,ckazmifawmfOD; bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;
0if;twGif; *0HtkwfukAwHk;BuD;rsm; ta&twGuf wpfq,ffausmfrQ awGYEdkif\/ *0HausmufukAwHk;\
rsufESmwpfzufwGif t0dkif;ykHajcmufvucefh teufwpfayausmfxGif;vsufxm;onfrSm rlvtwdkif;&Sdonf/
acwfopfwnfaqmuf a&;vkyo
f m;rsm;vufrS vGwu
f if;vsuf useaf eorQukd rSwo
f m;azmfjy&jcif; jzpfygonf/
- 249 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
vrf;cif;&ef ajreD(*0Hausmuf)rsm; aygaygvdIifvdIif&,lEdkifaom ae&mudk jrefrmbmomjzifU ajreDukef;

[kac:Mu\/ oxHak jrmufbufwiG f xd*k 0Hausmufxw
k pf cef;(ajreDuek ;f )&d\
S / ,ck ay:awmfr&l mG ESiUf ajreDuek ;f &Gm
ta&SYbufawmifajctxd us,fjyefhonfU (,ck&mbmjcH) ae&mjzpf\/ om&uvsmPD(ay:awmfrl) apwDudk
xdkukef;ay:wGif awGY&ygonf/ ,ck OmPfawmf(119)ay&Sdaom rGrf;rHNyD;apwD&ifjyifrSm us,fvnf;us,f?
ukef;vnf;aumif;ygonf/ &ifjyifawmf ta&SYajrmufaxmifUwGif om&uvsmPDodrf (Ak'aCmoodrf)wpf
aqmif&Sdonf/ taemufodkh rsufESmjyKxm;aom apmif;wef;ESifU tmHkcHwefaqmif;wGif oGyfjym;yef;csDum;rsm;
jzifU udkvdkeDacwfu ay:awmfrlbk&m;udk awmjcHKzHk;vQufawGY&yHk? 'g,umwdkhu rGrf;rHwnfxm;MuyHkrsm;
okyfazmfa&;qGJxm;\/ yef;csDum;wpfcsyfwGif rlvapwDi,fyHko@eftm; (pdwfrSef;jzifU) a&;qGJxm;onfrSm
jrifawGY aeusapwDyHkawmfrsdK;r[kwfay/ xdkyef;csDum;ESifU ,SOfvsuftopf rGrf;rHNyD;aom apwDt&G,ftpm;
(pau;udkuf) yHkudkvnf; awGY&onf/
ta&SYbuftmHkcHwef;aqmifwGif udkvdkeDacwfvuf&mtkwfwdkufBuD;\ xkwfwef;t*Faw eH&Haq;
a&;yefcsDrsm; a&;qGJxm;onf/ udkvdkeDacwf(rEav;) vuf&myefcsDrsm;jzpf\/ xdk apmif;wef;\ ta&SYbk&m;
wHwdkif;tjyifbufwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;ESpfausmif;&SdonfUteuf ajrmufbufausmif;0if;(o&uvsmPDodrfESifU
bk&m;wHwdkif;jcm;vsuf) rlv*0Htkwfcsyfrsm;[k ,lq&aom *0Htkwfcsyfa[mif;rsm;udk awGY&ygonf/ tcsdKY
udk aAm"dyifajc&if;wGif pHepfwuf xyfpDvsufvnf;aumif;? tcsdKYudk apwDi,fbdeyfawmfvnf;aumif;
awGY&onf/
om&uvsmPDay:awmfrlapwDESifU rlvay:awmfrlapwDyHk
om&uvsmPD(ay:awmfrl)apwD&Sd&modkh oxHkNrdKYwGif; a&Tpm&HapwDrS NrdKYv,fA[dkcsufudk jzwf
vsufazmufvkyfxm;aom vrf;rBuD;wpfckonf ajzmifUajzmifhwef;vsuf qdkufa&mufaeonfudk aumif;uif
"gwfyHkay:wGif jrifEdkif\/ ,ckoxHkNrdKYa[mif;\ ajrmufbufwGif uyfvsuf okbdEe*&-ok"r0wDNrdKYuGuf
wpfae&m wnfxm;aMumif; oxHk&mZ0iftqdk&Sdygonf/ xdkNrdKYuGufonf ,ckajreDukef;ESifU ay:awmfrl&Gmwdkh
ta&Sb
Y uf om&uvsmPDuek ;f ywf0ef;usif (,ck &mbmjcpH u
kd cf if;ESio
Uf pfawmajr)ae&mjzpfz,
G &f \
dS / xdak e&mrS
*0Htkwfausmufwnf taqmufttHka[mif;rsm; a&S;tcgu rnfrQ&SdcJUrnfudk cefhrSef;&efcufcJygonf/
,ckvufveG u
f ek Nf y;D ausmufxw
k pf cef;jzpfomG ;Ny[
D o
k m tMurf;tm;jzifU ,lq&\/ 4if;om&uvsmPDapwDEiS Uf
qufpyf awmifbufwGif a&ykyfprf;acsmif; ajrmufbufuyfvsif tm&[E&mr(&[Emwkduf)udkawGY&yg
- 250 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
onf/ oxHkacwf tapmydkif;(okbdEe*&)u &[Ersm;oDwif;oHk;&m ausmif;a[mif;ae&m[kqdk\/ xdkausmif;

\ wHwdkif;0if;cwfxm;onfU 80Htkwfrsm;udkvnf; ,cktcg *0HtkwftopfjzifU tpm;xdk; tkwfa[mif;rsm;
udk ausmif;0if;twGif; vrf;cif;xm;vsufawGY&ygonf/ xdk&[Emwdkufac: a&S;a[mif;ausmif;wdkuf ywf0ef;
usiEf iS Uf om&uvsmPD(qHawmf)apwDywf0ef;usirf mS oxHNk rKd aY [mif;tapmydik ;f (auvmo wdu
k u
f v
k m;xuf
ydkapmaom)acwf taxmuftxm;udk xyfrH&SmazG&ef vdktyfygao;onf/
azmifawmfO;D bk&m;ESiUf yd#uwdu

k af pwD
oxHkNrdKYa[mif;\ xif&m;aomordkif;rSwfwdkifwpfck (Historical Landmark)rSm yd#uwfawmfrsm;
a&mufvmjcif;yifjzpf\/ xdkyd#uwfawmfrsm;udk &&SdcsdefrSp omoemawmfoHk;&yf xGef;vif;onf[k
oxHk&mZ0ifuqdkonf/ ,if;oxHkomoemudk tajcwnf Ak'bmomyd#uwfomoemonf tjcm;ta&SY
awmiftm&Sa'orsm;odkh ysHYESHhoGm;cJUonf[kvnf; ,lqMu\/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfBuD;wGif yd#uwfawmfudk
&,lvakd om yk*b
H &k iftaemf&xmESiUf yd#uwfyikd &f iS f oxHb
k &k ifrEl[mwdhk tcsi;f rsm;MuNy;D ppfycJG if;usi;f onftxd
y#dyujzpf&onf[k azmfjyonf/ yJcl;uvsmPDodrfausmufpmwGif jrefrmou&mZf(419)a&mufaomtcg taemf&xmrif;onf yd#uwfoHk;yHkESifUwuG &[ef;oHCm
taygif ; ud k &mrnwd k i f ; rS a qmif , l c J U yk * H j ynf B uD ; omoemawmf j rwf u d k w nf a pcJ U o nf /
(uvsmPDygVdausmufpm? pm-82)
[k azmfjyonf/
,if;azmfjycsufrsm;udk a&S;a[mif;okawoerSwfwrf;rSwf&m rl&if;ausmufpm &SmrawGY&aomfvnf;
yd#uwfawmfa&mufvmpOfu avSazmifqu
dk &f mqdyu
f rf; wnfxm;aom txdr;f trSwaf pwDEiS Uf yd#u
d wfawmf
okdrSD;odrf;qnf;ylaZmfxm;&m yd#uwfwdkufapwDwdkhudk oxHkwGif awGY&ygonf/
azmifawmfOD;bk&m;[kac:aom apwDrSm ,ckeef;cJ&yfuGuf uefawmfr*Fvm a&uefBuD;ESifU taemuf
NrdKYdk;tMum; trSwf(3) t .x .uausmif;\ ajrmufbufwGif&Sdonf/ apwD\awmifbufwGif azmifawmfOD;
ausmif;wdkufudk awGYEdkif\/ apwDukef;rSm tvsm;? teH ay 100 cefhtjrifU 8 aycefh av;axmifUyHk&Sdonf/
ukef;ay:wGif oD[dkVf? xlygHkyHkpHapwDudk wnfxm;onf/ tcsdKYu rlvapwDonf a&Tpm&HyHkpHrsdK;jzpfonf[k
qdk\/ ta&SYbuf rkcfavSum;xdyfwGif ewfeef; wpfaqmiftopfylaZmfxm;\/ xdkewfeef;tkwfpDeH&HwGif
,cif 1958 ckESpfu OD;zdk;vwfESifUtwl ygarmuvkpfESifU ordkif;aumfr&SiftzGJY a&mufcJUpOfu awGY&aom
'Gg&ygewfkyf *0Hausmufcsyfudk jrKyfvsufuyfxm;onf/ usef'Gg&ygvewfkyf *0Hausmufcsyfwpfckudk
taemufbufavSum;\ b,fbuf xef;yif&if;(rlvae&m)rSmyif awGY&ygonf/ rlv*0H tkwfcsyfBuD;
(ukAwHk;)rsm;udk vnf; apwDawmifbuf bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if; awGYEdkifygonf/ xdkausmif; 0if;ajrjyifwGif
ajrrD;zkwt
f w
k rf sm;udk wl;azmfavhvmonft
U cg oxHNk rKd Y ;kd tkwcf syrf sm;wGif awG&Y onfU vufa&;pif;trSwt
f om;
rsdK;yg&SdaMumif; awGY&ygonf/ odkhjzpf azmifawmfOD;apwDonf a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHkwpfck jzpfrnf[k
qdkEdkifygonf/
yd#duwfwdkufapwDonf NrdKYa[mif;awmifbufydkif; a&Tpm&Hbk&m;y&0kPftwGif; ajrmufbufwHcg;
teD;&Sd\/ apwD[kqdkaomfvnf; atmufajcav;axmifUyp,mrSm av;rsufESm*lbk&m;ESifUwl\/ txuf0g
rS txGwfapwDaMumifUom apwD[kac:\/ xdkapwDi,fonf taqmufttHk\ y"metpdwftydkif;r[kwfay/
- 251 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
azmifawmfOD;bk&m;awmifbuf bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if;twGif;&Sd ukAwHk;yHk rlv*0HtkyfcsyfBuD;

tb,fUaMumifUqdkaomf taqmufttHk\ yp,mtqifUrsm; apwDi,fodkhwuf&ef ewfvrf;avSum;
jyKvkyfrxm;aomaMumifU jzpf\/ avSum;tpm; t&yfav;rsufESmpvHk;wGif rkcfaygufrsm;&SdMu\/ vdkPf0wGif
wHuJi,fESpfxyfESifU tpGef;xGuf rkcfaygufrsdK;wnfxm;onfjzpf yk*HtmeEmapwDyEwfyHkpHESifh qifwl\/
txufyp,moHk;qifU wnfaqmufxm;yHkrSmvnf; tmeEmvdkPf*luJhodkh qifwlNyD; txufwGif uGrf;awmif
(oDc&)tpm; apwDwpfqlvHk; aygufxm;onfom uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ 'kwd,yp,mjrifUjrifUESifU wwd,
yp,medrfUedrfU ab;ESpfzufrsm;wGifvnf; tvif;aygufo@mef rkcfaygufrsm;&Sdonf/ tjcm;jywif;aygufrsm;
azmfjyrxm;ay/ atmufyp,m\ rkcfayguf t&G,ftpm;ESifU taqmufttHkukd,fxnftcsdK;tpm; nDnGwf
rQwonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ ta&SYbufESifUtaemufbuf rkcfvdkPftrdk;aygufwGif t&HapwDi,fwpfqlpD
wnfxm;vsuf&Sd\/ taqmufttHkudk apwD[krqdkbJ vdkPf*lbk&m;[k qdk&atmif twGif;odkh0if&ef
rkcfayguftm;vHk;udk ydwfqdkhxm;NyD;jzpfaomaMumifU qHk;jzwf&efcufaeygonf/ &mZ0ifrsm;wGif azmfjyouJhodkh
twGif;Orif&SdNyD; xdkOrifrSm yd#uwfawmfrsm;odkrSDodrf;qnf;xm;&m yd#duwfwdkufjzpfaMumif;udk ,Hk&cufcuf
jzpfvsuf&Sdygonf/ udk,fxnfESifU yp,mtrdk;rsm;txd *0Htkwfcsyfrsm;jzifU wpfqlvHk;wnfxm;onfudk awGY
&\/ yp,mtqifw
U ikd ;f wGif atmufajcrS Mum;zwfBu;D ? MumzwfBu;D atmufrS ca&yGiw
Uf ef;wdEhk iS Uf cg;ywfyef;wef;
rsm;jzifh udk,fxnfudk wefqmqifxm;\/ yef;wef;tMum;wdkh Adokumtqifwefqmtjzpf azmif;vHk;
azmif;jym;rsm;twdk;tqkwf pDrHxm;NyD; atmufajctpGef;udk ajyjypfpGmavsmqif;oGm;aponf/ tjyif tvS
t*Fawyef;tjc,ftvS,fwdkhonf rl&if;vuf&mvm;? taemufydkif;jyKjyifolwdkhvuf&mvm;qdkonfudk odrSDol
&Skm;ygonf/
- 252 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
odMum;bk&m; yp,mrS ZmwfawmfpOfu

h iG ;f rsm;
odMum;bk&m;
a&Tpm&HapwD\ta&Sb
Y ufwiG f odMum;bk&m;ac: jrode;f wefapwDonf yd#uwfawmfrsm; oxHo
k adhk &muf
cJUaMumif; taxmuftyHUjzpfaponfU a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHkwpfckjzpf\/ apwDonf av;axmifUyHkwGif
cdkeef;csdK;ESifUyp,moHk;qifUcH txufwGif apwDBuD;wnfonf/ yxryp,mwGif ewfvrf;oHk;zuf(ta&SYbuf
ryg)ESifU avS;um;us,fus,fpDrHxm;onfrSm xl;jcm;onf/ 'kwd,yp,mrS avSum;xdyfae&mwdkhwGif rwf&yf
kyyf mG ;awmfwpfqpl t
D wGuf rkcv
f P
kd jf rifjU rifw
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f nf; rkcv
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kd if ,frsm;xm;&S\
d /
'kwd,yp,mywfvnfwGif ESpfayywfvnft&G,f rSefuGufrsm;udk cdkeef;csdK;tvdkufoifUtwdkif; jyKvkyfNyD;
if;wdkhwGif abmifygaom av;axmifUyHk ajrrD;zkwfkyf<ucsyfrsm; xnfUoGif;ylaZmfxm;\/ yp,mywfvnf
kyf<ucsyfta&twGuf 61 csyf&SdcJUrnf/ ,ck 15 csyfudkom awGY&awmUonf/ yp,m\taemufawmifbuf
avS um;&if;ae&mrSp awrd&Zmwf? r[mZeuZmwf? ok0PomrZmwf? aerdZmwf ponfjzifU tpOftwdkif;
ZmwfuGufrsm;udk a0oE&mZmwftxd pHjyuGufrsm;jzifU Zmwfa&vnfatmif wefqmqifokyfazmfygonf/
odMum;bk&m;rS ajrrD;zkwfkyf<uZmwfawmfyHkrsm;onf t&Sifr[mAk'aCmo jyKpkawmfrlcJUaom t|
uxmusrf;pmrsm;rS Zmwuedygwfawmf aumufEkwfcsufrsm;jzpfrnf[k ynm&Sifwdkh ,lqygonf/ plV
Ak'aCmoESifU r[mAk'aCmo[l rax&fESpfyg;&SdaMumif;? plVAk'aCmoonf oxHkjynfom;jzpfNyD;
od[Vkd u
f Re;f odhk <uoGm;pOf rZRrd a'o(tdE,
d )? Ak'* g,mrS <uawmfrv
l maom usr;f jyKy*k Kd vv
f f r[mAk'a CmoESiUf
awGq
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d 'k rd *usr;f paomtXuxmusr;f rsm;jyKpo
k l r[mAk'a Cmoudk rdrZd mwdoxHjk ynf
odhk yifaU qmifawmfrv
l maMumif;? xdt
k &SiEf pS yf g;ESit
f wl oD[Vkd rf S yd#uwfawmfrsm;udyk g yifaU qmifvmcJaU Mumif;?
4if;\ (Buddhaghosa and Burma )pmwrf; (JBRS, LVIII, Oct, 1975)wGif OD;vlaz0if;azmfjyygonf/
taMumif;udk rGe&f [ef;awmfrsm;\tpOftquf ]tmp&d,y&r&}q&mpOf rSww
f rf;wGif awG&Y onf[q
k \
kd /
Ak'aCmobGJYtrnf&aom rax&fESpfyg; oxHkodkh qdkufa&mufvmaMumif;ESifU yd#uwfusrf;pmrsm;
&&SdaMumif;udk a&S;a[mif;okawoetaxmuftxm;tjzpf ,ckodMum;bk&m;kyf<uyHkrsm;ESifhwuG uvsmPD
odrfausmufqpfedrdwfwdkifrsm;u oufaojyvsuf&Sdonf[k qdkygonf/ Zmwu tVuxmusrf; okyf
azmfyHkrsm;\ oufwrf;udk c&pf 5 &mpkESpfvuf&m[k cefhrSef;ygonf/ t&ifr[mAk'aCmoonf yg|dbmom
usrf;rsm;avhvmvdkufpm;a&;udkom tm;ay;awmfrlNyD;? ouwbmomjzifUa&;om;jyKpkxm;aom &mrm,eESifU
r[mbm&wusrf;rsm;udk avhvmvdkufpm;jcif; rjyK&efwm;jrpfcJUonf/ xdkhaMumifU jrefrmEdkifiHwGif &mrm,eESifh
r[mbm&wwdkhudk avhvmjcif;rjyKMubJ 4if;ouw,Ofaus;rIonf tjcm;ta&SYawmif tm&Sa'orsm;qDodkh
- 253 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
om jyefhyGm;oGm;cJUjcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t&Sifr[mAk'aCmoaMumifh ygVdbmomjzifU ax&0g'omoem

xGef;vif;awmufycJUjcif;jzpfayonf/ (Lu Pe Win p 90)
a&Tacs;cHb&k m;
a&Tpm&HapwD0if;twGif;&Sd yd#uwfawmf ausmufpmcsyfrsm;(udkvdkeDacwf)

a&Tpm&HapwD0if;twGif; odMum;bk&m;\ ta&SYbufapwDBuD;udk a&Tacs;cHbk&m;[kvnf;aumif;?
u&ifbk&m;vnf;aumif; ac:Muonf/ odMum;bk&m;ESifU qwlavmuft&G,ftpm;&Sd\/ odkhaomf AdokumyHkpHrSm
uGmjcm;rI&Sdonf/ yp,mqifUwGif ewfvrf;ESifU rkcfvdkPfrsm;ryg&Sday/ a&Tpm&Hbk&m;0if;twGif;&Sd apwDrsm;\
txufydkif;yHkpHonf aemufxyfrGrf;rHolwdkh jyKjyifxm;aom yHkpHjzpfrnf[kvnf; t,ltq&Sdygonf/
a&Tacs;cHESifU odMum;bk&m;y&0kPftwGif; rEav;rS &aoUBuD;OD;cEDu oxHkwGif yd#uwfomoem
jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef &nf&G,f pdkufxlcJUaom ausmufpmwdkifrsm;&Sd\/ oxHkrS'g,umrsm;\ tvSLawmf[k
vnf; qdk&rnf/ rif;wkef;rif;\ yOro*Fg,emwif yd#uwfausmufpmrsm; e,lemtwkdif;pdkufxlxm;cJUjcif;
jzpfonf/ jrefrmUpG,fpHkusrf; OD;cEDtaMumif;wGif ]rEav;awmifajc pEmrkedESifU oxHkNrdKY a&Tpm&Hbk&m;rsm;
wGif ausmufcsyfa& 3000 ausmf&Sd yd#uwfawmf t|uxmrsm;udk ausmufxuftu&mwifcJUavonf}
[k awGY&ygonf/ ,cka&Tpm&Hbk&m;0if;wGif udkvdkeDacwf jyKjyifrGef;rHjznfUpGufwnfxm;aom wefaqmif;?
Z&yf? "rmHkponfUwdkhudkvnf; awGYrnfjzpf a&S;a[mif;taxmuftxm;rsm; aysmufuG,fvsuf&SdNyD/ udkvdkeD
acwfOD;u bk&m;y&0PfrSawGY&onfU a&S;a[mif;ausmufpmwdkifrsm; ausmufqpfkyfwkponfrsm;udkrl
a&S;a[mif;okawoeOD;pD;Xmeu pkpnf; yd#uwfwdkufapwDESifU a&uefBuD;tMum; ,ckbk&m;a*gyuHk;\
ta&SYbufwGif tkwfwdkufausmufpmHkwpfckaqmufvsuf odrf;xm;onf/ oxHka'otwGif;rS acwftquf
quf a&S;a[mif;0wKypnf;rsm;udk bk&m;BuD;a*gyuHk;ESifUESifUwGJvsufxm;aom ]ok0Pblrdjywdkuf} twGif;
cif;usif; jyoxm;onfudkvnf; awGY&ygonf/
- 254 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
om&uvsmPDodrf(ajreDukef;ay:awmfrlteD;)
uvsmPDodrf
a&Tpm&HapwD\awmifbuf uvsmPDodrf
(*0Hywdok"kHodrf)
"rapwDac: &mrm"dywdrif;(1412-1492)BuD;onf vuFm'DyoD[dkVfuRef; uvsmPDjrpf O'ukauy

a&odrw
f iG f Oyor'uHaqmifNy;D jyefvmaom &[efawmfrsmtm; [Hom0wDaejynfawmf uvsmPDord af wmf
udk orkwfaponf/ aejynfawmf ywf0ef;usif tjcm;odrfBuD; (9)odrfESifUwuG? &mrna'oNrdKYe,fwdkif;wGif
odrfi,faygif; (387)odrfudk orkwfapygonf/ xdktcsdefrSp &[Emodrf(a&S;odrfa[mif;)ESifU uvsmPDodrf
(odrfopf)[l odrfESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;&SdvmcJUonf/ odrfopforkwfonfUtcg tcsdKY&[Emodrfa[mif;udkyif xyfqifU
orkwfay;cJUonfvnf;&Sd\/ oxHkwGif ]80Hywdok"Hkodrf}[k trnf&dSaom odrfa[mif;udk xyfqifU orkwfcJU
onfUtwGuf uvsmPDodrf[k xif&Sm;vmygonf/ 4if;odrfudk a&Tpm&HapwD\awmifbuf r[m&mrfwHwdkif;
tjyifbufwiG f awGEY ikd yf gonf/ udv
k ekd aD cwfu tkww
f u
kd t
f jzpf rGr;f rHxm;Ny;D jzpfaomfvnf? 4if;odryf wfvnfwiG f
rlvedrdwfwdkif(24)wdkif? Zmwfedygwfrsm;xGif; pdkufxm;vsuf&Sd\/ taemufawmifaxmifUwGif a&S;rGefbmom
jzifU ausmufpmwdik t
f usKd ;rSm b'ord u
f kd orkwpf Oftcgu &[efawmf tyg;wpfaxmif? vly*k K vo
f ;kH axmif?
ynm&Sdwpf&mausmf? Oyoum(500)ESifU jA[P(ykPm;)(300)wdkh y&dowftjzpfyg0ifonf? aAm"dyifudkvnf;
pdkufcJUMuonf[k a&;xkd;xm;onf/ (Luce, 1950 p.6)
&efatmifjrifapwD
a&Tpm&HapwDy&0kPf\ ta&SYajrmuf? ,cktxu(2) ausmif;0if;\ awmifbufwGif &efatmifjrif
apwD&Sdonf/ av;axmifUyEufcH? yp,moHk;qifU(cdkeef;rsdK;ryg)apwDBuD;jzpfonf/ yp,mwdkh ewfvrf;avSum;
r&Sday/ tcsdKYu a&Tpm&HapwDESifU acwfNydKifwnfxm;onf[k qdkygonf/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; oxHkNrdKYtaMumif;
(pmrsufESm 477)wGifrl taemf&xmrif;u oxHkatmifyGJtxdrf;trSwftjzpfwnfonf[k azmfjyonf/ oxHk
&mZ0ifwiG f taemf&xmrif; oxHNk rKd u
Y kd atmifjrifonfU txdr;f trSwaf pwDukd 4if;wyfpcef;cs&m NrKd aY jrmufbuf
u (,ckay:awmfrl&Gm ta&SYbuf? ay:awmfjyefbk&m;ukef;) Z,blrdukef; wnfxm;onf[k azmfjyonf/
(oxHk&mZ0if? pm-117)
- 255 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHktrSwf(1)tvuausmif;0if;twGif;&Sd tkwfcGufbk&m;rsm; xGufay:onfUajrjyif

&efatmifjrifapwDESifU wpfwef;wnf;&Sdaom ajrmuf
bufrS ,cktrSw(f 2) txu ausmif;0if;ESiUf trSw(f 1)
tvu ausmif;0if;wdkhwGif apwDa[mif;rsm; ajr
atmuf epfjrKyfvsuf&SdaMumif; txmuftxm;rsm;
awG Y & onf / 4if ; ajrjyif r S m ajrusif ; wl ; onf U t cg
tkwfcGuf kyfyGm;awmfrsm; awGY&avh&SdaMumif; od&
onf/ ,ckc&D;pOfrSmyif trSwf(1) tvu ausmif;
0if;rSm ausmif;aqmifopfaqmufvkyf&ef tkwfjrpf
usif;wlpOf tkwfcGufkyfyGm;awmf av;qlay:xGufvm
aMumif;od&onf/ ausmif;aqmifopf taqmufttHk
vSLol atmufusif;&yfOD;zkef;jrifUarmif\ aetdrfwGif
ylazmfxm;\/ vGefcJUaom tESpf 30 cefhuvnf;
trSwf(2)txu ausmif;0if; tdrfomusif;wl;pOf
tkwcf u
G f yk yf mG ;awmf tajrmuftrsm; xufay:vmcJzU ;l \/
tcsdKYudk a&Tpm&H bk&m;a*gyuHk;ESifU wGJzufxm;aom
ok 0 P b l r d j ywd k u f w G i f cif ; usif ; jyoxm;ygonf /
tkwfcGufkyfyGm; qif;wk rsm;onf b*Fvm;a'o Ad[me,f(emvEm)? ygv-aoeacwf c&pf 9 &mpk
ESpv
f uf&m[efrsm; jzpfygonf/ yk*w
H iG f trsm;tjym;awG&Y tcsKd u
Y yk*aH cwftaxmuftxm;[k qkMd uygonf/
xdkif;(,dk;',m;) EdkifiHwGif 'Gg&0wDacwf (6 &mpkESpf - 10 &mpk) taxmuftxm;[k owfrSwfonf/
&efatmifjrifapwD wnf&mukef;ESifU wpfwef;wnf;&Sdaom ajrjyifESifU qufpyfaeaom eef;awmf&m ESifU
a&Tpm&Hy&0kPftMum; ta&SYbufydkif;rSmvnf; oxHkacwfu bmoma&;tqmufttHkrsm;wnfxm;cJUrnf[k
,lq&ygonf/
- 256 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
Al;bk&m;apwD
a&Tpm&Hy&0kPf\ taemufbufuyfvsuf armfawmfum;vrf;jcm;NyD; Al;bk&m;apwDudk zl;awGYEdkif\/
oxHkNrdKYaps;BuD;ESifU um;*dwfwdkhtMum; acsmifususwnfae wdrfjrKyfae\/ ,ckvnf; 'g,umwdkhu bufpHk
rGrf;rHxm;&SdNyDjzpfonf/ yk*Hu Al;bk&m;uJUodkh ykHpHrsKd;r[kwf/ 4if;trnfESifUvnf;rqdkifay/ rlvu ]bDvl;
&efatmifapwD}[k orkwfcJUonf[kqdk\/ apwDtysuftpD;udk NcKHEG,f&Sif; a':Al;qdkolu rGrf;rHay; cJUojzifU
]Al;bk&m;} trnfwGifonf[k qdk\/ &efatmifjrifbk&m;ESifU 4if;ywf0ef;usifrS bk&m;a[mif;rsm;uJUodkhyif
oxHkacwftaqmufttkHa[mif;wpfck jzpfEdkifygonf/
eef;awmfO;D bk&m;
,ckoxkHNrdKY ckdifaq;kHBuD;0if;\ awmifbufuyfvsufvrf;jcm; wnfaeaomapwDBuD;wpfql
jzpfonf/ eef;awmfOD;bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if;ESifU wpfwef;wnf;&Sd\/ eef;awmfa[mif;ae&mteD;rSmyifawG Y
eef;ODapwD[kac:aMumif; oxkH&mZ0ifuqdkygonf/ ,ckoxkHNrdKYa[mif; (ok"ryl&)rwnfcifu ok"r0wD(okbEd e *&)NrKd b
Y &k if "rZ&mZm-ok0Prif;Bu;D vufxuf? omoemESpf (128)ckEpS w
f iG f xkrd if;Bu;D \ orD;awmf
(eef;OD;oD&d)&aom bk&m;qHawmfESpfqludkxmyem wnfonf[kqdk\(oxkH&mZm0if?pm-69)/ oxkH(ok"ryl&)
NrdKYukd omoemESpf (161)ckESpfusrS Oya'0rif;uwnfcJUjcif;jzpf apwDuNrdKYxuf(33)ESpfapmonf[k wGuf
,l&\/ xdkapwDtysuftpD;udk ukdvdkeDacwfOD; 1869 ckESpfwGif oxkHaumfr&Sifemrif;BuD;rpwmpdefh*Ref;
pwif awG&Y cdS o
UJ nf/ 4if;u eef;awmfO;D bk&m;[l ac:cyUJ gonf/ ,ck apwDbed yfawmfEiS Uf av;axmifyU p,mwdrhk mS
(a&S;a[mif;)*0Htkwfcsyf rsm;ukd awGYEdkifygonf/ eeffawmfukef;\ taemufbufNrdKY wHwdkif;t&ma[mif;ESifU
usKH Y a [mif ; ud k , ck r awG Y & awmU ojzif U ,ck e ef ; awmf O D ; apwD \ ta&S Y b uf u yf v suf ae&mwG i f
awmifESifUajrmufwef;vsuf epfjrKyfaernf[k cefhrSef;&ygonf/ ajrmufbufESifU ta&SYbuf eef;awmfusKH;ESifU
NrdKYkd;a[mif;ae&mukdrl ,ckckdifkH;ae&mteDwGif awGY&ygao;onf/
jroydwaf wmifay:apwD
oxkNH rKd Y jroydwaf wmifay:apwDonf aTpm&HapwDBu;D uJo
U yhkd if xif&mS ;aom ajrjyiftrSwt
f om;wpfck
jzpfygonf/ ay (700)ausmfjrifUawmifay:wGif wnfxm; ay:vGifonf/ awmifwef;wpfavQmuf oxHk
auvmoapwD? v0apwD? bk&m;ig;qlapwDrsm;ESifU wpfwef;wnf;&Sdonf/ jroydwfawmifay:apwDrS
taemufbufr;D &xm;vrf;txd ajrjyifrmS oxkNH rKd aY [mif;e,fajr[l owfrw
S Ef ikd yf gonf/ tjcm;xif&mS ;aom
trSwftom;udk azmfjyyg&aomf oxkHrD;&xm;blwmkHrS ta&SYbuf jroydwfawmifajc&if; bk&m;rkcfOD;odkh
azmufxm;aom NrKd w
Y iG ;f vrf;onf oxkNH rKd aY [mif;ukd ajrmufyikd ;f ESiaUf wmifyikd ;f ESpyf ikd ;f tnDtrQ cJjG crf;xm;ouJo
U hkd
&Sd\/ ok"ryl& oxkHNrdKYrwnfaxmifrd ok"r0wD(okbdEe*&) NrdKY wnfpOftcguyif jroydwfapwDukd
wnfaxmifcUJaMumif; oxkH&mZ0ifuqdkonf/ rlvu ]od*Feduf} apwD trnfwGifonf[kqdk\/ (oxkH
&mZ0if? pm-69) qHawmf? oGm;awmfrsm; xmyem wnfxm;onfU wefcdk;BuD;bk&m;wpfql jzpfygonf/
jroydwaf pwDwnfxm;&m jroydwaf wmifwef;onf NrKd aY [mif;\ ta&SY NrKd Y ;dk wpfxyf toGiu
f adk qmif\/
NrKd Y ;dk qko
d nfrmS umuG,af &;twGuf NrKd w
Y iG ;f rSNrKd Y jyifot
hkd ay:p;D rS vSr;f Munf&U ef? tapmift
U aecsxm;&ef &nf,
G f
&if;jzpfonf/ jroydwfawmifwef;onf tjrifUay(700)cefhom&Sd twuftqif;rcufay/ NrdKYta&SYbuf?
taemufbuftm;vk;H ukd tay:p;D jrifuiG ;f aumif;onf/ awmifcu
G v
f yfwiG f ajrSx
d m;aom avSum;xpfo@ef
- 257 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ajrjyefrh mS vnf; awmifaf y: NrKd Y ;dk wpfxyfozG,f wnf&adS eygonf/ auvmo(bD;vif;)awmifwiG f tjrifaU y(500)
txd awmifay:(ausmufw;Hk pD)NrKd Y ;dk rsm;ukad wG&Y ojzifU oxkNH rKd aY [mif;wGiv
f nf; NrKd w
Y nfonft
U cg awmifapmmif;
awmifxdyf ae&mrsm;ukdygrusef NrdKYtpDtrHjyKaMumif; ,kHMunf&\/ ,ck oxkHNrdKYa[mif; ta&SYNrdKYkd;ukd ESpf
xyfcefhomawGY&NyD;? ajrmufbufESifU taemufajrmufbufwGif NrdKYkd;ig;xyfcefhawGY&\/ ,ckta&SYNrdKYkd;ESpfxyf
uko
d mru awmifay:EiS aUf wmifapmif;NrKd Y ;dk ygxnfw
U u
G v
f Qif NrKd yY wfvnf NrKd Y ;kd a[mif;ta&twGuf nDw
G o
f mG ;p&m
&Sdonf/
bk&m;uke;f a[mif;rsm;
oxHkNrdKY bifvdkif&yfuGuf bk&m;ukef;ESifU tkwfcsyferlemrsm;

oxkNH rKd aY [mif;awmifyikd ;f bifvidI &f yfuu
G u
f dk uGi;f qif;onft
U cg a':rwift
U rd Nf c0H if;twGi;f bk&m;uke;f
a[mif;ukad wG&Y Ny;D vufa&;pif;tkwef rlem;rsm; aumuf,&l onf/ 4if;bk&m;uke;f onf ajrjyifrt
S jrifU 16aycef?h
tcsif; 22aycefhtG,f&Sdonf/ eHab;wGif 0gkHrsm;aygufvsuf? tkyfrdk;xm;ojzifU jrifuGif;rS uG,faysmufvsuf
&Sdonf/ ukef;\ta&SYajrmufbufwGif tkwfwHwdkfif;wpfck ukef;ay:odkha&mufvsufaeonf/ tkwfcsyferlemrsm;\
tG,ftpm;rSm txl 2 1^2vufrESifU 3vufr? trsKd;tpm;yifjzpfygonf/ teH6 1^2? 7vufrESifU 81^2
vufrpD&dSMu tvsm;rnfrQ&Sdr nfrod&yg/ erlemaumuf,lcJUaomtkwfjym;av;jym;pvkH;rSm vufpif;aMumif;
trSwfyg&Sdonf/
oxHkNrdKY bifvdkif&yfuGufrS xGufay:aeaom tkwfdk;wef;wpfck

bifvidI &f yfuu
G f OD;uGeyf g? OD;ajc? a':jrwif? a':oif;aqGw\
hkd tdraf jc&if;wGif tkwf ;dk wef;wpfcu
k adk wGY
&ojzifU tkwfcsyferlemrsm;aumuf,ljcif;? tkwfukef;udkrSwfwrf;wifjcif; jyKygonf/
- 258 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
1/ tvsm; 15 1^2 vufr _teH 7 1^2vufr _txl3vufr

2/ tvsm; 161^2 vufr _teH 7 1^2vufr _txl3vufr
3/ tvsm; 16vufr _teH8vufr _txl3vufr
tG,ftpm;&SdMuonf/ 4if;tkwfcsyfrsm;wGif vufa&;pif;trSwftom;rsm;udk ppfaq;awGY&Sdonf/
bifvIdif&yfuGufta&SYydkif;?bifvIdifprf;acsmif;\ta&SYbufwGif OD;n0g? a':at;cdkif? a':ykH? OD;wl;wdkhNcH
rsm;ESifU 4if;wdkhteD;ywf0ef;usifwGif tkwfcsyftptersm;xGufay:vsufawGY&ojzifU erlemaumuf,lcJUonf/
tkwfcsyfxGufay:aeonfUajrjyifonf &Gmvrf;xuf 4aycefhydk jrifUvsuf? opfyif ?0g;yifrsm;zkH;tkwfxm;onf/
vrf;ab;wpfavsmuf? vrf;ESpfzufvkH;ay 700 cefhtuGmta0;wGif tkwfkd;tkwfprsm;udk awGY&yg;onf/
erlemaumuf,l&aom tkwftaumif;wpfcsyfrSm
tvsm; 18vufr _ teH10 1^2vufr _ txl3vufr t&G,f&Sdonf/ tusKd;ydkif;ESpfckwdkhrSm
1/ tvsm;(tusKd;)8 1^2vufr_teH6 1^2vufr_txl2 1^2vufr
1/ tvsm;(tusKd;) _teH10 1^2vufr_txl3vufr t&G,ftpm;rsm;jzpfMu\/
tkwfcsyfwdkif;wGif vufa&;pif;aMumif;rsm;yg&Sdonf/
oxHkNrdKY ausmufpmHkrS Mwyf? y@dwfESifUanmif0dkif;ausmufpmwdkifrsm;
a&S;a[mif;ausmufpmcsyfrsm;
oxkNH rKd aY [mif; acwfNyKd iaf usmufpmrsm;udk aTpm&Hb&k m;y&0kPw
f iG f odr;f qnfxm;\/ ta&;tBu;D qk;H
ausmufpmokH;csyf&Sdygonf/ tm;vkH;rSm zwfr&atmif yGef;wD;ae\/ wpfcsyfvkH;zwfr&atmifysufpD;aeaom
ausmufpmwpfcsyfwGif ]<urf;}(aMumif;a&-36)? ]oQrf;}(aMumif;a&-42)wdkhudk a&S;rGefbmomjzifUawGY&
jrefrm&mZm0ifxu
J *Rr;f ESi&Uf rS ;f wdu
hk kd &nfeT ;f ovm;xif&\/ 'kw,
d ausmufpmwpfcsyf (Mwmyfausmufpm)rSm
txufae&m xdkifawmfrlkyfyGm;okH;qlygonf/ (tv,fql wyfysOfacGxkdifvsuf? o&zlaqmif;xm;onf/
ab;ESpfqlrSm tv,fr@dKifukd ausmuyfvsuf ajcqif;xkdifonf)/ atmufydkif;pm a&S;rGefbmomrSm a0g[m&
pum;tcsKdY v0? <urf;? ZA wdkhrSm 0? *Rrf;ESifU *smAm;vlrsKd;wdkh jzpfrnf[k ,lqonf/ wwd,ausmufpm
(y@dwfausmufpm)rSm 'kwd,ausmufpmuJUodkhyif ygVdESifUa&S;rGefbmom a&mpyfvsuf&Sdonf/ bk&ifwpfyg;\
trnfESifU 4if;\bJGYawmfemr&SnfBuD;udk azmfjyNyD;? jynfolrsm;u rif;BuD;tm; tkdtaojyKykH? rif;BuD;onf
- 259 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
]Mwyf}t&Sio
f cif jzpfonft
U jyif?]y@dw}f ynm&Sv
d nf;jzpfy?Hk pnfBu;D ukw
d ;D (rif;Bu;D tm;) wpfceJ uf cs;D ajrm ufyHk
wdkhyg&Sdonf/ bk&if\bGJYawmftrnfajcmufBudrfyg&Sd\/
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- 262 -
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- 263 -
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- 264 -
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awmfrSm OmPfawmf 15 vufr (45 pifwDrDwm) t&G,f&Sdygonf/ tdEd,EdkifiH? *kyacwfvuf&mjzpfaMumif;
ynm&Sifwdkh cefhrSef;aomaMumifU c&pfESpfESpf 4 &mpkrS 7 &mpktxd a&S;usrnfU taxmuftxm;yifjzpfonf/
a&Tjym;ay:wGif qkay;[efazmif;<ucyfESdyfxm;aom Ak'kyfyGm;awmfESpfqludkvnf; oxHkNrdKY orD;awmf
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cEmudk,fjynfUNzdK;wkwfcdkifonfUtoGif&SdNyD; rsufESmawmfcyf0dkif;0dkif;rSm jyHKawmfrl[ef&Sdonf/ OD;acgif;xuf
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- 266 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
wGJavmif;csxm;NyD; vuf0g;udk tjyifodkh xkwfxm;vsuf 0&'rkj'm[ef&Sdonf/ b,fvufawmfrSm wawmif

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tvdyfo@mefrsdK;&Sdonf/ nmvufawmfonf txufodkhauG;vsuf tb,rkj'm[ef&SdNyD; b,fvufawmfudk
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kyfyGm;awmfESifUtoGifwlygonf/ *kywacwfvuf&mrsm;[k ,lq&ojzifU a&Tjym;kyfyGm;awmfwdkhrSm c&pfESpf
5 &mpkESpfxufydk rapmEdkifaMumif; tuJjzwfcJUMuygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHESifU tdrfeD;csif; xdkif;EdkfifiHzufwGifrl
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ta&Sb
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tr&0wDkyfyGm;awmfonf OmPfawmf(11)vufr
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tr&0wD(A maravati)wGif xGe;f um;cJaU om tEkynmvuf&m
[ef jzpfaMumif;od&ygonf/
- 267 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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ta&SaY wmiftm&Sa'owGif tr&0wDacwf aMu;qif;wkrsm;udk xdik ;f Edik if t

H aemufawmifyikd ;f 'g&G 0wD
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awmfrSmrl wGJavmif;usvQuf 0&'rkj'm[eftjzpf topfjyKjyifxm;aMumif; od&\/ rlvtwdkif;qdk vQif
4if;nmvufrkj'monf wHawmifqpfrStxufodkhauG; vuf0g;udkaxmifum tjyifodkhxkwfxm;om
tb,rkj'm[efjzpfzG,f&Sd\/ &yfawmfrl[efonf udk,fudkEGTJ b,fodkhtenf;i,fudkif;NyD; cg;udkwpfqpfcsdK;xm;
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tm&Sa'orS awGY&NyD;orQ tr&0wDkyfyGm;awmfrsm;twdkif; tppwlnDaeNyD; oD[dkVf(oD&dvuFm)rl&if;?
tr&0wDkyfyGm;awmfESifU ydkeD;pyfpGm wlnDrI&Sdonf/ odkhjzpff oxHk? eef;awmf&mausmif; wdkufrS
tr&0wDvuf&mAk'kyfyGm;awmfonf oxHka'owGifomru? jrefrmEdkifiHwpfckvHk;wGifyg a&S;tusqHk;kyfyGm;
awmfwpfqljzpfaMumif; awGY&ygonf/
oxHkrS awGY&aom tkwfcGwfkyfyGm;awmftcsdKY
- 268 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
tkwfcGufkyfyGm;awmfrsm;
tEd,EdkifiH? AD[me,f? Ak'*g,ma'owGif xGef;um;cJUaom ygvESifUaoeacwf (8-11 -&mpkESpf)
vuf&mjzpftkwfcGufkyfyGm;awmfrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHoa&acw&mNrdKYa[mif;ESifU yk*HNrdKYa[mif;wdkhwGifvnf;aumif;?
xdkif;EdkifiH 'Gg&0wDacwf NrdKYa[mif;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; awGY&avU&SdaMumif; od&ygonf/ yk*HacwfwGif 4if;
tkwfcGufrsdK;xif;&Sm;aom erlemwpfckrSm tedk'a'0(taemf&xm)rif;trnf yg&SdaomyHkpHrsdK;yifjzpfonf/
rsufESmbufwGif Ak'*g,m 0wfausmif;BuD;twGif; blrdzrkj'mtjzpf xuf0,fzGJYacGxdkifawmfrlykHyg&SdNyD;?
aAm"dyifEiS aUf &Tyv
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trsdK;tpm;udkawGY&\/ wGHaw;e,f? armif'Dbk&m;wGif taemf&xmtrnfjzifU tkwfcGufrsdK;udkawGY&jzifU
atmufjrefrmEdkifiH wGHaw;a'otxd taemf&xma&mufcJUrnf[k ,lqonf/ xdktkwfcGufrsdK;udk oxHkwGif
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oxHkNrdKYa[mif;wGifvnf; a&S;a[mif;tkwfcGufkyfyGm;awmfrsm; rMumcP awGY&SdcJU&zl;ygonf/ oxHkNrdKY
odru
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rsm;u trSwf(2) txu ausmif;0if;twGif; tdrfomusif;twGuf ajrwl;pOf ta&twGufwpfaxmifeD;yg;rQ
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ausmif;q&mrwdkh\ ajymjycsuft& rdk;wGif;tcg ausmif;0if;ajrjyifrS a&pD;aMumif;rsm;wGif tkwfcGufi,frsm;
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oxHkNrdKYa[mif;udk uGif;qif;olrsm;teufrS 1892 ckESpfwGif a&muf&SdcJUol ar*smtm&fpDwify,f\
tpD&ifcHpmwGif a&Tpm&Hbk&m;\ ta&SYbuf (,ck txu(2)ESifh tvu(1)ae&m)wGif apwDa[mif;
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tpD;onf acwfopfoxHkNrdKYBuD;atmufwGif epfjrKyfaeqJ&Sdrnf[k arQmfvifU&ygonf/ ,ckc&D;xGufumv
twGif;rSyif apwDa[mif;rsm;udk bifvdIif&yfuGufrSwpfql? atmufusif;&yfuGufrSwpfql rSwfwrf;wif&onf/
- 269 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
apwDwpfql\ atmufajcbdeyfawmf[k ,lq&aom tkwfdk;wpfydkif;udkvnf; bifbdIif&yfuGuf 0g;wef;vrf;?

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taqmufttH(k apwD)rsm; NrKd aY [mif;twGi;f tESt
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a&S;a[mif; aiG'*Fg;jym;rsm;
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odr;f qnf;xm;aom a&S;a[mif;aiG'*Fg;jym;udk awGcY &UJ onf/ usyjf ym;t&G,f ckoif;yHw
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wpfaxmifausmf awGYcJUaMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/ (udkudk? 1987? pm 23-25)/ ,ckaumhavomausmif;0if;
twGi;f apwDa[mif;jyKjyif&ef ajrwl;pOfawG&Y aom '*Fg;jym;ta&twGuf q,fjym;cefah wG&Y onf[k qdyk gonf/
rkwrauGY yifv,furf;dk;wrf;wpfavsmufwGif '*Fg;trsdK;tpm;udk ppfawmif;? usdKuom? 0if;u? oxHk?
aumhcyHk(rk'Hk) aumh[Aif(rk'Hk)paom a'orsm;wGif awGY&ao;aMumif; od&dS&ojzifU oxHka'orS ukefzvS,f
a&mif;0,frI taxmuftxm; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ysLacwfESifUacwfNydKif a&S;NrdKYa[mif;acwfwpfacwfxGef;
um;cJUyHkudkvnf;aumif; cefhrSef;&m taxmuftyHUjzpfapEdkifygonf/
oxHkNrdKY a*ghavomausmif;rS a&S;a[mif;aiG'*Fg;rsm;
a&mifpkH ausmufyw
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'*Fgjym;uJhodkhyif jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;rwifrDacwf ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;oHk;? ukefzvS,fypnf;wpfrsdK;rSm
a&mifpHkausmufykwD;aphrsm;yif jzpfMuygonf/ a&mifpHkausmufywD;apUrsm;onf a&T? aiG paom tzdk;wefykwD;
- 270 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
apUrsm;avmuf wefzdk;rBuD;aomfvnf; ukefzvS,fa&mif;0,f&m aiGaMu;tpm; toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ r[l&m

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jzpfonf/ ausmufacwfopfumvrSp aMu;acwfESifU oHacwfOD;umvtxd a&S;vlrsdK;wdkh toHk;jyKcJUMu
ojzifU jrefrmEdkifiHwGif awmiforef? AdEdk;? [efvif;? oa&acw&m paom a&S;a[mif;ae&mrsm;rS
wl;azmf awG&Y cdS yUJ gonf/ atmufjrefrmEdik if H oxHak 'owGif usKd uo
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jzpfaomfvnf; 4if;wdkhawGY&Sd&m ajrjyifwGif ausmufacwfopfrS aMu;acwfESifU oHacwfOD;umvtxd vlaerI
taxmuftxm;rsm; awGYEdkifao;aMumif; cefhrSef;&ygonf/
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awGY&Sd&aMumif; od&ygonf/ oxHka'o usdKuomNrdKYa[mif;rS BudwfqHkESifU 'vdrfhwHk;rsm;udk 2000 jynfUESpf
uGif;qif;c&D;wGif awGYcJU&ygonf/ (pH0if; 2004? pm 202 ykH? 14-c? 8? 15 u? c? *) ,ckuGif;qif;c&D;wGif
oxHkteD; uwdkufBuD;NrdKYa[mif;rS BudwfqHkwpfckudk rSwfwrf;wif&ygonf/ if;ypnf;udk NrdKYa[mif;tv,f
ydkif;rS ajrwl;pOfawGY&onf[k pHkprf;od&dS&ygonf/
usdKuom(ravmhacsmif OD;pH0if;tdrf&Sdonf)
- 271 -
uwdkufBuD; (bkef;BuD;ausmif;&Sdonf)
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ajrxnfypn;f (td;k uG)J rsm;

ajrxnfypnf;? tdk? tif? cGuf? a,mufrsm;onf a&S;acwfvlwdkh aehpOfoHk;0wKypnf;rsm; jzpf
tajrmuftrsm;awGYEdkifNyD; acwfudkcGJjcm;owfrSwf&m toHk;0ifygonf/ ,ckuGif;qif;c&D;pOfwGif oxHkNrdKYwGif
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rSm oa&acw&mtdk;rsm;ESifU qifwlygonf/ qifjzLuRef;&GmrS pkaqmif;cJUaom tdk;uGJrSm teDa&mif; ajymifacsm
tdk;rsdK;jzpfonf/ tdk;om;aqG;ajrYrI tajctaet& a&S;usrnf[k ,lq&onf/
r&rf;uke;f &Gm blwif;acsmifrS td;k i,fEpS v
f ;kH (tuGyJ ikd ;f rsm;)udk pkaqmif;&&Scd yUJ gonf/ tdrw
f ikd u
f si;f wl;pOf
ajratmufwpfayteufrS awGY&aMumif; od&\/ tdk;tBuD;(tjrifU 4 vufr)\ ab;om;wGif rsOf;tajzmifUay:
axmifvu
kd rf sO;f wdk oH;k acsmif; tajcwpfcw
k nf;rS aepG,u
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k akd wG&Y onf/ tv,frsO;f aMumif;
wGif twufuav;wpfckyg&dSonf/ tdk;i,f(tjrifU 3 vufr)\ tajcatmufbufwGifvnf; tvm;wlwH
qdyftrSwftom;udk a&;jc,fxm;onf/ tdk;om;rmaMum ajymifacsmjzpfNyD; tndKa&mif&Sdonf/ tdk;rsm;udk
rMumcPwl;azmf&&SdcJUaomfvnf; dkufcGJ pGefhypfcJUMuonf[k pHkprf;od&Sd&ygonf/
oxHk?bifvdIif&yf tdk;uGJrsm;
r&rf;ukef;? blwif;acsmif tdk;uGJrsm;
ausmufacsmvufeufypn;f rsm;
ausmufacsmacwfESifU ausmufacwfopf(Neolithic)umvonf vGefcJUaom tESpfwpfaomif;rS
av;axmifceft
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oGm;[kac:aom ausmufacsmacwfvufeufud&d,mrsm;udk ajray:rSmyif awGY&avU&dS\/ usdKuom? 0if;u
tp&Sdaom NrdKYa[mif;ae&mrsm;wGif ausmufrkd;BudK;oGm;rsm; awGYzl;ygonf/ (pH0if;? 2004? pm? 202? yHk? 14
u)/ ,ckuGif;qif;tzGJY r&rf;ukef;&Gmodkh a&muf&SdpOf &Gmom;rsm; aumuf,lpkaqmif;xm;aom ausmufvuf
ewfud&d,m 4 ckudk pkaqmif;&&SdcJUygonf/ 4if;wdkhteuf tvsm;wpfayausmft&Snf&Sdaom ausmufeuf
eufrSm toGm;wpfzufudk yJuGyf? wHpnf;uJhodkh tacsmaoG;xm;onfU ud&d,mwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ usefaom
oHk;ckwdkhrSm trif;rygaom ykqdefoGm; okhdr[kwf aqmufoGm;vufeufi,frsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ausmuf
vufeufrsm;awG&Y aom ae&mrSm vGecf aUJ om(10)ESpcf efu
h wl;ajrmif;wpfck azmufvyk cf NUJ y;D xdw
k ;l ajrmif;urf;yg;
ESpfzufwGif rdk;wGif;tcgausmufvufeufESifU tdk;jcrf;uGJrsm; ay:xGufvmonf[kqdkygonf/ &Gmom;OD;odef;vGif
qdo
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aumuf,lodrf;qnf;xm;cJUonf/ 2005ckESpfwGif ordkif;okawoeuGif;qif;tzGJY r&rf;ukef;odkY&mufvmpOf
- 272 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ausmufvufeuf ud&d,mrsdK;pHk (137)ckudk ay;tyfcJUonf/ 4if;ypnf;rsm;udk orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;XmewGif

odrf;qnf;xm;vsuf &Sdygonf/
vufa&;pif;trSwftom;yg ajrtkwfcsyfrsm;
*0Htkwfcsyfrsm;ESifhtwl yl;wGJ ajrrD;zkwftkwfcsyfrsm;udk oxHkNrdKYdk;rsm;? taqmufttHkukef;a[mif;
rsm;rS awGY&onfUteuf vufa&;pif;trSwftom;ygonfU tkwfcsyf(tusdK;ydkif;)rsm;tm; rSwfwrf;wif&onf/
oxHkNrdKYa[mif;taemufydkif;? eef;cJ&yfuGuf? uGufopfydkif;ae ajrwl;vkyfom; OD;ukvm;(ac:)OD;rsdK;vGifonf
4if;uGufopfydkif; wrDvfumvDr,fawmfbk&m;ausmif;0if;twGuf a&uef(tiSm;)wl;azmfpOf ajrmufatmuf
ajcmufaycefhteufrS tkwfdk;wef;wpfydkif;udk wl;azmfawGY&SdcJUaMumif;? tkwfdk;tus,f ig;aycefh? tkwfvTmoHk;
vTmcefh wl;azmfcJU&aMumif; pHkprf;od&Sd&ygonf/ 4if;tkwfdk;rS tkwfcsyftusdK;tydkif;tcsdKYudk rdrdaetdrfa&SYwGif
vrf;cif;&ef o,f,cl o
UJ nfco
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udk erlemaumuf,lonfUtcg 1
(1) tvsm;(tusdK;) 7 2--1 vufr (19 pifwDrDwm) _ teH 8 -2 vufr (21 .5 pifwDrDwm)
_ txl 3 vufr ( 7 .5 pifwDrDwm) ab;apmif;vufpif; 2 pif;? 3 pif; /
(2) tvsm;(tusdK;) 6 2--1 vufr (19 pifwDrDwm) _ teH 8 .7 vufr (22 pifwDrDwm)
- 273 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
vufa&G;pif;tkw(f bD;vif;ukoed mH)k

"gwyf kH - OD;rsKd ;wifMU unf
vufa&G;pif;tkwf(uwdkufuav;)
vufa&G;pif;tkwf(aumhu'Gwf?cifav;jzLjcH)
vufa&G;pif;tkw(f jrovGe?f jroydwaf wmif)
- 274 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
pH0if; (1968) rS ul;,lazmfjyonf
- 275 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
1
tvsm;(tusdK;) 7 2--1 vufr (19 pifwDrDwm) _ teH 7 -2 vufr (19 pifwDrDwm)
1
_ txl 2 -2 vufr ( 7 pifwDrDwm) ab;apmif;vufpif; 3 pif;? 3 pif; /
1
(4) tvsm;(tusdK;) 6 .1 vufr (16 pifwDrDwm) _ teH 8 -2 vufr (21 .5 pifwDrDwm)
awG&Y ygonf/ tusKd ;tydik ;f rsm;jzpf yuwdtvsm;udk rod&aomfvnf; 18 vufr (44 pifwrDwm)
t&G,ftpm;&dSygrnf/ 4if;erlem tkwfjym;av;jym;udk bifvdIif;&yfuGuf &,u Ou| OD;oef;atmifxH
tyfESH xm;ygonf/
(3)
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oxHkNrdKY teD;ywf0ef;usifwGif awGY&Sd&aoma&S;NrdKYa[mif;rsm;udk acwfESpfacwfcGJjcm;Edkifygonf/ rkwr
acwf (yk*HvGefumv) NrdKYa[mif;rsm;ESifh oxHkacwf (yk*HrwdkifrDumv) NrdKUa[mif;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ yxr
tkyfpkNrdKYa[mif;rsm;onf c&pf 13&mpkESpfu xlaxmifcJhaom rkwrNrdKYa[mif;\ t&HapmifhcHwyfNrdKYrsm;yifjzpf
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aumh? &if;NidrfNrdKYa[mif;rsm;yif jzpfMu\/ rkwr 32 NrdKYpm&if;0if NrdKUa[mif;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/
'kwd, tkyfpkNrdKYa[mif;rsm;onf rkwr 32 NrdKYacwfxufapmNyD; ysLacwfESifhacwfNydKif? oxHkacwf
NrdKYa[mif;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/ oxHkcdkiftwGif;rS usdKuom(tapmydkif;)? auvmoawmifajc&if;rS 0if;u?
Zkwfokwf? bD;vif;?jrpfteD;rS uwdkufuav;? uwdkufBuD;? r&rf;ukef; paomNrdKYa[mif;rsm;jzpfMu\/ 4if;wdkY
a&S;usaMumif; taxmuftxm;udk vufa&;pif;tkwfcsyfawGY&SdrIt& qHk;jzwf&jcif;jzpfygonf/
NrdKYwnfyHkpHpepfrSmvnf; rkwracwfNrdKUa[mif;rsm;ESifrwlyJ NrdKUdk;ESifhusHK;xyfrsm;rsm;wnfxm;onf/
Oyrm usKd uo
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onf/ 4if;A[drk @dKiu
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wnfyHktwdkif; wnfxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
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taMumif;udk awGY&ygonf/ Ak'usrf;pmrsm;twdkif; jrefrmwdkYvdkufemcJhMuaom pBuFm0Vmqdkif&m t,ltq
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A[dkwlpuf0ef;rsm;o@mef awmifwef;BuD;ckepfxyfwdkYonf urmBuD;udk 0dkif;&Hxm;\/ jrpfBuD;ckepfwefwdkYu
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ta,miftjzpf opfyifBu;D wpfyifpaD yguaf eaom uRe;f Bu;D av;uRe;f ESihf 4if;wdw
Yk nfaeonfh r[mork'& mBu;D
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jAKAm 0da'[uRe;f ESihf taemuft&yfrS ty&a*g,meuRe;f wdYk jzpfMu\/ xdu
k Re;f Bu;D wpfuRe;f pDwiG f uRe;f i,faygi;f
- 276 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
(500)pD &HaeMuonf/ uRef;BuD;rsm;\ yHko@mefwdkYrSmvnf; rwlMuay/ ajrmufuRef;onf av;axmifhyHk?

awmifuRef;onf rSefuluGufyHk? ta&SUuRef;onf puf0dkif;jcrf;yHkESifh taemufuRef;onf t0dkif;yHk&Sdonf[k
qdkygonf/
uJhodkY urmavmuBuD;wnf[efudk rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfBuD;wGif atmufygtwdkif;azmfjyxm;onf/
xdkol(jA[m)wdkY\ bkef;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? jzpfNrJaom "rwmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? twGif;um;a&T?
tyum;zeftwdNyD;aom tcsif;,lZemig;q,f? t0ef;,lZem wpf&mYig;q,f&Sdaom bmPk&mZm
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Ydk nf
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tp&Sdaom NrdKY\t*Fgckepfyg;? NrdKY\tpmav;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaom rv
vwdkif;? uko0wDjynfudk wnf
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r[morwrif;\ tpOftquf 28 yg;aomrif;wdkYpdk;pHMu\/ xdkrif;wdkYrS Oaygoxrif;\ om;awmf
rEwfrif;onf uRef;i,fESpfaxmift&H&Sdaom uRef;BuD;av;uRef; pMum0aw;rif;pnf;pdrfudk cHpm;&onf/
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Am&mPoDjynf? uyvjynf? [wdyk&jynf? {upuKjynf? 0ZD&rkwjynf? r'k&jynf? t&dEyl&jynf? Eywjynf?
aumorDjynf? prjynf? rd"dvmjynf? &mZN*dKvfjynf? wuodkvfjynf? ukodemHkjynfponfhjzifh tpOftquf
wnfaxmifMuNyD;aemuf Mouu&mZfrif;BuD;\ om;awmf? orD;awmfwdkYonf uydv0wfjynfudk wnfaxmif
Muonf[kqdk\/ uydv0wfjynf oka'g'erif;BuD;om;awmfonf bk&m;avmif;od'wukrm&jzpf r[m
orwrif;rS bk&m;avmif;od'wfrif;wdkif? oHk;odef;oHk;aomif;av;axmifhig;&majcmufusdyfudk;a,muf aomrif;
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Ykd nf pMum0Vmudk
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NrdKUeef;rsm;udkvnf; pBuFm0Vmwnf[ef twdkif;wnfcJhMuonf[k qdkygonf/
tdEd,rS NrdKYwnfeef;wnf"avh jrefrmEdkifiHodkhjyefYESHha&muf&SdvmyHkudkvnf; odkYawGY&ygonf/ uyd
- 277 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
v0wf? a'0[ESifh aumvd,oHk;jynfaxmifrS ousomuD0ifrif;wdkYonf yOmv&mZfrif;wdkYESifh ppfBuD;rsm;jzpf

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- 278 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
uwdu
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tif;teD;wGif [&do&blrd ok"rm0wDESifhwdkufukvm;NrdKYa[mif;teD;wGif ok0Pblrd? ok"r0wDNrdKYrsm;udk
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i,faeygonf/ uwdkufuav;onf 35 {ucefYrQom&Sd oxHkxuftq (20)rQi,f\/ uwdkufBuD;onf
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ta&SYajrmufbuf awmifukef;wGifvnf; av;axmifhNrdKYdk;wpfxyfcefYywfvnf&Hvsuf&SdEdkifygao;onf/
- 279 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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uwdkufBuD;onfvnf; tvsm;ykwdkwkdESifU ajcz0g;yHk&Sd\/ ajcOD;ajrmufbufodkhvSnfU ajczaESmifhonf
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- 280 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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oxHk qifjzLuRe;f rS awG&Y aom a&mifpkH ausmufywD;aphrsm;

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- 281 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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- 282 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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- 283 -
ok 0 P bl rd
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jrefrmEdik if H ysLNrdKaY [mif;rsm;ESiUf EIid ;f ,SOjf cif;

jrefrmEdik if w
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ysLNrKd aY [mif;rsm; rawG&Y ay/ od&Yk mwGif ysLNrKd aY [mif;Bu;D rsm;wGif awG&Y &dS aom vufa&;pif;trSwt
f om;yg
ajrrD;zkwt
f w
k cf syrf sm;udk oxHNk rKd aY [mif; twGi;f NrKd Y ;kd uke;f ? taqmufttHu
k ek ;f ESihf tjyifbuf&cdS w
H yfrsm;wGif
awG&Y &dS jcif;? '*Fg;? ykw;D aphrsm;udk awG&Y &dS jcif;wdahk Mumifh oxHNk rKd aY [mif;onf ysLacwfNrKd aY [mif;rsm;ESihf acwfNyKd if
jzpfaeonf[k qdk&ayrnf/
- 284 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ajrrD;zkwu
f acsonf (MuKH w)l
ajrrD;zkwu
f acsonf (0if;u)
ajrrD;zkwfkyf<utydkif;usdK;(0if;u)
ajrrD;zkwfkyf<utydkif;usdK;(MuHKwl)
- 285 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
teD;0ef;usifrS NrdKYa[mif;rsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfjcif;

oxHak 'owGif oxHNk rKd aY [mif;wpfcw
k nf;om wnf&cdS o
hJ nfr[kwyf J ysLNrKd aY [mif;rsm;ESihf acwfNyKd if
[k,q
l &aom NrKd aY [mif;ae&mrsm;pGm&Syd gonf/ if;wkrhd mS usKd uo
m? Zkwo
f w
k Ef iS hf prge*d&k (f vuGe;f Asn;f ) NrKd Y
a[mif;Bu;D rsm;? aumhxif;? vdycf ;kH ? r&rf;uke;f (qdwu
f Re;f )? uwdu
k Bf u;D ? uwdu
k u
f av; paom NrKd aY [mif;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ xdNk rKd aY [mif;rsm;\ NrKd Y ;kd rsm;ESihf taqmuftOD; uke;f a[mif;rsm; ysLNrKd aY [mif;rsm;wGif awG&Y aom
vufa&;piftrSwt
f om;yg ajrrDzw
k f tkwcf syrf sm;? '*Fg;? ykw;D aphrsm;udk awG&Y &dS onf/ xdaYk Mumifh atmuf
jrefrmEdik if H oxHak 'oonf txufjrefrmEdik if H ysLNrKd aY [mif;rsm;ESihf acwfNyKd ix
f eG ;f um;cJaU om a'owpfck
jzpfEikd yf gonf/ a'otwGi;f wpfpw
k pfa0;wnf;awG&Y aom NrKd aY [mif;Bu;D rsm;ESihf NrKd aY [mif;i,frsm;udw
k pfNyKd if
wnf;wnfcjUJ cif;xuf wpfae&mNy;D wpfae&m a&TaY jymif;wnfaxmifjcif;rsKd ;vnf; &SEd ikd yf gonf/ xdahk MumifU
acwfumvtm;jzifU &Snv
f sm;aom oufwrf;udak zmfeT ;f vQu&f o
dS nf/ od&Yk mwGif oxHak 'otwGi;f a&S;a[mif;
okawoewl;azmfrIvkyfief;rsm;udk ,cktcg pwifcgp tajctaeom&Sdao; oxHkacwfNrdKYa[mif;rsm;udk
wdusoufwrf;(Absolute Dating) ray;Edik af o;ay/
oxH(k ok0Pbrl )d acwf a&S;NrKd aY [mif;rsm;teuf oxHo
k nf aemuftusq;kH NrKd Y jzpfaMumif;? xdNk rKd Y
onf c&pf 1057 ckEpS f ysuo
f ek ;f oGm;cJaU Mumif;udk &mZ0ifrw
S w
f rf;rsm;t& od&&dS \/ Zkwo
f w
k ?f usKd uo
m?
uwdu
k f paomNrKd rY sm;taMumif; &mZ0ifrw
S w
f rf; rawG&Y awmhay/ ,if;wdo
hk nf oxHrk wdik rf u
D NrKd rY sm; jzpfz,
G &f dS
yg\/ oxHyk suNf y;D aemuf c&pf 13 &mpkwiG f rkwr NrKd Y qufvufxeG ;f um;cJo
h nf/ ,ck oxHek ,frS a*g?h aps;
roG,?f &if;Nird ?f td0?J tdAsp?f vuGe;f Asn;f ? 'H0k ef;? wdu
k u
f vm;(t&ufor)? ,if;tHEk iS hf ppfawmif;NrKd aY [mif;
rsm;onf rkwr NrKd &Y H (32)NrKd eY ,f pm&if;0ifNrKd rY sm;jzpfMuygonf/ ppfawmif;? wdu
k u
f vm;? aps;roG,Ef iS 'hf 0kH ef;
wd\
hk t&G,t
f pm;rSm oxHNk rKd EY iS Ehf iId ;f pmvQif tvGeaf o;i,fMu\/ useaf omNrKd rY sm;rSm NrKd Y ;kd NrKd w
Y myiftxift&Sm;
r&SMd uay/ xdahk Mumifh oxHo
k nf a'otwGi;f ay:viG x
f if&mS ;qH;k NrKd aY [mif;Bu;D wpfcjk zpfaMumif; awG&Y ygonf/
- 286 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
oxHkNrdKYwnfaom &ufpGJudk tpOftvmt& Ak'acwfESifh acwfNydKifjzpfonf[k qdkaomfvnf;
a&S;a[mif;okawoe taxmuftxm; rawGY&ao;ojzifh apmvGef;rnf[k xifygonf/ ,cktcsdeftxd
oxHNk rKd aY [mif;udk tcsed ,
f
l ususeewl;azmfoak woejyKvyk Ef ikd jf cif; r&Sad o;ojzifh wdus&ufpJG (Absolute
Y suo
f ek ;f aom &ufpu
JG rkd l "rapwDrif;\ yJc;l uvsmPD odraf usmufpm
Dating )udk rod&ao;ay/ oxHNk rKd y
azmfjycsut
f & c&pfEpS f 1057 (omoemESpf 1601 ckEpS ?f ou&mZf 419)jzpfaMumif;od&onf/ vuf&dS
oxHNk rKd aY [mif;\ NrKd Y ;kd ? NrKd w
Y mESiw
hf uG a&S;a[mif;omoedu t<uif;tuserf sm;? kyw
f ?k kyv
f ;kH ? ky0f uf?
pOfu
U iG ;f ? a&S;rGeaf usmufpm paomajrjyifawGY taxmuftxm;rsm;onf oxHNk rKd Y rysurf u
D ordik ;f taxmuf
txm;rsm;yif jzpfygonf/
oxH?k yJc;l ESihf oa&acw&m tp&Sad om atmufjrefrmEdik if w
H iG f awG&Y aom Ak'0 g'qdik &f m kyw
f ak wmf
rsm;rSm tdE,
d Edifk if H *kyw
acwf ( c&pf4 &mpk & &mpkEpS f )vuf&m[efrsm;omjzpf rsm;pGma&S;us[ef
vuPmr&SdaMumif;? xdkhjyif oxHkAk'omoemonf [dELt,l0g'aMumifh MoZmvTrf;rdk;aecJU[efwlaMumif;?
odjhk zpf ta&SaY wmiftm&Sohkd Ak'o
moem OD;pGmysEH ahHS &muf&v
dS mcJaU om ok0Pbrl t
d &yfonf oxHrk jzpfEikd f
aMumif; ordik ;f t,ltqwpf&yf &Scd yhJ gonf/ xdt
k ,ltqudk vufco
H rl sm;u oxH\
k a&S;usaom ordik ;f
[lonfrmS '@m&Drsm;udk tajccHxm;aom tpOftvm pGv
J ef;,HMk unfrrI sm;omjzpfonf[
l apm'u wufcUJ
Muygonf/ wu,f&adS eaom ordik ;f taxmuftxm;rsm;rSm c&pfEpS f (4 &mpk? 7 &mpk) taxmuftxm;rsm;
omjzpfonf[k wifjycJMU uonf/ oxHrk t
S r&0wDvuf&m[ef( c&pfEpS f 2 &mpkrS 5 &mpkEpS )f aMu;kyyf mG ;awmf
wpfqal wG&Y &dS jcif;aMumifh ,cifu oxHEk iS hf atmufjrefrmEdik if H *kyw
acwf (c&pf 4-7&mpkEpS )f taxmuf
txm;omawG&Y onf[al om ordik ;f t,ltqudk jyifqifEikd af yonf/ odMum;bk&m; pOfu
U iG ;f rsm;ESihf uvsmPD
odref rd w
d w
f ikd af usmufqpfyk rf sm;onf t&Sirf [mAk'a Cmo\ ygVt
d |uxmusr;f rsm;yg&adS om Ak'0 ifokyf
azmfZmwfuGufrsm;yifjzpf yk*HacwfwGif xdktpOftvmydkNyD; toHk;wGifus,fcJUaMumif;awGY&onf/ jrefrm
,Ofaus;rIwiG f Ak'0 ifZmwfawmfrsm;\ tcef;u@vGr;f rd;k xm;jcif;aMumifh [dEL jA[Pwd\
hk &mrm,eZmwf
awmfrsm;twGuf ae&mr&Sad y/ oxHo
k moemwGif [dEL MoZmvTr;f rd;k vQu&f o
dS nf[al om t,ltqrSm odMum;
bk&m;rSpOfu
U iG ;f ky<f ursm;udk od0ewfrif;ESihf &mrZmwfuu
G f okyaf zmfyrkH sm;tjzpf t"dyg ,af umuf rSm;,Gi;f cJU
jcif;aMumifhomjzpfaMumif; awGY&ygonf/
- 287 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHw
k iG f a&S;a[mif;rGeaf usmufpmrsm; t<uif;tuset
f csKd &Y MdS u\/ ,if;wdt
hk euf Mwmyfausmif;pmESiUf
y@dwfausmufpmwdkhwGif rukw[laom rif;trnfyg&Sd\/ NrdKYwnf? eef;wnfjcif;? cHwyfaqmufjcif;? t
apmift
h a&Smufrsm;xm; NrKd u
Y u
kd muG,&f jcif; ponfh taMumif;rsm; a&;xd;k xm;onfU xdak usmufpm\ txuf
ydik ;f yg|b
d mom pmaMumif;rsm;wGif ]tm'dumav&uy&l }[laom pmyd'k u
f kd awG&Y ojzifh oxHo
k nf a&S;vGe;f av
Ny;D aomuvm ]&uy&l }trnfjzifU wnfwefch zUJ ;l aMumif; od&\/ if;yg|b
d mom pmaMumif;rsm;rSmyif ]earm
oAAk'g}[laom pmydk'fjzifhp ESpfusdyf&Spfqlbk&m;bGJYawmfrsm;udk a&;xm;aom ]tV0Dowd y&dwfawmf}
*gxmyg&\
dS / ,if;*gxmudk jrefrmESiUf od[Vkd Ef ikd if w
H w
hkd iG f &Gwq
f Mkd uNrjJ zpfaMumif; od&ygonf/ oxHNk rKd aY [mif;
acwfu od[Vkd Ef iS hf ul;vl;qufqrH &I cdS aUJ Mumif; taxmuftxm;wpfck jzpfygonf/
oxHak usmufpmrS ]rukw} [laom rif;trnfukd aemufvw
l u
hkd raem[ (rEl[m)[k tzwfrmS ;cJ[
U ef
wlonf[k ygarmuvpk u
f qdak yonf/ rdu
k u
f ,fatmifoiG u
f rl ]rukw}\trnfonf rkwr rif;qufukd
wnfaxmifol ]ru'l;} rif;\nDawmf ]ru'g}trnfjzpfEikd af Mumif;? xdaYk Mumifh if;oxHrk eG af usmufpmrsm;onf
yk*Hacwfxuf rapmEdkifaMumif;? rkwr rGefacwftaxmuftxm;omjzpfEdkifaMumif; tqdkjyKwifjycJUonf/
ppfppf ]rukw}ESi]hf rEk[m} onf vlwpfa,mufwnf; jzpfEikd o
f uJo
h Ykd wpfO;D pDvnf;jzpfEikd yf gonf/ if;y@dwEf iS hf
Mumyfausmufpmrsm;wGif &ufpaJG &xd;k xm;cJjU cif; r&Sad y/ tu,f ,if;wdo
hk nf oxHNk rKd Y ysuo
f ek ;f csed af &mufrS
a&;xd;k aom ausmufpmjzpfcv
UJ Qif rEk[mrif;ESihf oufqikd af yvdrrhf nf/ xdo
k rYkd [kwyf J oxHNk rKd Y pnfyifaumif;pm;
aepOf tcga&;xd;k xm;cJjU cif; jzpfcv
UJ Qif rukwonf rEk[mESihf xyfwjl zpfawmhrnf r[kwaf y/ oxHak usmufpm
vufa&;udk yk*aH cwfO;D rGeaf usmufpmvufa&;ESihf ,SOMf unfNU y;D c&pf 11 &mpk taxmuftxm;[k ausmufpm
ynm&Sirf sm; cefrh eS ;f MuonfrmS taMumif;ykwcd ikd v
f o
kH nf[k qdEk ikd yf gonf/ odaYk omf oa&acw&m ausmuftd;k td;k
ysLpmvufa&;ESihf yk*&H mZukr&ausmufpm ysLbmomvufa&;wdrYk sm;pGm uGv
J rJG rI &Sad Mumif; owdjyKqifcsizf ,
G f
jzpfygonf/
oxHak 'orSm rkwr auGyY ifv,f urf;d;k wef;wGif wnf&NdS y;D tdE,
d rS ta&SaY wmiftm&Sujkd zwf
wkyEf iS yhf ifv,fa&;aMumif; ukepf nfu;l oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vrf;aMumif;ay:wiG &f o
dS nf/ oxHrk S ta&Sb
Y ufohkd
bk&m;oH;k qlawmifMum;vrf;rSwpfqifh rJemrfjrpf0rS ;f ESihf rJacgijf rpf0uRe;f ay:'orsm;odYk ukeo
f ,
G af &;vrf;aMumif;
wpfo,
G v
f nf; ayguaf &mufvsu&f \
dS / xdaYk Mumifh oxHo
k nf c&pfEpS Of ;D umvavmufrpS ta&SaY wmiftm&S
a'otwGi;f ukezf vS,af &mif;0,f&m qdyu
f rf;NrKd w
Y pfcjk zpfz,
G &f ydS gonf/ tdE,
d ESihf ta&SaY wmiftm&Sa'twGi;f ukef
zvS,af &mif;0,f&m oH;k pGcJ aUJ om a&S;a[mif;aiG'*Fg;rsm;udk oxH?k bm;tH? 0if;uESihf usu
d o
m NrKd aY [mif;rsm;wGif
awG&Y &dS ygonf/ vuf&dS oxHNk rKd aY [mif;\ NrKd Y ;kd rsm;? usKH ;rsm;ESiehf ef;awmf&muke;f rsm;\ taetxm; udMk unfv
h Qif
rkwr yifv,fauGY a'otwGi;f ta&;ygaom rif;aejynf NrKd Y Bu;D wpfcjk zpfcaUJ Mumif; awGEY ikd yf gonf/
rkwr yifv,fauGY urf;d;k wef;rSm 80Hausmuf"avh (Laterite Culture) wpf&yf xGe;f um;cJyU gonf/
oxHNk rKd Y ;kd rsm;udk 80Htw
k cf syrf sm;jzifU wnfxm;jcif;? apwDyx
k ;kd rsm;udk *0Htw
k jf zifh aqmufvyk jf cif;? a'o
twGi;f *0Hausmufqpfyk w
f rk sm; awG&Y jcif;wdrhk mS oxHNk rKd aY [mif;\ xl;jcm;csu[
f k qdEk ikd yf gonf/ if;*0Htw
k rf sm;
\ oufwrf;udk cefrh eS ;f &ef cJ,Of;ygonf/ od&Yk mwGif *0Htw
k Ef iS w
hf v
JG suf awG&Y aom ajrrD;zkwf tkwcf syrf sm;onf
tvGeaf &S;usaMumif;udk if;tkwcf syyf g vufa&;pif;trSwt
f om;oauFwrsm;t& cefrY eS ;f Edik yf gonf/ oxHk
a'otwGi;f vufa&;piftw
k cf syrf sm;udk usu
d o
m? MuKH w?l 0if;u? t,ufonfr? Zkwo
f w
k ?f aumhxif;?
bm;tH? armfvNrKd i?f rk'EkH iS hf xm;0,f om*& NrKd aY [mif; tp&Sad om a'otESt
H jym; ae&mrsm;wGif awG&Y jcif;
aMumifU oxHak cwfNrKd Y jy,Ofaus;rI ysEYH w
hHS nf&&dS m e,fajrrSm rkwr yifv,fauGY wpfcv
k ;kH eD;yg; ysEYH o
hHS nf[k
- 288 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
qdEk ikd o
f nf/ odjhk zpf oxHNk rKd aY umif;pm;pOftcg rkwr yifv,fauGY 0ef;usiw
f pfcv
k ;kH \A[dck suf NrKd Y Bu;D wpf
NrdKYjzpfEkdifygonf/
azmfjyyg vufa&;piftw
k cf syrf sm; awG&Y aom rkwr yifv,fauG0Y ef;usi;f rS a&S;NrKd aY [mif;ae&m rsm;onf
yk*rH wdik rf u
D wnfaqmufxm;cJjU cif;jzpfonf/ oxkNH rKd aY [mif;wnfaqmufyrkH mS usu
d o
m? Zkwo
f w
k ?f aumhxif;?
uwdkufBuD;paom oxHkteD;0ef;usifrS NrdKYa[mif;rsm; wnfaqmufxm;yHkESifU qifwlaeygonf/ if;wdkh\
tjyif0ef;ywfvnf NrdKYdk;yHko@mefonf t0ef;t0dkif;yHkrsdK;jzpf\/ twGif;xyfrSm av;axmifhyHko@mef&Sd\/
if;twGi;f xyfrsm;udk t&pftxyf ta&twGurf sm;rsm; wnfaqmufxm;jcif;udv
k nf; awG&Y ygonf/ if;NrKd w
Y nf
tpOftvmudk oxHNk rKd aY [mif;wGif xyfraH wG&Y &dS jcif; jzpfygonf/ Oyrm - oxHNk rKd aY [mif;\ ajrmufbufNrKd Y ;kd udk
a&wGufvQif (5)xyfrQ&SdaMumif; awGY&rnfjzpfygonf/ a&S;NrdKYa[mif;BuD;rsm;\ twGif;xyfESifh tjyifxyf
NrdKYdk;txyfrsm;rsm; wnfaqmufxm;jcif; tpOftvmudk oxHkNrdKYa[mif;a'otwGif;om awGY&jcif;u
a'o\xl;jcm;csuw
f pf&yf[k qd&k ygrnf/ xdjhk yif oxHNk rKd aY [mif;ESihf teD;ywf0ef;usiaf 'orsm;wGif ok0Pbrl ad cwf
taxmuftxm;rsm;udkomru ordkif;rwifrDacwf taxmuftxm;rsm;vnf; awGY&SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;
taxmuftxm;rsm;onf atmufjrefrmEdik if H oxHak 'otwGuf yk*aH cwfxufapmonfU taxmuftxm;
rsm;yifjzpfonf/
- 289 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
a&SYqufvufaqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfrnfU okawoevkyfief;rsm;

oxHka'oonf &mZ0iftaxmuftxm;t&vnf;aumif;? a&S;OD;uGif;qif;okawoeawGY&Sdcsufrsm;
ESifU rsufarSmufacwf okawoeawGY&Sdcsufrsm;t& vnf;aumif;? ok"r0wD? ok"ryl&? ok0Pblrd tp&SdonfU
trnfrsm;jzifU a&S;a[mif;NrdKY jy,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;&ma'otjzpf owfrSwfEdkifcUJNyDjzpfygonf/ ,ck c&D;pOfrSm
oxHkcdkiftwGif;&Sd oxHkNrdKYe,fwpfckwnf;udkom uGif;qif;cJU&ygonf/ usefaom usdKufxdk? bD;vif;ESifU
aygifNrdKYe,frsm;udkvnf; aemufxyf uGif;qif;tzGJYrsm; apvTwf&ef vdktyfygOD;rnf/ 4iftjyif oxHka'oESifU
qufpyfrI&Sdaom armfvNrdKifcdkifudkvnf;aumif;? u&ifjynfe,fbm;tHcdkifpaom a'orsm;udkvnf;aumif;
qufvuf okawoejyK&ef vdktyfayOD;rnf/ odkhrSom a'oBuD;wpfckvHk; (Regional Basic Unit) twGuf
jcHKiHkNyD; em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
r&rf;uke;f NrKd aY [mif; qdyu

f Re;f &Gm ta&SyY ikd ;f rS tkwu
f ek ;f a[mif;wpfck
- 290 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHNk rKd aY [mif; vdyt

f if;&yfuu
G &f dS NrKd Y ;kd a[mif;wpfyikd ;f yHk
oxHNk rKd aY [mif; vdyt

f if;&yfuu
G &f dS NrKd Y ;kd a[mif;wpfyikd ;f yHk
- 291 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
,ckuGif;qif;c&D;pOfrSm yPmrtqifUomjzpf pepfwuswdkif;wmrSwfom;ppfaq;jcif; (Surveying)

ESifUwl;azmfokawoejyKjcif; (Excavation)wdkhudk raqmif&GufEdkifcJUao;yg/ ,if;vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk qufvuf
aqmif&Guf&ygOD;rnf/ wl;azmf&efrvG,fonfU oxHkNrdKYay: &yfuGufrsm;uJhodkh acwfopfvlae tdrfajcrsm;
atmuf epfjrKyfaeaom ae&mrsm;udk pepfwus axmufvSrf;ppfq;onfU (Reconnaissance Survey)
enf;udk oHk;oifUygonf/ 4if;enf;onf wl;azmfjcif;xuf aiGtukeftusoufomaom enf;pHepfwpfrsdK;
jzpfygonf/
wl;azmfoak woejyKjcif(Excavation)udk aqmif&u
G o
f nft
U cg taqmufttHk uke;f a[mif;(Structural
Mound) udk wlazmfjcif;tjyif? taqmufttHkrS uif;vGwfaom vlaerIajrvTm(Habitation Site)udk a&G;
teufEdIufwl;jcif;(Vertical Digging) udkvnf; aqmif&GufoifUygonf/ odkhrSom ausmufacwfrS owKacwf
vlaerIodkh rnfodkhul;ajymif;vmcJUaMumif; taxmuftxm;&Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/
tpD&ifcHpmwGif oxHkNrdKYa[mif;acwfNrdKYa[mif;ukef;rsm; (oxHk? qifjzLuRef;? uwdkufuav;?
uwdkufBuD;? r&rf;ukef;)ESifU 4if;wdkh\ NrdKYdk;a[mif;? usHK;a[mif;? apwDa[mif;ukef;rsm;udk azmfjycJUNyD; jzpfygonf/
,if;wdkhteufrS oifUawmfrnfUae&mudk a&G;cs,fowfrSwf qufvufokawoejyK&ef &Sdygonf/
oxHkNrdKYa[mif;BuD;wGif ajrmufbufydkif; orD;awmfukef;? ajreDukef;? ay:awmfrlpaom ae&ma'orsm;
rSm vlae&yfuGufESifU vGwfuif;ojzifU wl;azmfa&;tcuftcJ odyfr&SdEdkifyg/ qifjzLuRef;? uwkdufuav;?
uwdu
k Bf u;D ? r&rf;uke;f wdrhk mS qufo,
G o
f mG ;vma&; tcuftcJ tenf;i,f&\
dS / ausmufcif;wmd;k vrf;jzifo
U m
qufoG,foGm;vm&\/ odkh&mwGif oxHkNrdKYa[mif;acwf ,Ofaus;rIoufaotaxmuftxm;&&ef arQmfvifU
EdkifonfUtaetxm; &Sdygonf/
txl;ojzifU uwdkufBuD;NrdKYa[mif;onf pHjyerlemaumif;NrdKYa[mif;wpfck[k qdkavmufonf/ 4if;\
{u(70)rQ us,f0ef;aom NrdKYuGufudkyif a&S;a[mif;jyuGuf(Open Museum)wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfazmfxkwf
ay;&efoifUonf[k xifjrif,lqrdygonf/ 4if;\tv,fA[dkcsuf(eef;&mukef;) {u(30)rQ us,f0ef;aom
av;axmifUyHkNrdKYuGufrSm NrdKYdk;oHk;xyfESifU usHK;ESpfxyfywfvnf&Hvsuf ajrjyifay: txif;om;ay:aeonfU
tae txm;rsdK;udk tjcm;rnfonfUae&mwGifrQ awGYEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfay/ usdKuom? Zkwfokwf? 'Hk0ef;?
uwdkufBuD;NrdKYdk; wpfae&m
- 292 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHkajrmufbufNrdKYdk; wpfae&m
oxHk paomNrKd u
Y u
G rf sm;vkd opfyif? opfawm? O,smOf? aetdr?f wdu
k w
f m? ponfwhkd zH;k vTr;f xm;jcif;tvsO;f r&Syd J
awGY&rnfjrifuGif;rSm a&S;NrdKYa[mif;wpfck\ oabmobm0udk csufcsif;em;vnfoabmaygufapEdkifygonf/
oxHkNrdKY BuD;ay:xGef;vm&ef tajccHvlaerIukef;wpfckjzpf azmfxkwfay;oifUygonf/ xdkukef;ay:rS awGY&aom
tkwu
f ek ;f i,ftajcmufcu
k v
kd nf; erlemtjzpf wl;azmfoak woejyKrnfqykd gu oxHNk rKd aY [mif;acwf taxmuf
txm;rsm; &Edkifrnf[k arQmfvifU&ygonf/
oxHkNrdKYa[mif; uGif;qif;okawoetaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tNyD;rowfrD vGefcJUaom tESpfig;
q,fausmfu oxHkNrdKYudk jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;aumfr&SifrS AdkvfrSL;b&Sif? &efukefwuvdkvf ta&SYwdkif;&mZ0if
txl;l ygarmuq&mBu;D *st
D yd cf sv
f (k pf)wdEhk iS fU twlomG ;a&muf uGi;f qif;okawoejyKcaUJ om &efuek w
f uov
kd f
yx0Dygarmua'gufwma':oif;Munf (ordkif;aumfr&SiftzGJY0if)\ ]ok0Pblrd oxHkNrdKYa[mif;avhvm
csufrsm;}aqmif;yg; (ppfynm*sme,f? twGJ 3? trSwf 2? 1958 ck? ZGef? pm 146-153 )rS ed'gef;pmydk'fudk
aumufEIwfazmfjyvdkygonf/ 4if;aqmif;yg;wGif ] MumvQif taxmuftxm;rsm; aysmuf&awmhrnf} [k
tpcsDvQuf oxHkNrdKY\ tajctae? usHK;ESifU NrdKYdk;rsm;? eef;awmf&m? cHwyfa[mif; ponfwdkhudk 1958 ckESpf?
{NyDv 23 &ufaehrS 25 &ufaeh wGif jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;aumfr&Sif aumfrwDtzGJY0ifwpfOD; taejzifU
uGi;f qif;okawoejyKc&UJ ygonf/ yk*jH ynf&U iS t
f aemf&xmrif; oxHu
k kd ppfrufwu
kd cf u
kd o
f rd ;f ydu
k cf o
UJ nfU
c&pfou&mZf 1057 ckESpfrSp a&cJUonf&Sdaomf ESpfaygif; 901 ESpf&SdacsNyD/ rGefwdkhudk jrefrmrsm;
ppfrufatmifjrifNyD;cJUonfup oxHkNrdKYvnf; rif;aejynfrS a&GYavsm NrdKYi,fwpfcktjzpf
,ckwdkifatmifwnf&SdcJU&m vlaetqufrjywf&SdcJUjcif;? vltrsm; NrdKYtESHhaexdkifcJUMujcif;? rif;r&SdojzifU
NrdKYdk;? usHK;ponfwdkhvnf; jyKjyifrIr&SdcJUjcif; ponfUwdkhaMumifh usHK;rsm;aumMuayNyD? NrdKYdk;rsm;vnf;
tcsdKYae&mwdkh a&;a&;rQom awGhjrif& tcsdKYae&mwdkhum; vHk;0aysmufuG,faeonfudk awGY&Sd&
avonf/ ,cktcg NrdKYajrmufbuf&Sd NrdKYdk;rsm;teD;ywf0ef;usifwdkhESifU tcsdKYae&mwdkh NrdKYdk;wdkhwGif
*0Hausmufrsm;wl;aeMu&m ,ckuJhodkhom *krjyKyJxm;ygu MumaomfNrdKYdk;rsm;yg wjznf;jznf;aysmuf
uG,foGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfbG,f&mawGY&Sd&ayonf/
[l a&;om;wifjycJUygonf/
- 293 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
vuf&SdoxHkNrdKYudk jroydwfawmifajcwGif jrif&yHk

,ckvuf&Sd oxHkNrdKYa[mif;tajctaeonf vGefcUJaom tESpf(50)xufydk yGef;wD;? ysufpD;rI&SdrnfrSm
rvJGay/ ]pdk;&drfbG,f&m} jzpfaeygonf/ xdktajctaeudk xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef teD;uyfBuD;MuyfrIvdktyfygonf/
tjcm;aom NrdKYa[mif;BuD; (AdEdk;? awmifwGif;BuD;? a&Tbdk? waumif;? yJcl;? oa&aw&m? ajrmufOD;)wdkhwGif
a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeH;k cGrJ sm;zGiv
Uf pS
f apmifaU &SmufouJo
h hkd oxHw
k iG f a&S;a[mif;okawoeH;k cGrJ &Sd ao;ay/
oxHkonf a&S;a[mif;ESifh ordkif;wefzdk;BuD;rm;onfqdkaomfvnf; okawoeaqmif&GufrIwGif odrfi,f
aeqJjzpfygonf/
wpfqufwnf;rSmyif jrefrmhp,
G pf u
kH sr;f (pmrsuEf mS - 476-9) oxHNk rKd t
Y aMumif; azmfjycsurf S pmwpfy'kd f
udk aumufEkwfazmfjyvdkygao;onf/
a&S;oxHkjynf\ NrdKYawmfae&monf ,ckacwf oxHkNrdKYwnf&m t&yfyifjzpfaMumif; okawoe
taxmuftxm;rsm;t& od&ayonf/ tcsdKYordkif;q&mrsm;url ygVdbmomjzifU a*gVrwdue*&ac:
aumvmoawmifajc&if;&Sd t,ufonfr &Gmae&mjzpfonfU wdkufukvm;NrdKYa[mif;onf a&S;oxHkNrdKY
wnf&m[kqdkjyefonf/ omoemou&mZf 137 ckESpfwGif oxHkjynfudk a&vTrf;rdk; ysufonfESiUf
ou&mZf 144 ckESpfwGif oxHkNrdKYa[mif;awmifzuf auvmoawmifteD;wGif NrdKYopfwnf&onf/
rif;q,fqufpdk;pHNyD;rS NrdKYa[mif;odkh jyefajymif;&onf[k qdkjyefavonf/
txufygaumufEkwfcsufwGif oxHkNrdKYwnfae&mta&TYtajymif; rnfrQ&SdcJUaMumif; ray:vGifHkomru
oxHkNrdKYwnf&SdrIrSmvnf; raocsmovdk jzpfcJU&onf/ oxHkonf NrdKYae&mrsm;pGmwGif us,fus,fjyefhjyefh
wnfaeaom NrdKYa[mif;BuD;jzpf\/ wdkufukvm;NrdKY(ok0Pblrd)wl;azmfcJUpOf oxHktpm; auvmoawmif
ajc&if;rS wdkufuvm;NrdKYa[mif;&mudk OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,fcJUonf/ ,if;wdkufukvm;rSmvnf; NrdKYa[mif;ESpfck
(t,uforESifU 0if;u)&Sdaejyef\/ pifpif oxHkordkif;azmfxkwf&ef NrdKYa[mif;wpfckrQudkomru oxHkESifU
teD;ywf0ef;usifrS acwfNydKif[k,lq&aom tjcm;NrdKYa[mif;rsm;udkyg us,fus,fjyefhjyefh okawoejyK&ef
vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/ a&S;a[mif;okawoe pl;prf;avhvmrIwGif (Site Unit )ae&mwpfck? (Local Unit)
e,fwpfckESifU (Region Unit) a'owpfck[l tqifUqifUvTrf;jcHKrdatmif aqmif&GufoifUygonf/
- 294 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHNk rKd aY [mif; ajrmufbuf pwkwN rKd Y ;kd udk wl;NzKd xm;vQuaf wG&Y yHk
wpfae&mwGif wpf&moD ESpf&moDrQ okawoejyKNyD; ESpftMumBuD;qdkifiHxm;jcif;rsdK;vnf; r&Sd?
rjzpfaumif;ay/ ok0Pbrl d oxHNk rKd aY [mif;a'o[kqEkd ikd af om ppfawmif;jrpf0ESiUf oHviG jf rpf0Mum;&Sd a&S;a[mif;
ae&mtm;vHk; azmfxkwfNyD;rSom ok0Pblrdordkif; ay:vmrnfjzpfygonf/
oxHk[kqkdvQif acwfqufquf acwfBuD;ig;acwfrQ xif&Sm;atmif azmfxkwfay;&ygrnf/
(1)
bk&m;ryGifUrDumv? &aoUESifU odMum; wnfay;onfqdkaom NrdKYdk; (7)xyf? usHK;(7)xyfESifU
oxHkNrdKYrsm; (usdKuom? Zkwfokwf)/
(2)
bk&m;yGifUawmfrlNyD; <uvm w&m;a[mjcif;? qHawmfa0jcif;jyK&m oxHkNrdKY (bDpD-6&mpkESpf)
(okbdEe*&) (usdKufxD;dk;? ZGJuyif? Zif;usdKuf paom qHawmfbk&m;rsm;)?
(3)
bk&m;y&deAd m ef pH0ifNy;D aemuf tESp(f 300)ausmf wwd,o*Fg,emwiftNy;D ud;k wdik ;f ud;k Xme
odkh omoemjyKapvTwfpOf t&SifaomP ESifU Ow&wdkh <ua&mufawmfrlcJUonfqdkaom
oxHkNrdKY (okr0wD? ok0Pblrd) (omoemESpf 235? bDpD 309) (t,ufor? 0if;u?
wdkufukvm;)
(4)
t&Sifr[m Ak'aCmorax&f<uvmNyD; yd#duwfawmfrsm; qdkufa&mufvmcJUonfqdkaom
oxHkNrdKY (at'D 5 &mpk) (yd#uwfwdkufapwD? azmifawmfOD;apwDESifU,ckoxHkNrdKY&SdNrdKYa[mif;)
(5)
yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk taMumif;jyK yk*Htaemf&xmrif;u wdkufcdkufodrf;,l&onfqdkaom
oxHkNrdKY? (at'D 11 &mpk) (,ck oxHkNrdKYdk;ESifU cHwyfukef;rsm;)
[l oxHkacwfBuD; (5)acwf&SdcJUaMumif; tpOftvm rSwfom;vmcJUMuygonf/ ,if;tpOftvmqdkdk;pum;
rnfrQ rSefuefaMumif; acwfopfodyHenf;us okawoejyKjcif;u tajz&may;&rnfjzpfonf/ odkhrSom
ok0Pblrd trSefjzpfaMumif; oufaoxljyEdkifayvdrfUrnf/
,cktcg acwfopfordkif;ynm&SiftcsdKYu ]oxHk[lonf wu,fyifr&Sd? pdwful;xJwGifom&Sdonf}
[kqdkygonf/
- 295 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
oxHNk rKd Y ;kd ta&SaY jrmufaxmifaU e&modhk jrefrmordik ;f tzGYJ ESiUf ordik ;f okawoeuGi;f qif;tzGYJ
qdkufa&mufvmcJUpOf
For the historical reality is that
Sona and Uttara had nothing to do with the )origin of Theravade Buddhism in
Burma ..... there was no conquest of Thaton by Aniruddha in 1057; and as a consequence
Lower Burma did not "Civilize" Upper Burma
ponfjzifU a&;om;wifjyvmonfudk awGY&ayonf (Aung Thwin, The Mists of Raman~n~a, the Legent
that was Lower Burma, Honolulu, University of Hawai Press, 2005-p 321)
tcsKYduvnf; taemf&xm (tek'a'0) wdkufcdkufcJUaom oxHkonf atmufjrefrmEdkifiHrS oxHkNrdKY
r[kwfaMumif;? ,ck ,dk;',m;(xdkif;)EdkifiH euGefyxkrfNrdKYomvQif jzpfaMumif; (Tha Hla, Dr, Thaton and
Nokorn Pathom, SHIROKU, No 16, Kyoto, 1981) a&;om;azmfjy jyefonf/ tusdK;qufum; ok0Pblrd
onf ,ckxdkif;EdkifiHyifjzpfonf[laom tajzxGufcJUygonf/ odkhjzifU jrefrmwdkh *kPf,l0ifU<um;cJUMuaom
Ak'bmom,Ofaus;rItajctjrpf ok0Pblrd? oxHkNrdKYa[mif;onf wdrfjrKyfae&mrS aysmufuG,fvkvkjzpf&
ygonf/ jyefvnfazmfxkwf&ef? xdef;odrf;apmifUa&Smuf&ef wm0efonfvnf; ao;i,fvSrnfr[kwfay? tcsdef?
aiGaMu;ESifU uRrf;usifolrsm;vdktyfygrnf/
,cktcg a&S;NrdKYa[mif;a'orsm;onf c&D;oGm;vkyfief;ESifUvnf; qufEG,faeNyD;? oxHka'oonf
usdKufxD;dk;bk&m;zl;c&D;pOf? armfvNrdKif? bm;tH paomjynfe,fNrdKY BuD;rsm; c&D;pOfvrf;aMumif; usa&muf
wnfonfjzpf&m? ok0Pblrdacwf a&S;a[mif;ae&mrsm;udk azmfxkwfay;Edkifrnfqkdygu ,Of;aus;rItarGtESpf
xdef;odrf;apmifUa&Smufa&; vkyfief;omru c&D;oGm;vkyfief;twGufvnf; taxmuftyHUjzpfapEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
- 296 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
usKd uo
mNrKd aY [mif; bk&m;wpfaxmifuek ;f rS 80HapwDwpfqu
l kd rjyKjyifraD wG&Y pOf
tcsdKY NrdKYa[mif;rsm;onf vrf;rBuD;ESifU uGmvSrf;aeao;ojzifU qufoG,fa&;cufcJvsuf&Sd\/ 4if;wdkh
ay:xGufvmap&ef vrf;opf? vrf;aumif;rsm; azmufvkyfjcif;? c&D;onfrsm; emaepm;aomufp&m aexdkifcif;
pDpOfay;jcif;rsm;vnf; r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/ a'ocHjynfolrsm; todynmwdk;yGm;a&;ESifU a&S;a[mif;
ypn;f xde;f odr;f apmifaU &Smufa&;twGuf a'otwGi;f jywdu
k if ,f(Site Museum)rsm; wnfaxmifay;jcif;vnf;
vdt
k yfygrnf/ oxHw
k iG f a&Tpm&Hb&k m;jywdu
k Ef iS Uf ausmufpmHo
k m&S
d a&S;a[mif;jywdu
k rf &Sad o;ay/ Zkwo
f w
k w
f iG f
usdKufxD;apmif;&ifjyifESifU wGJvsuf*0Hjycef;wpfck&Sd\/ usdKufxD;aqmif;bk&m; qifwyfjrif;wyfwdkhESifU NrdKYdk;rsm;
Munfhp&m&Sd\/ usdKuomESifU 0if;uwGif jywdkufr&Sdao;ay/ usdKuombk&m;wpfaxmifukef;rSm obm0twdkif;
jywk d u f w pf c k o zG , f wif U w ,f p G m &S d usd K uf u om Nrd K Y a [mif ; ES i f h w G J N yD ; c&D ; oG m ;{nf U o nf r sm;
vnfywfMunfUIp&mjzpfatmif zefwD;ay;oifUygonf/
oxHkonf yk*HrwdkifrDu NrdKYawmfwpfckjzpfaMumif; tjiif;yGm;bG,fr&Sdyg/ ajray:awGYtaxmuftxm;
rQavmufESifUyif ausmufacwfrSaMu;acwf? oHowKacwfrsm;tqifUqifU vlaerIrjywfrvyf&SdcJUaMumif; cefhrSef;
Edkifayonf/ ydkrdkckdifrmaom taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifU oxHkNrdKYa[mif; ordkif;azmfxkwfa&;twGuf vHkYvpdkuf
xkwfBudK;yrf;Mu&efom vdktyfygonf/
bk&m;wpfaxmifuek ;f rS *0Hypn;f tcsKd EY iS Uf a&S;a[mif; vufa&;pif;tkwcf syrf sm;yHk
- 297 -
ok 0 P bl rd
ok aw o e
ed*;kH
rGefvlrsKd;wdkYonf c&pfESpftpOD;ydkif;umvrSp ppfawmif;jrpfESifhoHvGifjrpf ESpfoG,fpyfMum;a'owGif
&mrna'o[kac:aom rGefrif;jynfaxmifwpfckudk wnfaxmifvsuf twnfwusaexddkifvmcJhMuygonf/
if;rGefjynfaxmif\ A[dkcsufronf ok"r0wDac: oxHkjynfyifjzpf ok0Pblrd odkYr[kwf ]a&Tajr}[l
vnf;ac:Mu\/ ok0PblrdqdkonfrSmvnf; b*Fvm;yifv,fauGY ywf0ef;usifa'oudkvnf;aumif;? ta&SY
awmiftm&Suek ;f wGi;f ydik ;f wpfcv
k ;kH udak omfvnf;aumif; &nfeT ;f ajymqdrk rI sm;&Syd gonf/ tpOftvmqdpk um;t&
Ak'b
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hJ nf[q
k \
kd / oD[Vkd &f mZ0if
wpfapmifjzpfaom ]r[m0Ho} usr;f c&pfEpS t
f BuKd 3 &mpkEpS t
f wGi;f t&Siaf omPESihf t&SiOf w&rax&fwYkd
Bu;D rSL;aom Ak'o
moemjyKtzGo
YJ nf ok0Pbrl o
d Ykd qdu
k af &mufvmcJNh y;D omoemjyKawmfral Mumif;azmfjyxm;\/
&mZm"dywd ("rapwD) rif;Bu;D \ uvsmPDord af usmufpmwGif aomPESiOhf w&rax&fwYkd qdu
k af &mufvmcJah om
ok0Pbrl Nd rKd aU [mif;ae&mudk ]aCmVrwu
d } ac: wdu
k u
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k m;NrKd aU [mif;jzpfaMumif;? ,ckb;D vif;NrKd eY ,fauvmo
awmifajc&if;? oxHkrSrdkif (30) cefYtuGm&Sd t,ufor&Gm&SdaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;wGif oxHkNrKdYrS t&Sifr[mAk'aCmorax&fBuD;onf at'D 400 cefh
oD[dkVf (oD&dvuFm) odkY <uoGm;awmfrlNyD; Ak'yd#uwfusrf;pmrsm;udk rGefbmomtu&mjzifh a&;ul; oxHkodkY
yifhaqmifawmfrlcJhaMumif; azmfjyyg&Sdonf/ if;rax&fBuD;ESifhywfoufaom ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;tay:
orkid ;f ynm &Sit
f csKu
Yd 'G[
d oHo,pdwjf zifh oH;k oyfa0zefcMhJ uonf/ odaYk omfvnf; ysLa'oESihf rGew
f aYkd 'owGif
c&pfESpf 5 &mpk ax&0gAk'bmomxGef;um;aecJhaMumif; a&S;a[mif;okawoetaxmuftxm;rsm;
oufaocHvsuf&Sdonf/ rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;u qufvuf yk*HjynfrStaemf&xmrif;BuD; (10441077) onf oxHkudk ppfcsDwufwdkufcdkufNyD; oxHkbk&ifrEk[mrif;udk atmifjrifaomtcg rif;ESifhwuG
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vufatmufwGif at'D 13 &mpkESpftxd usa&mufoGm;cJhaMumif; azmfjyygonf/
rGefNrdKUawmfa[mif; t<uif;tusefwdkYonf rkwryifv,fauGYywf0ef;usifa'o tESHhtjym;wnf&Sd
aeygonf/ 1970 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;twGif; opfawmXmeTefMum;a&;rSL;OD;atmifjrifh (opfawm"gwfyHktif*sif
eD,m) onf aumif;uif"gwfyHkrsm;udk zwfIavhvmNyD;vQif rkwryifv,fauGYywf0ef;usifa'o&Sd usKduom?
wkduvm;? Zkwfokwf? oxHk? prge*kd (arSmfbD)? NrdKYa[mif;BuD;rsm;ESifh aumhxif;? ppfawmif;? vdyfcHk;? uuwpf?
rkoif? ZGJ*vm? r&rf;ukef;? uwkdufBuD;? uwkdufuav;? qifjzLuRef;tp&Sdaom NrdKYa[mif;ukef;i,frsm;udk
azmfxkwfay;cJhygonf/
usKduom (ajrmufvwDwG'f 17 'D*&D 21 rdepfESifh ta&SYavmif*sDwG'f 96 'D*&D 51 rdepf) onf
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0efBu;D Xme? 2009 ckEpS ?f ZGev
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- usdKuomNrdKUa[mif;udkavhvmjcif;? ordkif;Xme? &efukefwuodkvf?
2001/
- ]a&Twd*HkapwD\oufawmf}? uefompdrf;vJhpmwrf;rsm;? &efukef?
rif;vSpmtkyw
f u
kd /f (1969)
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jrifaU tmif? OD;
jrifo
U ef;aiG? OD;?
jrifah tmif? OD;(1978)?
jrifah tmif? OD;(1975)?
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ok aw o e
Ak'o
moedu yx0Dusr;f Bu;D ? &efuek ?f e'D{&ma&mifpykH EkH ydS w
f u
kd ?f
('kwd,tBudrf)(1985)
- wdrjf rK yaf ysmufu,
G af eonfh rGew
f \
Ykd NrKd jU yEdik if rH sm;? &efuek ?f a&Tjynfph kH
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- rkwr&mZ0ifaygif;csKyfESifh rkwrppfwrf; pma[mif;usrf;? oxHkNrdKU?
ok0P0wD yd#uwfyEkH ydS w
f u
kd /f (1927)
- oxH&k mZ0ifaygi;f csKyu
f sr;f Bu;D ? oxH?k ok"r0wD yHEk ydS w
f u
kd ?f 1927/
- ZrL'DyOaqmif;usr;f ? &efuek ?f jrefrmEdik if H okawoetoif;
(wnf;jzwf)/ (1960)
- 1957-58 ckESpf? a&S;a[mif;okawoenTefMum;a&;0ef\ESpfcsKyf
tpD&ifcpH m? &efuek ?f a&S;a[mif;okawoeXme/ (1958)?
- jrefrmha&S;a[mif;&mZ0ifEiS hf ,Ofaus;rIoak woe? &efuek ?f ynmeEm
yHEk ydS w
f u
kd /f (1962)
- taemf&xmrwdik rf u
D jrefrmESikd if ?H &efuek ?f yk*pH mtkyw
f u
kd /f 1971?
- oxHNk rKd aU [mif;? yxrtBurd ?f wlazmfoak woevkyif ef; tpD&ifcpH m?
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ck? Zefe0g&D 4 &uf/ (2000)?
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J rdeu
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- a&Tarma"m&mZ0ifordik ;f ? rEav;? yd#uwfawmfjyefyY mG ;a&;Xme/
- trsKd ;om;pmMunfw
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- uvsmPDygVad usmufpm jrefrmjyef (vufa&;rl)
rGejf ynfe,faeh? txde;f trSwpf mapmif? 1977? rwfv
- ]ok0Pbrl Nd rKd aY [mif; ordik ;f taxmuftxm;}? wuov
kd f ynm
ya'ompmapmif? twGJ 12? tydik ;f 1? Pufwifbm? 1978/
- ]ok0Pblrd odkYr[kwf wdrfjrKyfaeaom a&S;a[mif;a'owpfck}?
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wdkuf/
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H rdik ;f wpf&yf}?
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pmapmiftwGJ 4? &efuek ?f pmayAdrmefyEkH ydS w
f u
kd ?f 1979/
a&S;a[mif;okawoe TefMum;a&;0ef\
1957 - 58 ckEpS t
f wGuf ESpcf sKyt
f pD&ifcpH m
omoe0Hopmwrf;? &efukef? NAdwdoQbm;rm; yHkESdyfwdkuf? 1922?
J.B.R.S, Vol. XL,1921, p.133
a&Taemf?armif?ppfuJawmfrif;? -
rGef&mZ0ifESifhapwDawmfordkif;aygif;csKyf? &efukef?
[Hom0wDowif;pmwdkuf? 1899/
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- oxHkNrdKYa[mif;?
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rsm;/ (19-20)? 2006? Zefe0g&/D
vlaz0if;? OD;(1958)
- uvsmPDrGefausmufpm? &efukef? a&Todef;yHkESdyfwdkuf? 1958?
(wnf;jzwfjyefqdk)/
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f u
kd ?f 1962/
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f m(1956)
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f m?
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atmifjrif?h OD;?
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eD,m)
{ausm?f OD;?
{ausm?f OD;?
]xdik ;f ordik ;f okawoeESihf ok0Pbrl ad ejynfawmf}? cs,&f ;D r*Zif;?

1986? arv/
- ]ok0Pbrl o
d xHNk rKd aU [mif;avhvmcsurf sm;}? ppfynm*sme,f? twGJ
3? trSwf 2? &efuek ?f ppfynmtoif;? 1985? ZGev
f /
- ]usKd uo
mNrKd aU [mif;}? uGeyf sLwmowif;vTm*sme,f? twGJ 1? trSwf
18? &efuek ?f pmtkyaf ps;yHEk ydS w
f u
kd ?f 2001/
- ]usdKuomNrdKUa[mif; 2}? uGefysLwmowif;vTm*sme,f? twGJ 1?
trSwf 19? &efuek ?f pmtkyaf ps;yHEk ydS w
f u
kd ?f 2001/
- awmifajrmufwef;ESifU jrefrmUNrdKYa[mif;rsm;
- aumif;uif"gwfyHkrsm;rS jrefrmha&S;a[mif;NrdKYawmfrsm;?
&efuek ?f a&mifpOfyEkH ydS w
f u
kd ?f 1998/
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&efuek ?f a&S;a[mif;okawoeXme? 1961/
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mNrKd aU [mif;udk yPmrpl;prf;avhvmjcif;}? ordik ;f *sme,f?
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Suvannabumi - U San Win

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