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PSYC351 – Exam1LawsWeber’s Law - A fixed (or constant) proportional increase inintensity is sufficient to produce a JND in sensation.Fechner’s Law - Sensation magnitude increments are producedby multiplicative changes in stimulus intensity. (magnitude,multiplicative).(S=
k 
log R)Steven’s Law -Multiplicative changes in stimulus intensityproduces multiplicative change in subjective intensity. (multiplicative,multiplicative)A good example of Stevens’ Law is loudness, whereas a goodexample of Fechner’s Law is pitch.Brain- Modularly organized with certain areas corresponding to specificfunctions.Neurons-Large neurons transmit faster than small neurons-Myelinated neurons transmit faster than unmyelinatedneurons-Magno = Large neuron-Parvo = Small neuron-Neuro-firing is an electrochemical process.-At the start of an Action Potential (AP) positively chargedsodium ions (Na+) rush into the axon from a dendrite of theprevious neuron.-At the end of an AP positively charged potassium ions (K+)rush out of the axon to restore it to its resting state.-Generator Potential =An increase in electrical differenceacross a receptor cell’s membrane.-GP from outside world leads to AP along neurons? I think so.-Increasing the intensity of a stimulus can only increase theneuron’s firing rate up to a certain maximum because neuronsneed a refractory period.Stimulus Thresholds-JND – Just noticeable difference. The smallest detectabledifference between two stimuli, or the minimum change in astimulus that enables it to be correctly judged as differentfrom a reference stimulus.-DL –
D something..I think it’s the same as JND.
-Absolute Threshold = The lower limit for a sensory orperceptual state (ie. The minimum amount of stimulusintensity required to detect a stimulus)
 
-Point of Subjective Equality is the average value of thestimulus perceived by a participant to be equal to a reference.Cognitive Processing-Bottom-up processing begins with information received by thereceptors.-Top-down processing begins with information contained in thebrain.-A receptor isa specialized cell or neuron that transducesspecific kinds of energyPsychophysical Methods (Methods for measuring stimulusdetection)-Method of constant stimuli = Creating many stimuli withdifferent intensities to find the tiniest intensity that can bedetected. Stimuli of each intensity are presented randomlyand at multiple times.
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Catch Trials are used to estimate the response ortendency bias.-Method of limits = Somewhat more efficient than MOCS.Stimuli is presented in increasing and then decreasingintensities. Points where the two lines cross over are averagedand determined to be the threshold. Participants tend toovershoot their ability to detect a stimulus.-Method of adjustment = Participant adjusts stimulus intensityuntil they can either detect or no longer detect a stimulus.NOT USUALLY USED TO MEASURE THRESHOLD; UNRELIABLEACROSS PEOPLE AND TIME.Signal Detection Theory-“Noise” is defined as any form of variability. Our A/V systemscreate noise.-High criterion for detecting a signal lowers hit rate, raisesmiss rate.-Low criterion for detecting a signal increases false alarm rate,lowers correct rejection rate. (I think!)-ROC Curve is the probability of a hit versus probability of afalse alarm. Distance between ROC Curve and chance line (d’= 0) is indicative of the participants actual ability to detect astimulus.-D-prime (d’) measures distance between error rate curve(noise) and hit/correct rejection (noise + signal). The largerthe value of d’ for a constant the less likely there will be anerror. d’ = 0 means performance is at chance.-Assumption of SDT: The ability of the observer is proportionalto the distance between the N and N+S distributions.
 
 Shaded area is probability of an errorI DON’T KNOW WHERE THIS GOES:Multidimensional scaling procedures are used todevelopa picture ofthe perceptual organization of stimuli.Eyes-Visible spectrum of light is between 400 and 700 nanometers(nm)
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400nm bends the most through a prism, 700nm bendsthe least-Fovea mediates our most acute vision and color vision.Located at center of eye.-When the retina absorbs light it changes its shape. This is howwe adjust to varied lighting conditions. THIS MAY BE WRONG-Distance vision is measured as (distance at which you can seeparticular details):(distance a “normal” person has to be tosee the same details). 20:20 is standard, 20:10 is better,20:400 is bad.
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Standard acuity tests for vision are based on recognitionthresholds.-Myopia: Light entering eye is focused in front of the retinawhich results in distant objects appearing blurry(Nearsightedness)-Hyperopia: Light entering eye is focused behind the retinawhich results in an inability to focus on near objects.(Farsightedness)-Presbyopia: “old sight”. The loss of near vision due tohardening of the eye’s lens.-Accomodation: Accomplished by the ciliary muscle contractingto make the lens fatter in order to focus on near objects.-Astigmatism: Visual defect caused by the uneven curving of the cornea.-Emmetropia: Light is properly focused on the retina. This isnormal vision.-Lateral Inhibition: Antagonistic neural interactions betweenthe adjacent regions of the retina. This causes gray spots tobe seen between black boxes on a Hermann Grid due toconflict between neuronal signals. Also causes appearance of “Mach bands”
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