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Yeh, C. C.,
Leou,
M. L., and Ucci, D. R. (1989)Bearing estimation with mutual coupling present.
IEEE Transactions
on
Antennas and Propagation,
37,
10(Oct. 1989), 1332-1335.Application of high-resolution direction finding algorithmsto circular arrays with mutual coupling present.Final report, Part I1 prepared for Defence ResearchEstablishment Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, McMasterUniversity, Ontario, Canada, July
1990.
Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation.In
Proceedings
of
RADC Spectral Estimation Workshop,
1979.Mutual coupling compensation in small array antennas.
IEEE Transactions
on
Antennas and Propagation,
38,
12
(Dec.
1990),
1971-1975.Direction fiiding in the presence
of
mutual coupling.In
Proceedinp
of
the 2hd Asilomar Conference
on
Signals,System, and Canputers,
1988, 598402.Direction finding in the presence
of
mutual coupling.
IEEE Transactwm
on
Antennas and Propagation,
39,
3
(Mar.
1991),
273-284.A performance analysis
of
subspace-based methods in thepresence of model errors-Part
1:
The MUSIC algorithm.
IEEE Transactions
on
Signal Processing,
40,
7 (July 1992),17%1774Effects of mutual coupling on super-resolution DF inlinear arrays.In
Proceedings
o
the
IEEE International Conference
on
Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,
5,
San Francisco,Litva, J., and Zeytinoglu, M. (1990)Schmidt, R. (1979)Steyskal, H., and Herd,
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S.
(1990)
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J.,
and Friedlander,
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(1991)
Swindlehunt,
A.,
and Kailath, T. (1992)Roller, C., and Wasylkiwskyj, W.
(1992)
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R.
B.,
Tsui,
J.
B.
Y., and Freese, N. (1992)Reduction of aliasing ambiquities through phase relations.
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on
Aerospace and Electronic Systm,
28,
4 (Oct. 1992), 950-955.Radiation and scattering
by
thin-wire stxuctures in thecomplex frequency domain.NASA contractor report CR-23%, Contract NGL36-008-138, Hampton, VA, May 1974.Computer program for thin-wire structures in ahomogeneous conducting medium.NASA contractor report CR-2399, June 1974.
Computer
Techniques
for Electromagnetics.
Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing, 1987.
Antenna Theory and Design.
New York
Wiley,
1981.
Helical
and
Spiral Antennas-A Numerical Approach.
Research Studies
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1987.
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Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968.
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H. (1974)Richmond, J.
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C.,
and Balmain,
K.
G.
(1968)Pillai,
S.
U.
(1989)
Antenna Sidelobes in the Presence
of
Flat Reflectors
Reflecting surfaces near the antenna may produce
surprisingly
large sidelobes even if the designed free-space sidelobes in thedirectiom of these surfaces are very
small.
Calculations
of
suchsidelobes are presented for an
example
of a linear aperture with aparabolic weighting function for the receved signal amplitude.
I.
INTRODUCTION
It is
known
that small objects near an antenna maycause problems
if
they are within the main beam
[l].
They may scatter into the main beam signals whicharrive from outside of the main beam, thus in effectcreating an increased sidelobe level in those directions.(In a nonideal real environment the far field patternof the sidelobe level versus direction may be definedas the recorded antenna output when a source ofradiation is moved around the antenna in the farfield, with the output normalized for range ilnd sourcestrength.) Those increased sidelobes vanish when themain beam is steered away from the objects. However,if there are flat surfaces near the antenna, we showthat these surfaces may produce large sidelobes evenwhen the surfaces are outside of the main beam.Low sidelobes are the result of mutual cancellationamong the signals from all parts of the aperture. If thereflections from a flat surface reach only a fractionof the aperture, then the cancellation is incomplete,and the sidelobe level may be increased. This problemis illustrated for a linear aperture with a parabolicweighting function for the received signal amplitude.Weassume that the reflecting surfaces are nearthe antenna. Therefore, the reflections arrive at theaperture as a collimated beam without much spreading.Weneglect any scattering by the edges of the surfaces,such scattering is a secondary effect of less importancethan the reflections.Fig.
1 
shows three directions from which thereceiver obtains reflected or direct signals whichreach only a part of the linear aperture. Consider thedirection denoted by Rf1. Surface
1
reflects a signalfrom that direction into a portion
of
the aperture nearits center. In addition the signal arrives at the entireaperture on a direct path (not shown in Fig.
1).
Theoutput due to the direct signal corresponds to thedesigned free-space sidelobe level in the directionRfl. The output due to the reflected signal would
Manuscript received March 14, 1994; revised March 16, 1994.IEEE
Log
NO.
T-AES/’30/4/05042.0018-9251/94/%4.00
@
1994 IEEE1122IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON
AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMSVOL.
U),
NO.
4 OCTOBER 1994
 
Fg
1.
Three directions from which signals reach
only
a part
of
the receiver.
2L
.
I'
a
u
__3
Reflector
Fg
2
Geometrical parameters
for
illustrative example.
have corresponded to the designed free-space sidelobelevel in the direction of surface
1
(which is differentfrom the direction Rf1) if the reflected signal hadarrived at the entire aperture. However, since thereflected signal is mssing on parts of the aperture, theoutput
is
changed. The total output is the sum of theoutputs due to direct and reflected signals, added withappropriate phase differences.surface
2,
and it likewise reaches only a fraction
of
theaperture. The signal from direction Obis obstructed bythe surfaces; in this case the direct signal itsef doesnot reach the entire aperture.The signal from direction Rf2 is reflected
by
II.
LINEAR APERTURE WITH
A
PARABOLICWEIGHTING FUNCTION
For an illustrative example let us consider a singlereflecting surface as shown inFig.
2. 
Assume thatthe main beam is steered to broadside
(8
=
Oo).
Thereceiver output
R(8)
due to reflection alone (no directsignal) is obtained
by
an integration of the reflectedsignal over the part of the aperture which receives thereflection (the line segment from
d
to
b),
weighted bythe parabolic weighting function
Z(y):
b
~(8)
ej+
ciyZ(y)e-ikysi"e.
(1)
CORRESPONDENCE
1123
 
0
-10
Gain,
dB
Q,
degrees
Rg.
3.
Free-space and reflection sidelobes for
kL
=
45,
kH
=
80,
kW
=
250,
and
kU
=
60.
In
(1)
k
=
27r/X,
X
is the wavelength, and
q5
is thephase
of
the reflected signal relative to the directsignal at the center of the aperture. The latter dependson the geometry, polarization, and the reflectingmaterial. If the reflection coefficient of the surface
is
+1
then
q5
=
-2kHsin0, where
H
and the othergeometric parameters are defined inFig.
2. 
The parabolic weighting function is given by
Z(Y
1
=
(3/4L)P
-
Y
/L>21. (2)Equation (1) yields
R(0)
=
(j3e’@/4G)[e-’GB(1
E2
+
2/G2
+
2jB/G)
-
-jcD(l
-
D2
+
2/G2
+
2jD/G)]
(3)where G
=
kLsin8, B
=
b/L,
D
=
d/L,b
=
(W
+
U)tan0
-
H,
or fL, andd=(W-U)tanO-H,orfL.reflection sidelobe for kL
=
45,
kH
=
80,
kW
=
250,and kU
=
60.
The highest free-space sidelobe is
-21.3
dB [2]. The peak of the reflection sidelobeis
-19.9
dB in a direction in which the designedfree-space sidelobe level is less than -34 dB, anincrease by more than 14 dB. Similar results areobtained for a cosine weighting function
[3].
from the direct and the reflected signals. When the twooutputs are nearly equal (as at
go
in Fig.
3),
then thetotal output versus
0
fluctuates rapidly because of thechanging phase difference between the two outputs.At the peak of the reflection sidelobe (at
16O)
thedirect output
in
Fig.
3
is
so
low that the fluctuationsare negligible.Fig.
3
shows the free-space pattern and theThe total output consists of the sum of the outputsIf d
=
-
then (3) reduces to
R(0)
=
(3ej@/2G)[(l- B2
+
2/G2)sinGB
-
~B/G)cosGB]. (4)
-10
-20
Gain.
dB
-
30
0
0.5
1
B
Fig. 4.Reflection sidelobes for
d
=
-b
versus
B
(B
is
fraction
of
linear aperture which receives reflections).
-
L
sin
B
=
5,
___
kLsin0
=
10.
Fig.
4 
shows (4) versus B for G
=
5
and
10.
ForG
=
5
the sidelobe reaches a peak of -10.6 dB at
B
=
0.31, quite a difference from the designed free-spacemaximum of -21.3 dB.
Ill.
CONCLUSIONS
A flat surface outside of the main beam cannotbe disregarded
ust
because one has designed alow free-space sidelobeinthe direction of such asurface. Reflections by the surface may produce a verylarge sidelobe. The sidelobe level due to reflectionsdepends on the size of the reflecting surface: n aseemngly paradoxical way.
A
small surface reflectsless energy into the aperture than a large surface ifthe reflections from the small surface do not reachthe entire aperture. Yet the receiver output (due tothe small surface may be much larger than due
to
the large surface if the reflections from the largesurface reach the entire aperture, and thus the latterreceiver output is reduced to the designed low sidelobelevel. The paradox is solved if one observes that thelesser energy from the smaller surface provides lessenergy for the mutual cancellation process amongsignals from all parts of the aperture; therefore, someenergy remains uncanceled, and the receiver output isincreased. The same conclusions apply to planar andthree-dimensional apertures.The increased sidelobe direction is determined bythe geometry, while the sidelobe level depends alsoon the size of the reflector, the aperture weightingfunction, and the main beam steering direction. Onecan relocate bothersome sidelobes by a rotation ofthe reflecting surfaces, or by changing
H,
U’,
or
U
inFig. 2. 
1124
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AEROSPACE AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
VOL.
30,
NO.
4
OCTOBER
1994
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