evsjv`ki mvswZK m` I bfvlvevwbK Rwic:

cvcU, cqvRbxqZv I izZ

- mvBdzi ikx` 1
- nvmvb kvdx 2
evsjv`ki GB f~L e kZvx ai e RbMvxi wewP fvlv, mswZ, ag I HwZni mwjbi GK Abb K`
wnme weewPZ nq AvmQ| GB GjvKvq cv bvbvb HwZnvwmK wb`kb, cyivKxwZ I vcZi cvkvcvwk cPwjZ bvbv
AvPvi-HwZn, Drme-Abyvb, fvlv, ag-wekvm eev, ixwZ-bxwZ I `bw`b Rxebhvvi wewfb aib GB Rbc`i my`xN
BwZnvmi ^vi enb KiQ| AvcvZ`wZ evOvwj AaywlZ gb njI, evsjv`k bvbv fvlv, ag I mswZi gvbyl evm
Ki| cwZwU RvwZMvxiB iqQ Abb mswZ, AZxZ, fvlv, ckv, ag, AvPvi-Abyvb, Drcvw`Z cY I hcvwZ,
mvgwRK msMVb Ges Ab mswZi mv_ wg_wqvi wekl aib| hw`I g~jZ evsjvfvlx RbMvxB evsjv`k msLvMwi,
mvswZK ewP mg evsjv`k wewfb fvlv, ag I msw Zi Mvxi cvkvcvwk wewfb ckvRxwe Mvxjvi ^ ^
Rxebhvv I HwZni Abb mswgkY evsjv`k GK ewYj mvswZK aviv Mo DVQ|
`xN mgq ai emevm Ki Avmv Gme RbMvxi ga bvbv aibi mvsw ZK Av`vb-c`vb NU PjjI ciii fvlv,
mswZ, ag I Rxebhvv mK Avgiv Lye KgB AeMZ| JcwbewkK hyMi KqKRb MelK, JcwbewkK kvmK I
wgkbvix`i weeiY Qvov wewfb cvwK RbMvx, Zv`i RbmsLv I mvsw ZK msMVb mK Zgb wKQy Rvbv hvq bv|
JcwbewkK hyMi Gme wicvU I m~PK AbymiY GLbI wewfb Av`ggvwi wicvU Gme RvwZMvx I Zv`i mswZ I
Rxebhvv mK AZ mijxKZ ev bvbv wevwKi Z_ cwiekb Kiv nq| Gaibi wevwKi cwZe`b ay h
wewfb RbMvxi Rxeb I mswZ mK cKZ I wek` Z_ bB Zv bq, eis, wewfb HwZnvwmK I ivRbwZK cwqvi
AwfZvi h mgKvjxb eveZvq Zv`i Rxebhvcb- ZvI GLvb AbycwZ| h KviY evsjv`ki RvwZMZ ewP I
wewfb RvwZMvxi Rxebhvv msv chv I h_vh_ Z_ I Dcvi h_ NvUwZ iqQ| A_P, evsjv`ki GB
mvswZK ewPB RvZxq HK I Dbqb mvabi cwqvK Aviv msnZ I KvhKix Kivi Abb GKwU gvag nq
DVZ cvi| BDbvi mvswZK ewPi meRbxb NvlYvZ (UNESCO 2002) mvswZK eZev`i bxwZ
AbymiY mvswZK ewPK DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb weki wewfb ivjvK weklfve Avnevb Rvbvbv nqQ|
mvswZK eZev`i KvhKix A_ nj, evsjv`ki gZ GKwU egyLx ewPi `k RvZxq Dbqb wewfb Mvx I
mswZi mKj ew I `ji AfywKiY I AskMnY wbwZ Kiv (Danspeckgruber 2002; Ganguly &
Phadnis 2001; Sheth 1989; Tierney 2004; Weinstock 1999)| BDbvi NvlYvq mvswZK ewPK
Dbqbi GK Abb wbqvgK wnme wPwZ Ki ejv nq mvswZK ewP AbKjv mvebvi vi DbvPb Ki| GwU
Dbqbi AbZg gwjK welq, Kbbv Dbqb aygv A_bwZK gvcKvwVZ wePvh bq, eis eywewK, AveMxq, bwZK
I AvwZK AwZi GKwU KvswLZ i DiYi GK iZc~Y chvq (UNESCO 2002)| G KviY wewfb i
mvswZK eZev`K DrmvwnZ Kivi ga w`qB GKwU HKe I kwkvjx evsjv`kx iv MVb Kiv me| G KviY
cw_exi Abvb `ki gZ evsjv`k GKwU kwkvjx RvwZ MVb, msnwZ I Dbqbi AbZg c~ekZ njv G`ki mg
mvswZK m`i Rwic, wPvqY I wbixY|
GB wbei AvjvP welq nj evsjv`ki mvswZK m` I bfvlvevwbK Rwici cvcU, cqvRbxqZv I iZ|
wbei iZ evsjv`ki wewfb bMvx msv jLvjwL I MelYv Kgi Dci GKwU msw chvjvPbv iqQ|
evsjv`ki Awaevmx wewfb y` bMvx`i fvlv I fvlvi ewP welqK AvjvPbv iqQ wZxq Ask| wbei ZZxq
Ask, RvZxq chvqi wewfb Rwic I cwimsLvb y` bMvxi cvwKZv I A`kgvbZvi welqwU wewfb Z_-Dcvi
1
2

mnhvMx AavcK I Pqvigvb, bwevb wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq| BgBj: saifur_rashid66@hotmail.com

mnhvMx AavcK, bwevb wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq| BgBj: hasanshafie@univdhaka.edu
cv | 1

ga w`q Zyj aiv nqQ| G RvZxq Rwic I cwimsLvb Z_MZ ywU QvovI y` bMvxjvi bvgKiYi wewfb
wevUi KviY bvbv aibi wevw Zwi nq| evsjv`kmn cw_exi wewfb `k y` bMvxi cvwK cwiwPwZ I
elgg~jK Aevbi AviKwU iZcY~ KviY njv y` bMvxi cwiwPwZ wbgvYi cZqbMZ msKU| GB cZqbMZ
msKUi welqwUK mvgb iL wfb wfb mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK cwimi Ges wewfb HwZnvwmK cwicwZ y` bMvxi
cwiwPwZ wbgvYi cwqv weklY Kiv nqQ PZy_ Ask| gcwieZbkxj wekeev, ivRbwZK I mvgvwRK AvMvmb
Ges chywi weqKi cwieZb y` bMvxi mswZZI bvbv aibi cwieZb m~wPZ nqQ| ekxi fvM B Zv`i
mswZ I fvlv nqQ wecb| evsjv`k y` bMvxi mswZ I fvlvi wecbZv wbq AvjvPbv iqQ wbei cg
Ask| mekl, evsjv`ki mvswZK m` I bfvlvevwbK Rwici mve iciLv, cqvRbxqZv I iZ Zyj
aivi cqvm bqv nqQ|

evsjv`k b Mvx I bevwbK MelYvi cvcU

fviZxq Dcgnv`k bevwbK MelYvi, ev Aviv wbw` Ki ejj, G_bvMvwdK ev RvwZZvwK weeiY jLvi m~Pbv
nq JcwbewkK kvmbvgj| kvmb Kvhg cwiPvjbvi myweav_B ewUk ckvmK`i wewfb Aji bMvx, eY I
ckvMvxmg~ni Av_-mvgvwRK Aev mwKZ Z_ msMn KiZ nZv Ges GBme Z_ msKjb _KB wewfb RvwZ I
mvgwRK Mvx mK ek wKQz cwZe`b I M iwPZ nqQ| evsjv`kmn GB Aji wewfb bMvxi Dci wKQz
MelYv Kvhg cwiPvwjZ nqQ Dbwesk kZvxi kl fvMI wesk kZvxi c_g w`K| Gmgq cKvwkZ MelYv
cwZe`b, M, iPbv I msKjb GLbI mgv`Z I bvbvfve eeZ nq| Gi gvS AbZg KqKwU nQ : BaThin
1931; Bernot 1953; Butler 1855; Campbell 1874a; Campbell 1874b; Chaudhury 1931;
Dalton 1872; Furness 1902; Grierson 1921; Grierson 1904; Haram 1887; Hodson 1908;
Hodson 1921; Hodson 1922; Hughes 1881; Hunter 1956; Hunter 1868; 1876; 1877; 1881;
Hunter 1973; Hutchinson 1897; Hutchinson 1906; Hutchinson 1909; Lewin 1870a; Lewin 1866;
Lewin 1869; 1870b; 1885; Mackenzie 1884; Mills 1931; O'Donel 1863; Pargiter & Ba 1886;
Phayre 1841; Playfair 1909; Qanungo 1761; Riebeck et al 1885; Risley 1891a; Risley
1891b; Roy 1916a; Sen 1931; St-John 1873; Woodthorpe 1873| wek kZKi kli w`K ch
evsjv`ki wewfb RvwZMvxi h weeiY cvIqv hvq Zv g~jZ ewUk ckvmK`i viv iwPZ nqwQj| evsjv`ki
ZrKvjxb RvwZMvxmgyni mvgvwRK I mvswZK ewki wKQz msw Z_ cvIqv hvq ewUk kvmbvgji wewfb
Av`ggvix I Rjv MRUmgyn| G aibi AwaKvsk weeiY cveZ PMvg ewZZ evsjv`ki Abvb Aji
bMvx`i mK my Kvb eYbv bB| GQvovI, AwaKvsk eYbvq evsjv`ki AvwjK I fMwjK cvcU cwi~U
nq DV wb ej GB Aji wewfb bMvxi Rxebaviv mKI c_K Kvb avibv cvIqv hvq bv|
cieZxZ, cvwKvb miKvii Avgj miKvwi bw_c (1947-71), evsjv`ki RvwZMvx msv Zgb Kvb bZzb
Z_i mshvRb, wKsev cwigvRb NUwb, eis AwaKvsk B cyibv eYbv I Z_mg~n vb cqQ| Ze GB mgq,
we`kx bwevbxiv, cavbZ evsjv`ki cveZ PMvg Ges Kvb Kvb Divji RvwZMvxmgyni gvS wKQz
DjLhvM MelYv cwiPvjbv Kib : Bernot (1953), Bernot (1957, 1960), Bessaignet 1958; 1960;
Brauns 1973; Brauns & Loffler 1990; Datta-Majumdar 1955; David 1964; Ehrenfels 1955;
Kauffmann 1962; Khan & Choudhuri 1965; Khan & Khisha 1970; Levi-Strauss 1951; 1952;
Loffler 1966; Loffler 1968; Majumdar 1948; Mey 1981; Mills 1931; Rajput 1963; Roy
1916b; Sen 1931; Serajuddin 1971; Shafer 1955; Sopher 1963| ^vaxbZvvi Kvj, `kx I we`kx
D`vM wKQz M, MelYv ce, I w_wmm iwPZ nq, hgb : Ali 1998; Arefeen 1986; Arens & Van Beurden
1977; Aziz 1979; Bal 2007; Bertocci 1972; 1977; 1996; Bertocci & Qureshi 1984; Choudhury
et al 1986; Chowdhury 1978; 1982; Chowdhury et al 1979; Ellickson 1972; Gomes 1988;
Gomes 1984; Hartmann & Boyce 1983; Islam 1974; Islam 1984; Jahangir 1979; Jansen &
cv | 2

Norbye 1990; Karim 1990; Khaleque 1995; Majumdar 1976; Maloney 1984; Mey 1978;
1984; Mollongea et al 1975; Mukherjee 1971; Qureshi 1984; Sattar 1971; Schendel 1981;
Schendel & Faraizi 1984; Serajuddin 1984; Thorp 1978; Van Schendel 1992; Wallace &
Harris 1989; Wood 1978| G`i gvS AbKB nQb bwevbx I mgvRwevbx, Avevi KD KD mvaviY
Drmvnx jLK| G`i jLvq Kv_vI Kv_vI hgb wevwi AeKvk iqQ, Zgwb iqQ MelYvi ZvwK I cwZMZ
`yejZv| Avevi AwaKvsk B G mKj cKvkbvmg~n weklYagx bq eis wbZvB wei I eYbvg~jK| Gi GKwU
iZc~Y KviY nj evsjv`k ZLbI bwevbi cvwZvwbK PPv i nq wb|
evsjv`k wekwe`vjq chvq bwevbi hvv i nq Avwki `kK| Gici _KB evsjv`ki wewfb bMvx,
ckvMvx wKsev fvlvMvxi Dci msMwVZ cwZwbfi bevwbK MelYvi m~Pbv nq| cvkeZx fviZ GKB aibi
bevwbK Melbv cwiPvwjZ nqQ wesk kZKi Mvov _KB (van Schendel & Bal 2002; van Schendel &
Bal 1998)| hvB nvK, MZ `yB `kK ai evsjv`ki wewfb wekwe`vjqi bwevb wefvMjv z` RvwZmv`i Dci
wewfb aibi MelYv cwiPvjbv Ki AvmjI, AwaKvsk B GmKj MelYvq cv Z_vejx h_vh_fve mvw`Z I
cKvwkZ nq wb|
Abw`K, evsjv`ki fvlvMZ ewP wbqI mymsMwVZ bevwbK MelYv Zgb nqwb ejjB Pj| JcwbewkK
kvmKMvx`i ckvmwbK cqvRb fvwlK ewP wbq wewQbfve wKQz wKQz MelYv nqQ| D`vniY^ic, cveZ
PMvgi wewfb bMvxi fvlvi Dci wKQz MelYv weePbv Kiv hZ cvi : Bernot 1953; Bernot 1957; 1960;
Bessaignet 1958; 1960; Brauns & Loffler 1990; Campbell 1874a; Campbell 1874b; Grierson
1904; Hutchinson 1897; Hutchinson 1906; Hutchinson 1909; Levi-Strauss 1951; 1952; Lewin
1866; Lewin 1869; 1885; Loffler 1968| GB MelYvjv _K cveZ PMvgi wewfb bMvxi fvlv, Avw`
wbevm, AwfMgbi BwZnvm I Zv`i `wnK Mob mK wKQz aviYv cvIqv hvq| Ze ^ cwimi Kiv GmKj MelYv
_K evsjv`ki mvweK fvlv ewP mK Kvb c~Yv aviYv cvIqv me bq| Aci w`K, wesk kZKi ii w`K
fviZ cwZwZ Anthropological Survey of India fviZ bevwbK MelYvi Zvrchc~Y Ae`vb iLQ|
Gaibi Kvb cwZvb evsjv`k bv _vKvq G`ki mvswZK I fvlv ewPi mvgwMK I cKZ
Aev mK wewfb
aibi AZv iqQ|

evsjv`ki z` b Mvx`i fvlv I fvlv-cwievi

fvlv gvbyli GK Abb mvsw ZK ARb| fvlvi gvag gvbyl gbi fve cKvk Ki| fvlv Drcwi mgqKvj _K AvR
ch wewfb Aji I msw Zi gvbyl wewP fvlvq gbi fve cKvk KiQ| fvlvi GB wfbZvB fvlvwevbx`i ga
wfb wfb fvlv cwievi aviYvi Rb w`qQ| Ze fvlvwevbxMY gb Kib eZgvb cw_exZ cvq Qq nvRvi fvlv cPwjZ
iqQ| me wgwjq Gkxq Aj Kg ewk cvq `o nvRvi fvlvi cPjb iqQ (Evans 1993; Gorter 2006;
Hurford 2003; Prasithrathsint 1993)| cw_exZ cPwjZ fvlvjvi ga wKQy mv`ki wfwZ fvlvwevbxiv
m`k fvlvjvK GKB fvlv-cwievify ej wPwZ KiQb| evsjv`ki wewfb bMvxi iqQ wfb wfb gvZfvlv|
G`ki wewfb bMvxi m`miv cvq 30wU wfb wfb fvlv eenvi Ki| Zv`i cPwjZ wewfb fvlvi aib evLv Kij
`Lv hvq h, fvlvjvi wKQz c_K ewk _vKjI wKQz wKQz fvlv Avevi cii Nwb| mv`k I emv`ki wfwZ
evsjv`ki wewfb bMvxi gvS cPwjZ fvlv cavbZ PviwU wfb fvlv cwievii Afz, h_v: (1) B`v-BDivcxq, (2)
wZewZ-ewg, (3) Av-GwkqvwUK Ges (4) `vweo fvlvMvx (`Lyb mviwY- 01)|
mviwY- 01 : evsjv`k wewfb fvlv-cwievi I cwievii Afy fvlvmg~n|
fvlv-cwievi
kvLv
1. Av-GwkqvwUK
gvb&-Lgi
Lvwm|

b Mvxmg~n

cv | 3

2. Pxbv-wZewZ

gyvwi
evov
KzwK-Pxb
mvK&-jyBk
wZewZ-evwgR

3. `vweo
4. B`v-BDivcxq

mvuIZvj, gyv BZvw`|

gvw` (Mviv), KKeiK, KvP, cwjqv, ivReskx BZvw`|
gBZB, Lywg, eg, Lqvs, cvsLv, jymvB, gv BZvw`|
PvK, Vvi ev _K|
gvigv, ivLvBb BZvw`|
KuyoL I Avw` gvjZv (eZgvb cvq jy)|
evsjv, PvKgv, Zsv, wezwcqv, mv`wi, nvRs BZvw`|

Drcwi w`K _K wePvi Kij AbK fvlvB GK Acii mv_ mshy| wewfb fvlvi gvbyli ga cPzi mvswZK
Av`vbc`vbI `Lv hvq| ZviciI cwZwU fvlv fve cKvki gvag wnme Abb I AZzjbxq| h Kvb gvbyli cwiPqi
GKwU iZcY~ Ask njv Zvi gvZfvlv| aygv mRbkxjZv I fve cKvki RbB h fvlv Acwinvh Zv bq, cwZwU
fvlvB mvswZK vb I AwfZvK aviY Ki|
GB Aji mePq cyivbv fvlv nj Av-GwkqvwUK cwievii Af
z gyvwi kvLvi fvlv mg~n| eZgvb evsjv`ki
Di-cwg emevmKvix mvuIZvj, nv, gyv, gvn&j Ges wmjUi Lvwm bMvxi gvbyl GB Av-GwkqvwUK cwievii
Af
z fvlvq K_v ej| evsjv`ki Di-cwg w`bvRcyi, ivRkvnx, VvKziMuvI, eov, iscyi GjvKvq AvGwkqvwUK fvlvMvxi muvIZvwj I gyv fvlvi eenvi `LZ cvIqv hvq| Di-cwgi IiuvI Ges cvnvwoqv bMvxi
KuyoyL fvlv g~jZ `vweo cwievifz| wZewZ-ewg fvlvMvxi jvKiv GB Aj Avm cvq Qq _K AvU nvRvi eQi
AvM| evsjv`ki Dii gvw` (Mviv),
wmjUi gBZB gwYcywi I cvvb gwYcywi,
cveZ PMvgi gvigv, wcyiv, Lywg, eg&, gv
cfwZ bMvxi fvlv wZewZ-ewg fvlv cwievii
Af
~ | B`v-BDivcxq fvlv cwievii Avh
RbMvxi AvMgb cvq cuvP nvRvi eQi AvM|
GB cwievii AMZ evsjv fvlv-fvlx jvKiv
evsjv`ki cvq meB emevm Ki| Ze evOvwj
QvovI PvKgv, wmjUi weywcqv gwYcywi Ges
Diei mv`wi fvlvMvxi m`m`i fvlv
B`v-BDivcxq cwievifz|

RvZxq Rwic I cwimsLvb y` bMvx

evsjv`kmn cw_exi wewfb `kB y`
bMvx`i Rxebhvv mK chv I wbfihvM
Z_-Dcv cvIqv hvq bv| GgbwK, mvaviY
RbwgwZK, wKsev Zv`i AevbMZ Z_I
Achv| dj, y` bMvx`i Rxebaviv wbq evLv I weklY AwaKvsk B nq Abygvbwbfi| wKsev KLbI KLbI
cwiwwZ weklY Kiv nq Zv`i AaywlZ Aj ev GjvKvi mvaviY Aevi cwicwZ| GRb `Lv hvq, GKB `ki
wewfb y` bMvx`i mK c_K wKsev Zzjbvg~jK cwimsLvb wbZvB `yjf| ivxq Z_-mvii wewfb cwimi y`
bMvxiv `kZ AbycwZ nevi dj Zv`i Pvwn`v I cqvRbmg~n Abyaveb Ges Zv`i Rxebavivi Dci wewfb
KgKvi cfve wbicYi ivxq bxwZwbaviKiv Avkvbyic f~wgKv ivLZ cvi bv| RvZxq chvqi wewfb

cv | 4

cwimsLvb I Rwic c_K cwiwPwZi wfwZ y` bMvx`i mbvKiY I Af

y Kivi wKQz mywbw` cwZeKZv
iqQ:
1) bMvx, y` bMvx, Avw`evmx, RvwZeY BZvw` cZq msvqbi wevw I weZKi KviY
cvqvwMK cwZeKZv;
2) gcwieZbkxj mvgvwRK cvcU iwPZ nq bMvx`i mvswZK cwiwPwZ, ZvB Kvb wbwgZ cwiwPwZI
wei bq, eis cwieZbkxj;
3) Awfevmb, , hy-weMn, Av`vjb, msMvg BZvw` cwqv;
4) Achv AvBwb myweav, KvVvgv Ges cqvM;
5) ckvmwbK I ivRbwZK cwimi iZnxbZv;
6) y` bMvx`i mK c_Kfve Z_ msMn I weklYi cqvRbxqZv Abyaveb mxgveZv;
7) y` bMvx`i welq Z_ msMn I weklYi wbwg RvZxq chvq cqvRbxq cvqvwMK bevwbK
vb I weklvwqZ `Zvi AcZzjZv;
8) Gaibi Rwic, Z_ msMnKvix ew`i bMvxMZ cwiPq wewfb aibi cwZeKZv mw Ki| A_vr,
Z_ msMnKvixiv y` bMvx`i m`m bv nj Z_ msMni fvlvMZ `~iZ, AmnhvwMZv I
cwZivai m~Lxb nZ cvi (ILO 2007; 2010)|
Gme cwZeKZv _K DiYi Rb cqvRb mKj
wP- 01: y` bMvx`i RbmsLv webvm, 2001
bMvxi m`m`i gvS cviwiK mnbkxjZv I
60
mngwgZv ew Ges ewPi cwZ Avgv`i `wfwZ
49.82
50
YMZ cwieZb Avbv| Ze GwU `xN cwqvi welq|
40
wewfb bMvxi gvS avivevwnK msjvc wewbgq,
25.77
30
AvjvcPvwiZv I Av`vbc`vbi gvagB Kejgv
20
10.11
7.74
3.29
Gaibi YMZ cwieZb I AbyK~j cwiek mw
10
2.28
0
me| miKvi, `vZvMvx I wekl`i mwwjZ
ewimvj PMvg
XvKv
Lyjbv ivRkvnx wmjU
D`vM Gaibi AbyK~j cwiek mwi cwqv Pjgvb
wefvM wefvM wefvM wefvM wefvM wefvM
iqQ `wY AvgwiKv, Ggb wK, Gwkqvi bcvj I
wdwjcvBbI (ILO 2007; 2010)| wK evsjv`k
Gaibi AbyK~j cwiek mw nq wb ej y` bMvx`i mK GLbv wbfihvM Kvb Z_-mviI Mo IV wb|
evsjv`ki RvZxq cwimsLvb y` bMvx`i cwiwwZ I cvwicvwkKZv, wKsev Zv`i gaKvi mv`k I cv_K
mwKZ h Kvb Z_B cvq AbycwZ| 2011 mvji mvwZK Av`ggvwiZ, evsjv`ki bMvx`i mK
Avjv`vfve Kvb Z_B cKvwkZ nqwb| Ze Gi c~ei wewfb mgqi miKvix Rwic y` bMvx`i RbmsLv mK
wKQz Z_ cvIqv hvq| 2001 mvji RvZxq Rwic Abymvi evsjv`ki 06wU wefvM y` bMvx`i RbmsLv gvU
14,10,169 (wP- 01-G AvbycvwZK webvm `Lvbv nj)| 1991 Ges 1981 mvji RwicI y` bMvx`i RbmsLv
Zzj aiv nqQ| evsjv`k cwimsLvb eyivi wewfb cKvkbvZ y` bMvx`i RbmsLv mwKZ Z_mg~n AbKvskB
wevwi mw KiQ| hgb, wewfb Statistical Yearbook Gi c` Z_i mv_ GKB mgqi Rjv I KwgDwbwU
wmwiR `qv Z_i Kvb wgj bB| evsjv`k cwimsLvb eyivi gZ, y` bMvx Ges agMvxmg~ni msKZ ev
KvWi fyj kwbwebvmi KviY GB Awgji mw nqQ (BBS 2010: 136)| dj y` bMvx mwKZ GB
cwimsLvbi cvqvwMK iZ wbZvB Kg| ^vaxb evsjv`ki c~eeZx mgqKvj A_vr cvwKvb I JcwbewkK Avgji
wewfb Rwic y` bMvx`i Aevb mK wKQz LwZ wP Zzj aiv nqQ| G mKj Rwic aygv cveZ PMvgi
y` bMvx`i mK avivevwnK wKQz Z_i mgvnvi `Lv hvq (`Lyb wP- 02 Ges mviwY- 02)|

cv | 5

wP- 02: wewfb Av`ggvixZ wb`wkZ cveZ PMvgi y` bMvxi RbmsLv webvm
800.0
736.7

RbmsLv (nvRvi)

700.0
600.0
500.0
339.8

400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0

63.1

101.6

107.3

124.8

212.9

239.8

392.2

441.7

501.1

269.2

153.8

173.2

1911

1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1974 1981 1991 2001

0.0

1871 1881 1891 1901

mviwY- 02 : cveZ PMvgi wewfb y` b Mvxi RbmsLv webvm

wewfb Av`ggvixZ wb`wkZ gvU RbmsLv
bMvxi bvg
1871
1901
1931
1941
1951
1981
eg&
305
696
977
5,733
PvK&gv
28,097
44,392
103,102 105,677 133,075 230,273
wqvs
306
1,427
1,300
5,453
Lywg
534
1,053
1,549
1,941
1,188
KzwK
2,117
3,584
1,972
jymvB
678
1,144
3,341
1,041
gvigv
22,060
30,706
65,889
122,734
cvLvqv
177
241
627
2,278
gv
2,378
10,540
7,328
12,932
16,121
17,811
gyis
Zv
8,313
17,739
PvK&
910
wcyiv
8,100
23,341
38,213
35,246
37,246
54,375
Abvb
gvU RbmsLv
61,957
113,074 153,453 157,439 270,802 459,535

1991
6,978
239,417
1,950
1,241
662
142,334
3,227
22,041
126
19,211
2,000
61,129
828
501,138

Z_m~: Bessaignet 1958; Cole 1932; Francis 1902; Gazetteer 1908; Gazetteers 1975; Hastinos 1892; Mead &
Macgregor 1912; Roy 2002; Roy 2012; Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics 1991 & 1981; CHT Regional Council Act
of 1998 (Act XII of 1998); The CHT Regulation of 1900.

Dcii mviwYZ (mviwY- 02) c` Z_mg~n cheY I weklY Kij Avgiv ek wKQz Miwgj I Amvgm `LZ
cve :
c_gZ: cveZ PMvgi mKj y` bMvx`i wewfb gvwiZ Af
y Kiv nqwb| gvS gvS wKQz bMvxi Z_
inmRbKfve AbycwZ iqQ| Avevi Kvb Kvb y` bMvx`i c~ei gvwi _K cieZx gvwiZ
RbmsLv Kg `Lvbv nqQ| aygv gvbyli AwfMgb wKsev gZyi kZKiv nvi w`q GmKj Amvgm evLv Kiv
me bq|
wZxqZ: Census Report of 1991-G ejv nqQ gv RbmsLv 22, 041 Ges gy is RbmsLv 126 Rb| wK
eve Giv GKB bMvx (AIPP 2007; Shafie 2000)|
ZZxqZ: Census Report of 1991-G ewYZ Abvb bMvxi 828 Rb mK Kvb my evLv `qv nq wb|

cv | 6

 PZz_Z: 1981 mvji gvwiZ wcyiv bMvxK wn`y agMvx wnme weePbv Ki Zv`i RbmsLv evOvwj wn`y`i
mv_ wgwjq MYbv Kiv nqQ| dj y` bMvxmg~n I evOvwj bMvxi RbmsLvi AvbycvwZK ZviZg I wevwi
mw nqQ (AIPP 2007)|
cgZ: 1931, 1941 I 1951 mvj KzwK bMvx bvg h RbmsLv `Lvbv nqQ mwU AZvcmZ
~ | Kbbv KzwK
ej GB Aj Kvb c_K bMvx bB| KzwK-Pxb nj GKwU fvlvcwievii bvg Ges KqKwU bMvxi fvlvB KzwKPxb cwievii Afy|
lZ: wZxq wekhyi mgqKvj bcvj _K AvMZ cveZ PMvgi emwZvcbKvix bMvx mK Kvb Rwic
DjL bB| GgbwK, LvMovQwo cveZ Rjvq `xN w`b _K emevmiZ mvuIZvj bMvxi RbmsLv mKI Kvb
eYbv bB GmKj Rwic (Ali & Shafie 2005; Shafie 2000)|
mgZ: wewfb mgqi gvwimg~n, GKB y` bMvxi bvg wfb evbvb I AvwK Dcvcb Kiv nqQ| dj,
cveZ PMvgi gvU bMvxi msLv wbq AvR-Aewa weZK iqQ| wbi mviwYZ Gaibi bvg-wevUi wKQz
D`vniY `qv nj:
mviwY- 03 : cveZ PMvgi y` bMvx`i bvgKiYi ewP|
bMvxi
Abvb cPwjZ
RbmsLv
g
ge
bvg
bvg
(1991)
eg&Rv,
wewfb `wjjc I mvwnZ G`i wgRv`i kvLv RbMvx wnme eYbv
1 eg
13,471
ebhvMx, KzwK
Kiv nqQ| KD KD G`i KzwK RbMvx wnmeI eYbv KiQb|
wewfb `wjjc I mvwnZ GB bMvxK wewfb bvg DjL Kiv
2 PvK&
AvPvK&, mvK
2,127
nqQ|
PvOugv, mvOgv,
Giv wbR`i PvOugv ej| RbmsLvi weePbvq Giv evsjv`ki eng
3 PvK&gv
252,858
_K&
y` bMvx|
wewfb `wjjc I mvwnZ G`i bvgi evsjv I BsiRx evbvb iqQ
4 Lywg
LygvB, Lvwg 1,241
wfbZv|
5 wqvs
qvs
2,343
jymvB,
wewfb `wjjc I mvwnZ GB bMvxK wewfb bvg DjL Kiv
6 jymvB
662
jyPvB
nqQ|
HwZnvwmK `wjjc I mvwnZ G`i gM& wnme eYbv Kiv nqQ|
7 gvigv
gM
157,301
gvigv I ivLvBb`i fvlv I mswZZ h_ mv`k iqQ|
wewfb `wjjc I mvwnZ GB bMvxK wewfb bvg DjL Kiv
8 gv
gyis, gyi
22,304
nqQ|
wgRv`i kvLv RbMvx wnme eYbv Kiv nqQ wewfb `wjjc I
9 cvLvqv cvLv, cvLy
3,227
mvwnZ| KD KD G`i KzwK RbMvx wnme eYbv KiQb|
Zb&Zb&uv,
GKwU ^Z bMvx njI AbK `wjjc I mvwnZ Zsv`i PvKgv
10 Zsv
ZsZsv,
21,639
bMvxi A
~ wnme eYbv Kiv nqQ| GQvovI wewfb `wjjc I
Zsmsv
mvwnZ G`i bvgi evsjv I BsiRx evbvb iqQ wfbZv|
fviZi wcyiv ivR Drcw ej evsjv`k Giv wcyiv bvg cwiwPZ|
wZc&iv, wZcv,
11 wcyiv
81,014
wewfb `wjjc I mvwnZ GB bMvxK wewfb bvg DjL Kiv
wZciv, wcywi
nqQ| Ze Giv wbR`i e ej|
GKBfve mgZji y` bMvx`i wbqI iqQ evcK wevw| y` bMvx`i wewfb msMVb KZK cwiPvwjZ Rwic
Ggb AbK y` bMvxi ZvwjKv iqQ hviv evsjv`k cwimsLvb eyivi RvZxq Rwic GKeviB AbycwZ|
evsjv`k Avw`evmx dvivgi `vex Abymvi mgZj Aj miKvix wnmve ewnf~Z AbKjv y` bMvx iqQ| hgb:
Avmvwg, evMw`, evbvB, ew`qv (e`, ew` I evBv), fuyBqv, f~wgj (f~Bgvwj), f~wgR, e, Wvjy, M, nvw`, nv, KgKvi,
Lv`, Lvwiqv, Lwq, Kvj, Kviv, gvPm, gvnvwj (gvwnwj), gvjv, gvj cvnvwoqv, gywiqvi, gymni, cvnvb, cv, ivB,

cv | 7

ivRvqvi, mvIwiqv cvnvwoqv, wms, Zzwi cfwZ (Roy 2012)| Ze cKZc, G`i mejvB nqZ ^Z bMvx bq,
KviY Kvb Kvb wn`y RvwZeYi AMZ wKQz m`vqK bMvx wnme weePbv Kiv nqQ| D`vniY^ic,
mgZji bMvx`i ZvwjKv mK wevwi wKQz bg~bv wbi mviwYZ Zzj aiv nj :
mviwY- 04 : evsjv`ki mgZji y` bMvx`i ewPKi bvgKiYi wKQz D`vniY|
bMvxi
Abvb cPwjZ
RbmsLv
g
ge
bvg
bvg
(1991)
1991 Gi kygvwi Qvov Abvb miKvix cwimsLvb G`i Kvb ebbv
1
eybv
7,421
bB|
gNvjqi Mviv cvnvo G`i enr RbMvxi emevm ej Giv Mviv
2 Mviv
gvbw`, AvwPK 64,280 bvg cwiwPZ| Ze Giv wbR`i gvb&w` ej _vK Ges Zv`i fvlvi
bvg AvwPK|
GKwU ^Z bMvx njI AbK `wjjc I mvwnZ nvRs`i Mviv
3 nvRs
11,540
bMvxi Af
y wnme eYbv Kiv nqQ|
nwiRbiv wK wn`y agxq eevi Af
y GKwU RvwZeY, bvwK c_K
4 nwiRb
nvwiRb
1,132
bMvx- Gwelq wewfb weZK iqQ|
Giv AwK fvlvMvxi Af~| JcwbewkK ckvmb G`i Lvwm
5 Lvwm
Lvwmqv
12,280 wnme wPwZ KijI AbK MelYv ce G`i Lvwmqv wnme DjL
Kiv nqQ|
fviZi gwbcyi ivR _K AvMZ wZbwU ^Z bMvxB evsjv`k
gZq, gZ,
gwYcywi bvg cwiwPZ| wewfb miKvix `wjjc I mvwnZ GB wZbwU
6 gwbcywi
cvvj, cvvb, 24,882
^Z bMvxK gwbcywi`i kvLv wnme ebbv Kivq AbK RwUjZvi
weywcqv|
mw nqQ|
wewfb miKvix `wjjc I mvwnZ G`i bvgi evsjv I BsiRx
7 IivIu
DivI, IuivI
8,216
evbvbi cv_K `Lv hvq|
cvnvwo, gvj
cvnvwoqv, cvnvwo I gvj cvnvwo RvwZmvi ^vZ welq h_vh_
8 cvnvwoqv
1,853
cvnvwo
bZvwZK MelYv cqvRb|
wewfb `wjjc I mvwnZ G`i gvigv bMvxi Af~ ejv nqQ|
9 ivLvBb
ivLvB, gM
16,932
Avevi AbK G`i ^Z bMvx ejQb|
RbmsLvi weePbvq Giv evsjv`ki wZxq eng y` bMvx| wewfb
10 muvIZvj mvb&Zvj
202,162 `wjjc I mvwnZ G`i bvgi evsjv I BsiRx evbvb iqQ
ewP|
cv wewfb MelYvq I cwimsLvb y` bMvx`i wewfb kvLv I MvjvKI c_K c_K bMvx wnme wPwZ Kiv
nqQ| Avevi KLbIev GKB bMvx wfb wfb Aj `yB ev ZZvwaK c_K bvg wPwZ nqQ| G Z_ msMnKvix
hv`i KvQ _K Z_ wbqQb ZvivB nqZv Zv`i bMvxi Abvb kvLv AskK (hv, gyjZ Ab GKwU g~j avivi
bMvxi kvLv) GKwU c_K bMvx wnme wPwZ KiQ- hv GKw`K hgb gvU bMvxi msLv evwoq w`qQ Zgwb
KLbI KLbI Zv`i RbmsLv wbaviYI mgmv mw KiQ| bMvxi BwZnvm, mswZ I fvlv mcK mgK aviYv bv
_vKj ZvK c_K bMvx wnme wPwZ Kiv KwVb| bMvx, y` bMvx, fvlvMvx, agMvx ev ag m`vq, ckvRxwe
Mvx I gvbe`j ev biMvx GK K_v bq| miKvwi I AmiKvwi Rwicmg~ni GB RwUjZv I wevwi g~j KviY nj
bMvx I y` bMvxi msvqb mK cKZ aviYv I vbi `yejZv| evsjv`ki Awaevmx`i Dci AvR ch Kvb
wbqgvbyM bevwbK Rwic nq wb| ZvB wewfb bMvxK Avjv`v fve wPwZ Ki Avgv`i `k KZjv bMvx AvQ
Zv wbw` Ki ejv me nq IV wb AvRI| wewfb Z_m~ Abyhvqx AvbygvwbKfve ejv nq Avgv`i `k 45wUiI ewk
bMvx iqQ| mwVK cwZZ bevwbK Rwic nj bMvx msLv nqZ AviI ewk ne ej Abygvb Kiv hvq|

cv | 8

evsjv`ki y` b Mvx: cZqb I cwiwPwZ msKU

y` bMvx mK AvjvPbvi c~e bMvx mK Avgv`i wKQz mvaviY aviYv _vKv cqvRb| bwevb bMvx ev
G_wbK Mc ejZ wK evSvq ? b ki A_ njv gvbyl, Avi Mvx gvb njv mvgvwRK `j| myZivs, gvbyli wewfb
Mvx ev mvgvwRK `jK bMvx ejv nq _vK| cw_exi cZKwU gvbylB Kvb bv Kvb bMvxi Af
y | cZKwU
bMvxB GKwU AviKwU _K Avjv`v| ciii ga cv_Ki GB mxgviLv bMvxjv me`vB eRvq ivL (Barth
1981; 1989; 1993; 1994; 2000; Jenkins 1994; 2003; 2008)| ZvB GKwU bMvxK c_Kfve Pbvi
Rb Avgv`iK me mgq mB bMvxi mxgviLv eRvq ivLv I m`mc` jvfi Dcvq mK RvbZ ne| mywbw` wKQz
mvgvwRK wbqgi ga w`q Kvb bMvxi m`mc` jvf KiZ nq| Avi GB wbqgjv cvjbi mvgvwRK cwqvi ga
w`q wewfb bMvxi cwiwPwZ I mxgviLv Avgv`i KvQ Avjv`vfve nq IV (Jacobson 1985)| hgb, PvKgv,
gvigv, muvIZvj, gvw`, evOvwj BZvw`i cZKwU Avjv`v bMvx| GKRb evOvwj ew wbRi BQvgZ KLbv PvKgv,
wKsev KLbv gvw` nZ cvie bv| A_ev GKRb PvKgv ewI PvBjB KLbv muvIZvj bMvxi m`mc` cve bv|
Kvb ewi wbR^ BQv Abyhvqx h Kvb bMvxi m`mc` jvf Kiv me bq| myZivs, PvKgv, gvigv, muvIZvj, gvw`
wKsev evOvwj cZKwU bMvxB Zv`i Avjv`v mvgvwRK cwiwPwZ I mxgviLv eRvq ivL Gi m`mc` wbaviYi gvag|
AwaKvsk B Avgiv Rbm~ Avgv`i bMvxMZ cwiPq I m`mc` jvf Ki _vwK Ges Abvb bMvxi m`m`i
_K Avjv`v cwiwPwZ aviY Kwi (Atran & Medin 2008; Barth 1969; 2000; Jenkins 2003; Jenkins et al
1986; Medin & Atran 1999; Medin & Aguilar 1999; Medin et al 2002)|
wewfb bMvxi ga mvswZK Dcv`vb wKQz wgj ev mv`k _vKjI G`i m`m`i cwiwPwZ me mgqB c_K _vK
(Epstein 1978; Glazer & Moynihan 1975)| Kbbv, mvgvwRK mxgviLv eRvq ivLvi ga w`qB bMvxjv
Zv`i cwiwPwZi ^vZ eRvq ivL (Atran et al 2005; Banks 1996; Barth 1969; 1994; 2000;
Gluckman 1958; Jacobson 1985; Jenkins 2003; 2008)| mvaviY wKQz ewki wfwZ bMvxjvi
mvswZK cwiPq I ^vZ Mo IV| h_v:
bMvxi m`mc` I cwiwPwZi mvgvwRK ^xKwZ: h Kvb bMvx Zvi m`m`i wbw` cwiwPwZ `q ev Avivc Ki| A_vr,
cZKwU gvbyl Zvi wbRi bMvxi cwiwPwZ wbq kke _K eo IV| GB bMvxMZ AvZcwiwPwZ hgb Avgiv
`vex Kwi Zgwb Abvb bMvxi m`mivI GB `vexi ^xKwZ `q| Gi gvb nj, h Kvb bMvx I Gi m`m`i
cwiwPwZi eni mvgvwRK ^xKwZ iqQ (Barth 1969; 1989; 1993; 1994; 2000; Jenkins 2003;
2008; Yelvington 1991)|
bMvxi Af~ nIqvi PZbv I eva: mvaviYZ h Kvb bMvxi m`m`i gvS bMvxMZ cwiPqi PZbv ev eva
_vK| A_vr, GKwU bMvxi mKj m`m`i gvS AvZcwiPqi PZbv I RvwZmvi eva KvR Ki (Cohen
1969; Atran et al 2005; Barth 1969; 1994; Berreman 1972; Briggs 1970; Byrne 1997;
Chapman et al 1989; Cohen 1981; Cohen 1994; 1998; Cohen 1977b; Eriksen 1996;
Gravlee 2005; Hallowell & Hallowell 1955; Harris 1970; Heider 1991; Levine 1999; Lutz
1985; Medin & Aguilar 1999; Mitchell 1974; Nagel 1994; Piers & Singer 1953; Sanjek
1977)| ZvB Avgiv wewfb gvbylK ejZ wb h, Avgiv evOvwj, Avgiv gvw`, Avgiv muvIZvj wKsev Avgiv
gvigv BZvw`| GB PZbv I evai RbB bMvxK RvwZmvI ejv nq|
mvgvwRK KgKv, fvewewbgq I Av`vb-c`vbi mvaviY : GKB bMvxi m`m`i Rxebaviv ev mswZZ h_ wgj ev
mv`k iqQ| mvaviYZ Zviv GKB fvlvq K_v ej I fvewewbgq Ki, Zv`i RxweKv wbevn cwZ KvQvKvwQ
aibi wKsev Zv`i mvswZK g~jeva I Av`kI h_ wgj `Lv hvq| A_vr mswZi wewfb `kgvb I A`k
Dcv`vbjv GKB bMvxi m`miv mKjB Rvb I aviY Ki (Barth 1956; 1966; 1970; 1981; 1987;
1989; 2000; 2005; Fox & King 2002)|

cv | 9

evsjv`k bvbv fvlv, ag I mswZi gvbyl emevm Ki| RbmsLvi weePbvq GB `k evOvwj bMvx nj msLvMwi|
Aci w`K, evsjv`k emevmKvix evOvwj Qvov Abvb bMvxjv msLvZvwK w`K _K QvU QvU Aevb iqQ|
GmKj bMvxi cZqb wbq iqQ wewfb weZK| wewfb HwZnvwmK `wjjc, AvBb I cvcb, eB-cyK I iPbv Ges
miKvwi bw_c evsjv`ki msLvjNy RvwZmvmg~nK wfb wfb bvg mbv Kivi KviY G`i mvaviY cZqbi weZK
AviI cej nqQ| GB weZK ay evsjv`kB bq, `Lv hvq cw_exi Abvb AbK `kB Gaibi bMvxjvi
cwiwPwZ wewfbfve weKwkZ nqQ hgb, Avw`evmx, DcRvwZ, UvBe, GewiwRbvj, RbRvwZ, Zdwmwj RvwZ,
z` RvwZmv, dv-bkvb cfwZ bvgKiY| GB msLvjNy bMvx`i mvswZK HwZn msiY I weKvki Rb
evsjv`k RvZxq msm` Gwcj 2010-G z` bMvx mvswZK cwZvb AvBb 2010 bvg GKwU AvBb cYqb Ki|
GB AvBb evsjv`ki A-evOvwj I HwZnevnx RvwZmvjvK z` bMvx bvg AvLvwqZ Kiv nq|
z` bMvx, z` RvwZmv ev G_wbK gvBbwiwU cZqjvi wfwg~j iqQ aygv GB `k Zv`i RbmsLvMZ
Aevb| RbmsLvi wfwZ QvU njI cwZwU bMvxB GK GKwU ^Z bMvx I Abb RvwZmv| Gaibi msvqb
_K Zv`i mswZi avivevwnKZv, HwZn, aib wKsev Mob mK Kvb cZqbMZ aviYv cvIqv hvq bv| Aciw`K,
GB RbMvx`i cwZwbwaiv wbR`iK mvgwMKfve Avw`evmx, ev BbwWRbvm wnme msvwqZ Kivi `vex
RvwbqQ| GB msvqbi g~j wfw nQ wbw` Aj Zv`i emwZ vcbi BwZnvm| bMvx`i emwZ vcbi
HwZnvwmK cvcU iZc~Y nq IV m^i 2007-G RvwZmsNi NvlYvc BwRbvm wccj&`i wekl
AwaKvii ^xKwZ `qvi KviY| BwRbvm wccj& Gi evsjv AvwfavwbK A_ Avw`evmx RbMvx| RvwZmsNi eeZ
BwRbvm wccj&- Gi aviYvi Drcw g~jZ Awjqv I AvgwiKv gnv`ki c_g Awaevmx RbMvxi aviYv _K|
eZgvb msLvMwi njI kZviv g~jZ mLvb ewnivMZ Ges emwZ vcbKvix| mLvbKvi Avw`evmx RbMvxi my`xN
elg I ebvi BwZnvm weePbv (Freire 2004; Loewen 2008; Said 2000; Tran 2012; Zinn 2005;
2011; Zinn & Arnove 2004) Ki RvwZmsN Zv`i AwaKvi weklfve msiYi D`vM MnY Ki| evsjv`kI
z` RvwZmvmg~nK BwRbvm wccj& ev Avw`evmx RbMvx ejv hve wKbv Zv wbq miKvi, ivRbxwZwe`, eywRxwemn
wewfb gnj iqQ Pjgvb weZK| hvBnvK, eZgvb cei welqei AvjvK GB weZK wbq `xN chvjvPbv wKsev
hyw ZKi AeKvk bB| eis ejv hZ cvi, z` bMvx ev Avw`evmx RbMvx mK KwVb ev Abgbxq msvqb
cqvRbxq ev cZvwkZ bq, Kbbv Gi dj wKQz wKQz bMvx msvqbi AvIZvi evBi _K hZ cvi (ACHPR
2003)| ZvB GLvb Avgiv Pv Kie GmKj bMvxi mvaviY mvswZK ewki AvjvK cvqvwMK cZqb wbaviY
Ki evsjv`ki cwZ Zvi cqvRbxqZv Zzj aiZ|
z` bMvx ev z` RvwZmv`i Rxebaviv I mswZ evOvwj bMvx _K c_K I ^Z| mvswZK ewki
weePbvq evsjv`k z` bMvx ev z` RvwZmv ejZ eySvbv nq g~jZ AZxZ ev Avw` HwZni aviK I
cwZwbwaZKvix bMvxjvK| GB bMvxjv wewfb HwZnvwmK I mvgvwRK cU cwieZbi gaI wbR wbR HwZn I
mswZK AbKvsk ai iLQ (Civallero 2007; Kleymeyer 1993; Nahmad et al; Van Nieuwkoop
& Uquillas 2000)| Gfve Zviv wbR^ mswZi cvPxb ev Avw` HwZn I ^vZ eRvq iLQ| A_vr, `ki I
AvRvwZK chyw Ges mswZi cwieZbi mv_ Zviv wgk hvqwb GKevi| eis Zv`i mgvR eev I mswZi wewfb
Dcv`vb AbKvsk wbR^Zv eRvq iLQ| z` bMvxjvi mvsw ZK ewk wKQz mvaviY mv`k iqQ| h_v:
(1) bMvxi m`m`i gvS ^Z cwiwPwZ I RvwZmvi PZbv|
(2) AZxZ HwZn, weklZ cvK-JcwbewkK hyMi mvswZK HwZni avivevwnKZv|
(3) ^Z mvgvwRK, A_bwZK ev ivRbwZK eev|
(4) ^Z fvlv, g~jeva, wekvm I Av`k|
(5) emevmKZ Aji cKwZi mv_ wbweo I Mfxi mK|
(6) AvaywbK iv eevq cvPxb HwZnevnx bMvxjvi Aevb AcKZ `yej Ges AvwacZnxb|

cv | 10

y` b Mvxi mswZi cwieZb I fvlvi wecbZv

AvaywbK wekeevq z` bMvxi gvbyl`i mvgvwRK I mvswZK eevq AbK cwieZb GmQ| mvwZKKvj
hvMvhvM eevi bvbvwea ecweK cwieZbi mv_ mv_ wewfb msw Zi ga Av`vb-c`vb ew cqQ e Y| dj
mvswZK cwieZb Zivw^Z nqQ| GKBfve, eni evOvwj mswZi msk I wekvqbi cfve z` bMvxi
gvbyl`i mgvR I mswZZI axi axi cwieZb GmQ| mvswZK cevn I cwiew cwqvi gvag z` bMvx`i
Rxeb h cwieZb GmQ Zvi aib I djvdjI iqQ ewP| AvwacZKvix eni mswZi mv_ `xNKvj ai
hvMvhvM I Av`vbc`vbi gvag z` bMvx`i m`miv mvswZK AvZxKiY (Acculturation) cwqvq eni
mswZi AbK Dcv`vb Mnb KiQ ev AvqZ KiQ (Anderson 2006; Atkinson 1990; Bentley et al 2007;
Cohen 1977a; Datta-Majumder & Herskovits 1956; Eggan 2009; Gupta & Ferguson 1992; Ji
et al 2001; Landrine & Klonoff 2004; Malinowski & Kaberry 1945; Nagel 1986; Singh 2000;
Smith Marvin 1992; Spindler & Goldschmidt 1952; Spindler 1977; Steward 1955; Wallace &
Fogelson 1961; Wells 1980)| z` bMvxf` GB mswZK AvZxKiYi gvv, aib I djvdj nqQ wewfb :
(1) mvswZK mgxfebi (Assimilation) dj wKQz wKQz z` bMvx AvwacZKvix mswZi AvPvi-AvPiY I g~jeva
aviY Ki eZgvb Zv`i wbR^ ^vZ I cwiwPwZ nvwiq djQ; (2) mvswZK cvwKZv I wewQbZvi
(Marginalisation and Exclusion) dj Acavb msw Zi gvbyliv avivevwnKfve cvwK ev KvYVvmv Aevb Pj
wMqQ, wKsev AbKvsk wewQb nq coQ; Ges (3) mvswZK mKiYi (Integration) ga w`q Kvb Kvb z`
bMvx GKw`K hgb AvwacZKvix mswZi AvPvi-AvPiY I g~jeva MnY KiQ, Zgwb GKB mv_ Zv`i wbR^
mswZI jvjb KiQ| A_vr mKiYi gvag eZgvb AwaKvsk z` bMvxi m`miv AvwacZKvix eni mswZi
mv_ hy _KI wbR^ Avw`-HwZn I mswZ eRvq iL ^vZ wUwKq ivLvi Pv KiQ|
Kvji cwigvq bvbv aibi ivxq I mvgvwRK eixZvq GKw`K hgb z` bMvx`i mswZ I fvlv gwKi myLxb
nqQ, Zgwb ivRbwZK I A_bwZK cwZK~jZv, cwZeKZv I wbhvZbi Kvib Zv`i AwZI gwKi m~Lxb
nqQ| nvwiq hvQ Zv`i mswZ I fvlvi DcKiYmgyn| AbK RvwZMvxB AvR Zv`i AvZcwiPq nvwiq Ab
Kvb enr RvwZMvxi Ask wnme Avwef~Z nQ, Avevi Kvb Kvb GmKj RvwZMvxmgyn agvwiZ nq evvjx,
wn`y, gymjgvb wKsev wLvb m`vqi Ask wnme Af~ nQ| G`i Kvb Kvb Ask Avevi wbR`i bMvxMZ
cwiwPwZ Mvcb iL (KkjMZ I mgvwRK AevbMZ Kvib) eni Kvb RvwZMvxi Afy nQ| Gfve mvswZK
HwZni weZ aviv (Great tradition) Ges vbxq avivi (Little tradition) mwjb z` bMvx`i mvgvwRK I
mvswZK Rxebi Kvb Kvb cwimi beavivi mgw^Z HwZn (Syncretic tradition) Mo DVQ (Babadzan
2000; Brakel 2004; Corwin 1977; Duranti & Ochs 1996; Geertz 1957; Harriss 2003;
Hobsbawm & Ranger; Miller 1966; Obeyesekere 1963; Orans 1965; Redfield 1955; Roy
1982; Sangren 1984; Spiro 1982; Stewart 1999)|
m`i Amg eUb, mvgvwRK elg Avi AmgZvi eveZv wbq wewfb ew, Mvx Ges bMvx`i gaKvi mvgvwRK
mK icvwqZ nq| Mvxwefw Ges mvgvwRK kwYKiYi gvag gvbyli AvtmK elg I AmgZvi mw nq
(Allport 1962 [1954])| Avi bMvxMZ cwiwPwZi wfwZ wefvRb I elgi KviY z` bMvxi gvbyliv eni
mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK I A_bwZK cwimi wewQbZv I ebvi wkKvi nq (Ali & Shafie 2005; Atkinson 1998;
Barron 2008; Birdsall et al 1995; Birdsall & Sabot 1991; Contreras et al 2007; De Haan
2000; Haan & Maxwell 1998; Haan 2009; Medin & Aguilar 1999; Oyen 2005;
Psacharopoulos & Patrinos 1994; 2004; Rashid et al 2009; Sen 2000; Shafie & Kilby 2009;
Shafie & Mahmood 2003)| evsjv`kI eng bMvx I msLvjNy ev z` bMvx`i gaKvi AvtmKi
cKwZ I ewkI AbKUv GKB aibi| GKB Aj e bMvxi cvkvcvwk emevm I Aevbi Drcv`b
eevK wNi Zv`i ga cwZhvwMZvi mK Mo IV (Barth 1956; 1959; 1969; 1994)| A_bwZK m`
AvniYi Rb AvtcwZhvwMZvi djvdj wnme AcvKZ `yej z` bMvxmg~n wewfbfve ebv, elg, wbcxob I
cv | 11

AabZvi wkKvi nQ (Atkinson 1998; Barron

2008; Barry 1998; Barth 2000; Becker
1975; Becker 1956; Corcoran et al 1984;
De Haan 2000; Garcia-Aracil & Winter
2006; Haan & Maxwell 1998; Haan 2009;
Hechter 1975; Hechter & Levi 1979;
Hechter & Okamoto 2001; Jenkins 2003;
Klitgaard 1995; Klitgaard & Fedderke
1995; Mincer 2008; Patrinos 1998; 2000;
Patrinos & Skoufias 2007; Psacharopoulos &
Patrinos 2004; Schultz 1961; Uquillas &
Rivera 1993)| GB m` AvniYi cwZhvMxZvq
myweavRbK Aevb _vKvi Rb AbK B z`
bMvxmg~ni cwZ msvivQb `wfwi eenvi Kiv nq
(Allport 1962 [1954]; Barry 1998; Haan
2009; Patrinos & Skoufias 2007; Rashid et
al 2009; Shafie & Kilby 2009; Shafie & Mahmood 2003)| GB msvivQb `wfw axi axi weKwkZ
nq mvgvwRK elg I kvlbi gvag nq IV (`Lyb wP- 03)|
evsjv`ki eng bMvx Ges msLvjNy ev z` bMvx`i cviwiK mvswZK Av`vbc`vb bvbviKg cwZeKZv I
mgmv iqQ| evsjv`ki gvU RbmsLvi gv 1.28% nj z` bMvx Ges aygv evOvwj bMvxi RbmsLv nj evwK
98.72% (BBS 2001)| RbmsLvMZ GB wekvj eeavb _K evsjv`ki mvgvwRK I mvsw ZK cvcU z`
bMvxjvi Zzjbvg~jK `yej Aevb mnRB Abygq| GQvovI, eZgvb mgqi ewkK cuwy Rev`x evRvi eev Ges
RvwZivi AvwacZi cfve z` bMvx`i AwZ (Appadurai 1996; 2001; Baumann & Sunier 1995;
Ferguson 2002; Foucault 2010; Gupta & Ferguson 1997a; b; Igoe 2006; Schutz 1972) GLb
SuywKi myLxb| Zv`i g~jeva GB wek eevi mv_ msMwZc~Y bq| mBmv_ eZgvb wekvqbi hyM z` bMvx`i
Abb mvswZK ewkmg~n axi axi jy nq hvQ (Appadurai 1996; 2001; Baumann & Sunier 1995;
Birdsall & Sabot 1991; Borofsky et al 2001; Gupta & Ferguson 1997a; b; Hall & Patrinos
2006; Hall 1992; 1996; Klitgaard & Fedderke 1995; Uquillas & Rivera 1993)|
HwZnvwmKfve y` bMvxjv evsjv`ki cveZ Aj I DPf~wg GjvKvi Awaevmx| evsjv`k gv KqKkZ eQi
c~eI RbmsLv ^Zvi KviY GK bMvx Ab bMvxi emwZ Aj cek Kiwb| wK mvwZKKvj RbmsLv
ewmn wewfb ivRbwZK I A_bwZK KviY evsjv`ki HwZnevnx y` bMvxjvi emevm Aji cwiwa I mxgvbv
QvU nq AvmQ (Birdsall et al 1995; Birdsall & Sabot 1991; Hall & Patrinos 2006; Uquillas &
Rivera 1993) Ges eni cwimi wewQbZv I ebvi KviY Zviv cvwK RbMvxZ cwiYZ nQ| evsjv`k Z_v
MvUv wekB z` bMvxjv mvgvwRK, A_bwZK I ivRbwZKfve cvwK Aevb iqQ (Appadurai 1998;
Atkinson 1998; Barron 2008; Barry 1998; Buvinic et al 2004; Byrne 2005; Contreras et al
2007; Corcoran et al 1984; Fazio 2007; Garcia-Aracil & Winter 2006; Haan 2009; Jordan
1996; Mayes et al 2001; Mincer 1974a; Patrinos 1998; Patrinos & Skoufias 2007;
Psacharopoulos & Patrinos 1994; Uquillas & Rivera 1993)| Gfve z` bMvxi m`miv `wi`
RbMvx`i gaI nZ`wi` Aevb _vK| z` bMvx`i Rxebhvvq `yej ^v eev, evwa, yav, Acyw,
wkvnxbZv, A^vKi evmvb, AwaK eKviZi cvkvcvwk we cvwb, cq:wbvkb I we`yZmn Abvb cv_wgK I
gwjK myweav _K ewZ nIqvi eveZv _K Zv`i cvwKZv mnRB cZxqgvb nq (Atkinson 1998; Chiswick
1997; Contreras et al 2007; Fazio 2007; Garcia-Aracil & Winter 2006; Jackson et al 1996;

cv | 12

Mayes et al 2001; Mincer 1974b; Mincer 1974c; Oyen 2005; Psacharopoulos & Patrinos
1994; Psacharopoulos & Schultz 1984)|
mvswZK wecbZvi cvkvcvwk z` bMvx`i gvZfvlvI eZgvb wecb cvq| wewfb Av_-mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK KviY
Ges RbmsLvi ^Zvi KviY wKQz wKQz fvlv GLb jycvq| Gjvi ga jymvB, Lywg, eg, wLqvs, gv, cvsLvqv
DjLhvM| mgZj f~wgi z` bMvx ek wKQy fvlv BZvga jy nqQ| z` bMvx cvnvwoqv I gvnvwj`i ga GK
mgq `vweo cwievii gvjZv fvlv cPwjZ wQj, wK eZgvb Zv Aejy| Giv mevB GLb mv`wi eenvi Ki Ges
mv`wiK wbRi fvlv ej gb Ki| evsjv`k emevmKvix cvq 85 nvRvi IivIu-Gi ga Zv`i `vweo cwievii fvlv
KzuoL Rvb gv 25 nvRvi| cvnvwoqv`i gvS GKKvj cPwjZ gvjZv (`vweo cwievify) fvlvI eZgvb cyivcywi
wejy|
z` bMvx`i fvlv wecb nIqvi Avi GKwU iZc~Y KviY nj wjwLZ eYgvjvi AbycwwZ| aygv PvKgv, gvigv I
gwYcywi`i iqQ eYgvjv| GQvov AwaKvsk z` bMvx`iB wbR^ wjwc ev Kvb wjwLZ eYgvjv bB| hw`I eZgvb
AbKB ivgvb wjwc eenvi Ki| ivgvb wjwc eenvii `xNw`bi BwZnvm iqQ muvIZvj, Mviv Ges Lvwm`i|
muvIZvj I Mviv`i ga mxwgZ chvq evsjv wjwci cqvM NUQ mvcwZK Kvj| Abw`K mv`wi fvlvfvlxiv evsjv
wjwc eenvi Ki AvmQ AbKw`b _KB| wgkbvwi`i cPvq eg&, PvK, cvsLvqv, Lywg cfw Z fvlvq ivgvb nid
eenvi nPQ| gv`i ga gbj gv cewZZ ivgvb Ges ewg wjwci 8wU ^i I 23wU ebi mg^q gv eYgvjv
cPjb i nqQ| evsjv`k wcyiviv Zv`i KKeviK fvlvq ivgvb nid eenvi KiQ| evsjv`ki z` bMvx
fvlvwj wewfb mgq cwiewZZ nqQ| ay h awbMZ w`K _K GB cwieZb NUQ Zv bq, bZzb bZzb kiI
Abycek NUQ|
gvbyli Rxebhvvq fvlvi f~wgKv AbK iZc~Y I evcZ| mvgvwRK mK I cwiwPwZ wbgvY _K i Ki wkKjv,
gZv, ivRbxwZ, wkv cfwZ, GgbwK RxweKv-wbevn I kgevRvii cKwZ wbaviYI fvlvi f~wgKv AZ iZc~Y|
`bw`b Rxeb GKwU fvlvi ^xKwZ I eenvii mvaviY mg~n nj : (1) cwievii m`m`i gvS eeZ fvlv;
(2) wewfb AvPvi Abyvb I Drme eeZ fvlv; (3) ez-eve`i mv_ eeZ fvlv; (4) Nii evBi Nvivdiv I
Ljvayjvq AskMnYi Rb eeZ fvlv; (5) ckvmwbK I AvBb-Av`vjZ eeZ fvlv; (6) mncvVx`i mv_ eeZ
fvlv; (7) wewfb MYgvag Abyvb mPvii fvlv; (8) c-cwKvq eeZ fvlv; (9) nvU-evRvi I `vKvb-cvU
eeZ fvlv; (10) wkK`i mv_ eeZ fvlv; Ges (11) cPwjZ eBcyK eeZ fvlv| fvlv eenvii GBme
mg~ni weePbvq ejv hZ cvi h evsjv`k z` bMvx`i wbR^ fvlvmg~ni cqvM I cPjbi cwiwa AZ
mxwgZ| mBmv_ evsjv`ki wkv I evRvi eevmn eni mvgvwRK cwimi mshy nIqvi Rb z` bMvx`i Rb
evsjv fvlv kLv Qvov MZi bB| ZvB z` bMvx`i Rxeb-AwfZvq evsjv nj AvwacZi fvlv (Abu-Lughod
1991; Bakhtin 1982; Bourdieu 1984; Bourdieu & Thompson 1991; Cole & Graham 2012;
Conley & O'Barr 2005; Cummins 2000; d'Andrade 1995; Derrida 1996; Fairclough 1990;
2001; 2005; Fetterman 1993; Grenfell et al; Holland & Quinn 1987; Kiesling 2007; Lakoff
1990; McCarty 2005; Royle 2003; Tollefson & Tollefson 1995)| AwaKvsk z` bMvxi m`mivB
AZ wfvwlK Ges Zviv wbR^ gvZfvlvi cvkvcvwk evsjv fvlv eenvi Ki|
cwievi _K i Ki mvgvwRK I ivxq cwimi GKwU fvlvi cPjb msKzwPZ nq Avmj axi axi mB fvlv jy nq
hvq (Curry 2008; Igoe 2006; Krauss et al 2004; Magga et al 2005; Mohanty 2000; SkutnabbKangas 1997; Skutnabb-Kangas & Aikio-Puoskari 2003)| evsjv`k z` bMvx`i wKQz fvlv eZgvb
jycvq| wek, eveZv Avi AwfZvK gvbyl aviY Ki Zvi fvlvi gvag| cw_ex I cKwZKI gvbyl icvqb Ki fvlv
w`q| fvlv gvbyli wPvK cwiPvwjZ Ki Avi GB wPvi-RMr _K wbgZ nq mvgvwRK eveZv (Foss & Hakes
1978; Hajime 1964; Nakamura 1991; Nisbett et al 2001; Norenzayan & Nisbett 2000;

cv | 13

Prasithrathsint 1993; Traxler & Gernsbacher 2006)| Gfve fvlvi gvagB gvbyli Rxeb `kb Mo IV|
ew h fvlvq K_v ej, m fvlvB Zvi wPvK cwiPvwjZ Ki Ges wfb wfb fvlvi gvbyli wPvi RMrI wfb wfb nq
_vK| cwZwU fvlvi wKQy ^Z I gwjK KvVvgv Dcv`vb (phonemic inventory, lexicon, etc.) _vK hv wPiZi
nvwiq hvq mB fvlvi gZzi gaw`q| GKwU fvlvi gZyi ga w`q GKwU mvswZK vbKv jy nq hvq, GKwU ^Z
Rxebavivi gZz NU|

bfvlvevwbK Rwic I evsjv`ki mvswZK m`

mvswZK m`i h_v_Zv I evw Abyavebi KvhKix cwqv wnme bevwbK Rwic ek wKQy Kvj ai wewfb
eywRxwe gnj I mvaviY gvbyli KvQ iZc~Y nq DVQ| MZ kZvxi i _K wewfb RvwZMZ , mvswZK
wewfbZv Ges ewkK mgmvi ^ic wbaviY wekevcx gvbe mgvR I gvbyli AvPiY wbq wkvg~jK I MelYvagx
Kvhgi cqvRbxqZv `Lv `q| GiB cwicwZ weki PvikiI ewk mswZ, RvwZMvx, agxq I Abvb mvgvwRK
`ji weeiY mg HRAF (Human Relations Area File) Collection of Ethnography nq IV GK Abb
m`| HRAF _K cw_exi wewfb GjvKvi gvbyli wewP Rxebhvv mK Zzjbvg~jK vb AvniYi ga w`q
gvbyli AvPiY I mswZ mK A`wg~ jK Zxq aviYv ARb Kiv hZ cvi| GB fvebv _K 1937 mvj Bqj
wekwe`vjqi Institute of Human Relations Gi GK`j MelK GK GKwU mgvRi mvswZK, AvPiYMZ I Abvb
Z_i kwYeKiY I wb`wkKv cYqbi h cwqv i Kib Zv w`q GB en`vqZb Z_m~i KvR i nq|
GKBfve, fviZ 1946 mvj cwZwZ Anthropological Survey of India miKvii Aaxb wewfb bevwbK
MelYv i Ki| fviZi e wewP mswZi h wecyj cwiwa I evw, Zv Zyj aivi Anthropological
Survey of India i MelYvKgi Ae`vb Ab^xKvh| GB msvi wewfb cKvkbv I G_bvMvwdK PjwP mviv wek
wewfb MelYv I cvVg eeZ Ges ckswmZ| GKBfve evsjv`ki mvswZK ewP I m` wPwZ I wPvqbi
Rb bevwbK Rwic iZc~Y f~wgKv ivLe|
mvswZK m` I fvlvewP Rwici welqvejx wK nZ cvi Zv wbq AbKiB my aviYv bvI _vKZ cvi|
mswZ I fvlv cii wewQb bq, eis wewfb cwimi fvlv I mswZ GK Acii wbqvgK I aviK wnme KvR Ki|
ZvB fvlvi ewPMZ Z_vqb I Rwici mvswZK cUf~wgi aviYv hgb iZc~Y, Zgwb mvswZK m`
cZqb I Abyavebi fvlv msv vb Acwinvh| mvswZK m` I fvlv ewP Rwici Dcv`vbmg~n wbi
wP `Lvbv nj|

cv | 14

bevwbK I bfvlvevwbK Rwici aygv wewfb bMvx bq, eis wewfb ckvRxwe, agxq I msLvjNy RbMvxi
Z_jvI Riix| Kbbv, cZKiB iqQ ^Z cwiwPwZ, Rxeb I mswZ| MvxMZ cwiwPwZ I webvmi Z_jv
mvswZK gvbwPvqbi cv_wgK kZ| GQvov wewfb HwZnvwmK I cZZvwK wb`kb, vcZ, emwZ, Drcvw`Z `evw` I
nwk, cvKwZK m` BZvw` wewfb bMvxi eMZ mswZi cwiPq enb Ki| Abw`K, vbxq Drme-Abyvb,
jvKwk, Ljvayjv, gjv, cwZhvwMZv BZvw` mswZi A`k A_P cengvb avivi cwiPvqK|
AwaKvsk B Avgiv wbR wbR mswZi wKQy welq Qvov Abvb welq A wKsev D`vmxb _vwK| Gi KviY njv Ab
mswZ mK h_vh_ vb ev aviYvi Afve| Avi wbR I Ab msw Zi cwZ D`vmxbZvi djvdj^ic Avgv`i gvS
Zwi nq bvbv wef` I elg, RvZxq msnwZ nq LwZ Ges RvZxq I ivxq Dbqb wejw^Z A_ev wZM nZ _vK|
A_P GB e `kgvb I cengvb Dcv`vbi mg^q Avgv`i ewYj msw Zgvjvi h Adyi m` Zvi h_vh_ Z_vqb,
wjwceKiY I cPvi Kiv me nj Avgv`i GB `ki mKj mswZi gvbyli gvS cviwiK kveva Zwi ne,
Mo DVe mvswZK HwZn I m` msiYi cwZ `vqeZv I RvZxq msnwZ Ges Zv `k I gvbyli Dbqbi
cqvRbxq AbyciYv hvMve|
Abw`K, G aibi Rwic I gvbwPvqbi ga w`q AbK jycvq wKsev nvivbv fvlv I HwZnK wUwKq ivLv ev
wdwiq Avbv hZ cvi| cw_exi ek wKQy `k Zv meI nqQ| mevcwi, evsjv`k evOvwj AaywlZ I evsjvfvlx
GKwU iv ej mvaviYfve cwiwPZ| Gi wecyj fvlv ewP I mvswZK mgw mK weki AbKB AewnZ bq| GB
Rwic I Z_vqb mb nj Zv weki KvQI KZ~njvxcK I mgv`Z ne, hv ay wekmfvq evsjv`ki AevbK
mymsnZ I ghv`vkxj Kie ZvB bq, eis Aviv b~Zb mnhvwMZv I MelYvi K DbvwPZ Kie|

Dcmsnvi
RxeewP hgb cKwZi Rb Acwinvh, gvbeRvwZi RbI fvlv I mswZi ewPi cqvRbxqZvI Abyic (UNESCO
2002)| ZvB mswZi ewP msiY I weKvki `vwqZ Avgv`i mKji| evsjv`ki RbMYi mvswZK ewP,
mvgvwRK cwZvb, RvwZMZ bKUi cwiwPwZi gvag msnZ I HKe iv MVbi Rb wek` bevwbK MelYv
cqvRb| bvbvfve wefvwRZ I weev`gvb wewfb bMvx, mvswZK I agxq Mvxi ga mcxwZ vcb Kiv nj GB
gyn~Zi bwZK `vwqZ I Dbqbi c~ekZ| evsjv`k I Gi Awaevmx`i bevwbK weeiYi Rb cqvRb h_vh_
evwbK MelYv| Gi ga w`q ay vb ARbB me ne Zv bq, eis mKj wef` `~i Ki mseZv I msnwZi GKwU
meRbxb I RvZxq mw ne (Ahmed 1998; Flora et al 1999; Gagnon & Tully 2001; Ganguly &
Phadnis 2001; McGarry 2002; Miguel 2004; Norman 2006; Weinstock 1999)|
evsjv`ki mvswZK gvbwP e bMvxi mg^q MwVZ| mKj bMvx, RvwZmv, m`vq I Mvxi ewPi mgvnvi
GKwU vbi mvswZK HwZn weKwkZ nq| evsjv`k mvsw ZK m` Rwic I bfvlvevwbK MelYvi gvag wewfb
bMvx mK cKZ
Z_ Ges cviwiK aviYvjvfi gvag bMvx`i ga Abvvi mK `~i Ki Avgv`i `kK
mvgwMK Dbqbi w`K wbq hvIqv me| evsjv`k Dbqbi cwZ bevwbK Rwic AZ iZc~Y f~wgKv ivLe|
Gaibi Rwici gvag bMvxiv ciii Rxebhvvi mK h_vh_fve AewnZ ne| dj wewfb bMvxi cwZ
msvivQb `wfwi Aemvbi ga w`q mvswZK ewP mK `ki gvbyl mnbkxj nq DVe| wewfb bMvxi
ga Amg mK I mvgvwRK elg cwZnZ Ki h_vh_ Dbqb bxwZ wbaviY I cYqYi evsjv`k bevwbK
Rwici Kvb weK bB| Gfve mKj RvwZmvi mg mseZvq I AskMnY iv MVbi gvag evsjv`ki mvgwMK
Dbqbi evavmg~nK AwZg Kiv me|

cv | 15

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