A.

Standard of Competency

: The students are able to understand the parts of speech

B. Basic Competencies

The students are competent to identify Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverb, Articles, Preposition, Conjunctions, Interjections

A. Text The Education System in Indonesia The Ministry of National Education administers all educational policies, guidelines and implementation in Indonesia. All citizens in the country have to finish 9 years of education, 6 years at elementary level and 3 in middle school. The constitution stated that education in the country is divided into two parts, formal and non-formal. A formal education is divided again into three levels, primary, secondary and tertiary education. Children with ages 5 to 6 or 7, attend kindergarten. It is not mandatory for Indonesian toddlers but the objective is to train them for primary school. Normally, the kindergarten years are divided into "Class A" and "Class B" pupils spending a year in each class. Indonesian attends elementary school from ages 7-12. Based on the national constitution, this stage of education is mandatory to all Indonesian citizens. Part of main education in Indonesia is called Middle School. From ages 13-15 students attend Middle School for 3 years after graduating from elementary school. Indonesian citizens are not required to attend high school based on the national constitution, since they only need 9 years of education. Students may attend to a university after finishing from high school or college. Higher education method in the country consists of college or academy, polytechnic, institute and university. The objective of professional education is to train the students to master certain knowledge and/or capability and it consists of Diploma Education. (Taken from: www.spainexchange.com) B. Comprehension Questions Exercise 1: Answer the following questions briefly. Base your answer on the text above! 1. What does minister of national education administer? 2. Does citizen have to attend kindergarten?? 3. What do school, hospital and shops provide? 4. How long do the students spend in the kindergarten?

5. When do the students attend the middle school? 6. What does education method consist of? 7. Compare the system in Indonesia with the system in Australia, the USA, and the UK! C. PARTS OF SPEECH (JENIS - JENIS KATA) Below are several parts of speech or kinds of word that can be found in English: 1. Nouns 2. Pronouns 3. Verbs 4. Adjectives 5. Adverbs 6. Articles 7. Prepositions 8. Conjunctions 9. Interjections : kata benda : kata ganti (pengganti noun) : kata kerja : kata sifat : kata keterangan : kata sandang : kata depan : kata penghubung : kata seru

NOUNS A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. a. A person b. Animal c. A place d. A thing e. An abstract idea : Ani, Budi, Chandra, etc : cat, dog, horse, etc : Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, etc : book, table, computer, mountain, house, etc : agreement, truth, democracy, sight, etc

A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, an adjective or an adverb. Types of Nouns a. Proper noun Since the noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing we always write the proper noun with capital letter. The names of days of the week, months, historical documents, institutions, organizations, religions, their holy texts and their adherents are proper nouns. A proper noun is the opposite of a common noun. Example of proper noun: Yogyakarta, May, Monday, Indonesian, etc b. Common noun

A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense -usually, we write it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence. A common noun is the opposite of a proper noun. Example of common noun: town, people, neighborhood, mountain, village, computer, etc c. Abstract noun An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can not perceive through your five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun. Example of abstract noun: happiness, safety, democracy, freedom, etc d. Concrete noun A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. A concrete noun is the opposite of an abstract noun. Example: judge, files, clerk, dog, beach, waves, agent, etc. e. Collective noun A collective noun is a noun naming a group of things, animals, or persons. You could count the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a whole is generally as one unit. You need to be able to recognize collective nouns in order to maintain subject-verb agreement. A collective noun is similar to a noncountable noun, and is roughly the opposite of a countable noun Example: family, team, group, committee f. Countable noun A countable noun or count noun is a noun with both a singular and a plural form, and it names anything or anyone that you can count. You can make a countable noun plural and attach it to a plural verb in a sentence. Countable nouns are the opposite of non-countable nouns and collective nouns. Example: student, candy, child, tooth, mouse, etc g. Non-countable/Uncountable noun A non-countable noun (mass noun) is a noun which does not have a plural form, and which refers to something that you could (would) not usually count. A non-countable noun always takes a singular verb in a sentence. Non-countable nouns are similar to collective nouns, and are the opposite of countable nouns Example: water, sugar, sand, salt, information, etc PRONOUNS

Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun or noun phrases. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. We would have to say things like:

Do you like the teacher? I don't like the teacher. The teacher is too pompous.

With pronouns, we can say:

Do you like the teacher? I don't like her. She is too pompous.

Types of Pronouns a. Personal pronoun Subjective : Objective Possess. Adj. Possess. Pron. Emphatic/ Reflexive I You We They He She It Me You Us Them Him Her It My Your Our Their His Her Its Mine Yours Ours Theirs His Hers Its Myself Yourself/yourselves Ourselves Themselves Himself Herself Itself

1) Subjective pronoun A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. The subjective personal pronouns are I, you, she, he, it, we, you, they. Example: You are surely the strangest child I have ever met. 2) Objective pronoun An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective personal pronouns are: me, you, her, him, it, us, you, and them. Example: After reading the pamphlet, Julia threw it into the garbage can. 3) Possessive pronoun A possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as a marker of possession and defines who owns a particular object or person. The possessive personal pronouns are mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, and theirs. Note that possessive personal pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectives like my, her, and their.

Example: This is yours. Theirs will be delivered tomorrow. 4) Reflexive pronoun You can use a reflexive pronoun to refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence. The reflexive pronouns mentioned above (myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves) can also act as an intensive pronoun. Example: The Dean often does the photocopying herself so that the secretary can do more important work. 5) Intensive pronoun An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to emphasize its antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns. Example: I myself dont like it. The Prime Minister himself visited our class. b. Demonstrative pronoun A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun. The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those. This and these refer to things that are nearby either in space or in time, while that and those refer to things that are farther away in space or time. This and that are used to refer to singular nouns or noun phrases and these and those are used to refer to plural nouns and noun phrases. Note that the demonstrative pronouns are identical to demonstrative adjective, though, obviously, you use them differently. It is also important to note that that can also be used as a relative pronoun. Example: This must not continue. I want these. c. Interrogative pronoun An interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are who, whom, which, what and the compounds formed with the suffix ever (whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever). Note that either which or what can also be used as an interrogative adjective, and that who, whom, or which can also be used as a relative pronoun. You will find who, whom, and occasionally which used to refer to people, and which and what used to refer to things and to animals. Who acts as the subject of a verb, while whom acts as the object of a verb, preposition, or a verbal. Example: Who will meet the delegates at the railway station? Whom do you think we should invite? What on earth is that? d. Relative pronoun You can use a relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. The relative pronouns are who, whom, that, and which. The compounds whoever, whomever, and whichever are also relative pronouns.You can use the relative pronouns

who and whoever to refer to the subject of a clause or sentence, whom and whomever to refer to the objects of a verb, a verbal or a preposition. Example: The candidate who wins the greatest popular vote is not always elected. You may invite whomever you like to the party. e. Indefinite pronoun An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referring to an identifiable but not specified person or thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some. The most common indefinite pronouns are all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, and someone. Note that some indefinite pronouns can also be used as indefinite adjectives. An indefinite pronoun may look like an indefinite adjective, but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the place of a noun. Example: Something smells good. Many like salsa with their chips. VERBS The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. The verb or compound verb is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence. The verb conveys an understanding of the action expressed, or it conveys the state of the subject. a. Action: Tom hit the ball. The verb is hit. Tom acted; he hit something. The verb describes the action. b. State The sky is blue. The verb, is, conveys the state of the subject. The verb does not convey a sense of action. The sky has a blue state. Blue is the color that describes the sky. The word blue is an adjective in the sentence, "The sky is blue." Intransitive and Transitive verbs An intransitive verb is an action verb that does not require a direct object or a complement to complete its meaning. The word "intransitive" literally means "does not carry across."

Therefore, the action of the verb does not transfer to an object, that is, a person or thing that receives the action of the verb. Often, adverbs or adverb phrases will appear in these sentences to expand the basic meaning of the verb. Example: The audience laughed. The guest has arrived.

Transitive verbs are verbs that have subjects or objects that receive the action. They are either active voice or passive voice. Transitive active verbs are the verbs in sentences with a direct object. Example: The boy kicked the ball. The subject is the doer and the direct object is the receiver of the action. Transitive passive verbs have the subject receiving the action with the doer in a prepositional phrase or omitted in the sentence. Examples: The ball was kicked by the boy. The ball was kicked hard. The verb in the transitive passive voice always has is, am, are, was, were, be, being, or been as an auxiliary or helping verb. Linking Verb Linking verbs are verbs used as linking or action. They that do not show action; instead, the linking verb renames or describes the subject. An example "You looked happy." The verb looked is used as a linking verb in the example sentence. Many times the verb looked is an action verb because something is looking for something, but in the example sentence, looked describes you in the predicate and that makes looked function as a linking verb. If the word happy is used in the subject, then happy would have been an ordinary adjective. Words used as linking verbs: feel, taste, look, smell, appear, grow, remain, stay, turn, seem, sound, become, prove Sometimes these verbs are linking verbs; sometimes they are action verbs. How do you tell when they are action verbs and when they are linking verbs? If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you have a linking verb on your hands. If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you are dealing with an action verb instead.

ADJECTIVES An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. An adjective can be modified by an adverb, or by a phrase or clause functioning as an adverb. Example: My husband knits intricately patterned mittens. Some nouns, many pronouns, and many participle phrases can also act as adjectives. Example: Eleanor listened to the muffled sounds of the radio hidden under her pillow. Types of Adjectives: a. Possessive adjectives

A possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) is similar or identical to a possessive pronoun; however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun phrases. b. Interrogative adjectives An interrogative adjective (which or what) is like an interrogative pronoun, except that it modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own. c. Demonstrative adjectives The demonstrative adjectives this, these, that, those, and what are identical to the demonstrative pronouns, but are used as adjectives to modify nouns or noun phrases. d. Indefinite adjectives An indefinite adjective is similar to an indefinite pronoun, except that it modifies a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase Adjectives: word order a. Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together. They may contain facts objectives or opinion objectives. Facts objectives give information about something (age, size, color, etc) while opinion objectives tell us what someone thinks of something. Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives Opinion A delicious An intelligent Facts hot young soup man

b. Sometimes there are two or more fact adjectives. Very often, but not always, we put fact adjectives in this order:
EVALUATION/ OPINION APPEARANCE/ QUALITY SIZE / MEASURE AGE / PERIOD COLOR/ PATTERN ORIGIN / MATERIAL GEOGRAPHICAL TYPE / FUNCTION TYPE

beautiful good bad ugly interesting fascinating intelligent pretty unsightly foul stupid silly ridiculous

new-born old young new antique ancient five-year-old brand-new five-day-old century-old mature middle-age teenage

red green blue light-yellow striped dark blue deep purple pink brown rose olive aqua lime

big / large small / little low high heavy

SHAPE

French Mexican beach mountain oceanic

MATERIAL

1st class multi-purpose wireless HD / 3-D men's

FUNCTION

triangular square
CONDITION

ceramic cotton wooden titanium

hunting cooking walking running dancing front-loading

chipped broken rotten

easy

shiny

prehistoric

polka-dot

off-road

Comparison of adjectives We use the positive degree to compare two equal nouns, the comparative degree to

compare two unequal nouns, the Superlative degree to compare three or more Nouns Example of Positive degree: His house is as big as my house Example of comparative degree: His house is bigger than my house Example of superlative degree: His house is the biggest in the neighborhood. Positive bold deep near rich tall Positive careful enjoyable forgetful useful wonderful Positive bad good little Comparative bolder deeper nearer richer taller Comparative more careful more enjoyable more forgetful more useful more wonderful Comparative worse better less Superlative boldest deepest nearest richest tallest Superlative most careful most enjoyable most forgetful most useful most wonderful Superlative worst best least

ADVERBS Adverb is a word that gives more information about when, where, how, to what degree, or in what circumstances something happen. Adverb gives explanation on verb, adjective and adverb. An adverb adds more to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Types of adverbs

a. Adverb of Time
This shows when an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question When? It is either placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

Example: I phoned you yesterday. I saw her walking along the river last week.

b. Adverb of Place
This shows where an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question Where? It is placed after the verb. Example: I live here. / He fell down.

c. Adverb of Manner This shows how an action or something is done. It answers the
question How? It is usually placed just after the verb. Example: She sleeps soundly. / He drives quickly.

d. Adverb of Degree or Quantity This answers the questions, To what degree? or How
much? It is usually placed before the adjective and the adverb. Example: It is too dark for us to see anything. / Last night it rained very heavily.

e. Adverb of Frequency This answers the question How often?

Example: He will never have finished in time. / We always go to school by bus.

f. Affirmative Adverb (yes) and Adverb of negation (No)

Example: yes, surely, certainly, indeed, by all means, no, not at all, by no means.

g. Interrogative Adverb (Question) For example: When? Where? How? Why? How
much/often?

h. Relative Adverb: when, where, how, why. These words are the same in form as
Interrogative Adverbs; but they are not questions. Example: The time when he arrived. / The scene where the accident occurred. / He knows how to do it. / The reason why he left. Comparison of Adverbs Similar to the comparison of adjectives, adverbs have three degrees of comparison the Positive, the Comparative and the Superlative. Most adverbs which end in -ly form the Comparative with more and the Superlative with most. Positive comfortably happily kindly loudly noisily Comparative more comfortably more happily more kindly more loudly more noisily Superlative most comfortably most happily most kindly most loudly most noisily

ARTICLES

An article is often considered an adjective because it always modifies a noun or noun phrase. Types of Articles

1. Indefinite Article: A or An
A is used:

a. Before a word which begins with a consonant. Ex: a woman b. Before a singular, countable noun. Ex: a banana c. When we mention something for the first time. Ex: I saw a dog. d. Before a word with a long sound of u. Ex: a university, a uniform, a useful
book, a European, etc.

e. Before the word one. Ex: a one-way street, a one-eyed man, a one-year course,
a one-day holiday, etc. An is used:

a. Before a noun which begins with a vowel. Ex: an apple. b. Before a word which begins with a vowel sound or a silent h.
Ex: an hour, an honest man, an heir, an honour, an honourable man, etc.

c. Before a singular, countable noun which begins with a vowel or silent h. Ex: an
orange

2. Definite Article: The

The is used: a. When the same thing or person mentioned again, that is, a particular thing or person. Ex: I bought an orange. The orange is sweet.. b. When there is only one such thing. Example: the earth, the sun, the moon. c. Before the names of famous buildings, etc. Ex: The Eiffel Tower, The Great Wall of China. d. When a singular noun is used to point out a whole class, race, group, etc. Example: The bear is a strong animal. e. Before the special names of a rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges, groups of islands, certain organizations, political parties, and countries such as the U.S.A., the U.K., The Nile, The Dead Sea, The Pacific Ocean, The Himalayas, The United Nations, The Republican Party, etc. f. Before the names of holy or important books. Example: The Quran, The Bible. g. Before an adjective when the noun is understood. Example: The poor need help. Articles are not used:

a. Before the name of a person: Example: I am a fan of Michael Jackson. (not A or The Michael Jackson) b. Before the name of a place, town, country, street, or road. Example: Barcelona is a beautiful city. (not A or The Barcelona) c. Before names of materials. Example: Gold is found in Australia. (not A or The gold) d. Before abstract nouns used in a general sense. Ex: We love all beauty. (not a beauty or the beauty) PREPOSITIONS Prepositions are words placed before Nouns and Pronouns. They are used to show time, position and direction. Prepositions are words that link noun or noun equivalent (noun phrase, pronoun or gerund) to another word by expressing such relationship, as: a. Time b. Location c. Direction d. Purposes : at, before, after, during, etc : at, in, on, over, under, etc : to, across, towards, etc : to, for, etc

Ex: In the morning, they received a phone call from Randy, telling them about his trip to Australia

Time: At

hour part of the day day dates month year season part of day at or before

at 5 oclock, at 8 pm at noon, at midnight on 8 June on Saturday in May in 2009 in summer in the morning

The show will begin at 8 pm They will arrive at noon They got married on 8 June I usually go to movie on Saturday The training will begin in May He started working in 2009 She will start her study in summer They had arrived in the morning I hope I will graduate by next year The assignment must be submitted by Monday

On

In

by

Place: At On

Point, spot In or around Road, street

at 12 North Street at home on South Street

He lives at 12 North Street She must be at home now There are many stores on South Street

In

Touch the base Country City Room

on the table in Indonesia in Jakarta in the class

Between Two items Among Over By For During While More than two Moving above Next to For + period of time During + noun While + subject + verb How long something goes on When something happens When something happens

Mother put the plates on the table People are very friendly in Indonesia It is very crowded in Jakarta The students sit nicely in the class The house is between two large rivers Among his children, Ahmad is the smartest Well talk about the problem over lunch today I sat by the statue with the bag next to me Ive lived in this house for two years We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday We met a lot of interesting people while we were on holiday

CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions join words, phrases and sentences together. Conjunctions joining words. Example: I have a car and a house. Conjunctions joining phrases. Example: The fisherman is happy walking along the river and carrying a bucket full of fish. Conjunctions joining sentences: Example: He walked to his car. He got into it. He walked to his car and got into it. Will you have tea? Will you have coffee? Will you have tea or coffee? She is tired. She cannot sleep. She is tired but she cannot sleep. Besides and', or' and but', other common conjunctions include: because, if, so, although, unless, therefore, etc. Conjunctions can join nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Example: I have a pen and a book. (Joining two nouns) He joked and we laughed. (Joining two verbs) She is beautiful and tall. (Joining two adjectives) He eats quickly and noisily. (Joining two adverbs) INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are words or phrases which are introduced into sentences. Interjections are short exclamations. They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. Interjection Ah meaning expressing pleasure expressing realization expressing resignation expressing surprise Alas Dear expressing grief or pity expressing pity expressing surprise Eh asking for repetition expressing enquiry expressing surprise inviting agreement Er Hello expressing hesitation expressing greeting expressing surprise Hey calling attention expressing surprise, joy Hi Hmm expressing greeting expressing hesitation/doubt/ disagreement oh, o expressing surprise expressing pain expressing pleading ouch Uh uh-huh um, umm well expressing pain expressing hesitation expressing agreement expressing hesitation expressing surprise introducing a remark Hmm. I'm not so sure. Oh! You're here! Oh! I've got a toothache. Oh, please say 'yes'! Ouch! That hurts! Uh...I don't know the answer to that. Shall we go? Uh-huh. 85 divided by 5 is...um...17. Well I never! Well, what did he say? example Ah, that feels good. Ah, now I understand. Ah well, it can't be helped. Ah! I've won! Alas, she's dead now. Oh dear! Does it hurt? Dear me! That's a surprise! It's hot today. Eh? I said it's hot today What do you think of that, eh? Eh! Really? Let's go, eh? Lima is the capital of...er...Peru. Hello John. How are you today? Hello! My car's gone! Hey! Look at that! Hey! What a good idea! Hi! What's new?