Chapter 1:The World Through Our Senses

Unit 1.1:Understanding the sensory organs and their functions

1. Humans have five sensory organs. 2.Sensory organs are organs that can sense changes in the surroundings.

3. Changes in the surroundings are known as stimuli 4. The structures that very sensitive to stimulus are called receptors.

Unit 1.2:Understanding the sense of touch 1. The skin is the sensory organ of touch.
2. The skin consists of two main layers: (a) Epidermis thin outer layer of the skin which consists of dead cells. It is tough and waterproof.

b) Dermis contains many blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles 3. There are five types of receptors in the skin.Each of them is sensitive to specific stimulus.

(a) Touch and pressure receptors are sensitive to touch and pressure respectively. They enable us to feel and tell the texture, size and shape of an object.

(b)

Pain receptors are sensitive to pain. Heat and cold receptors are sensitive to temperature. The touch and pain receptors are closer to the surface of the skin to detect touch and pain effectively.

(c)

4.

5.

The pressure receptors are deeper in the skin so that only large forces stimulate them.

6. The skin on different parts of the body has different degrees of sensitivity . a. Areas with high concentration of receptors are more sensitive to touch.

(b)

Areas with thick epidermis are less sensitive to touch. Blind people use their fingertips to read books in Braille. The high sensitivity of the fingertips enables them to recognize the patterns of raised dots in the books.

7.

Touch receptors Heat receptors Pain receptors

Pressure receptors

Cold receptors

Receptor
Touch receptor Pain receptor

Stimulus detected Touch

Pain

Heat receptor
Cold receptor Pressure receptor

Temperature(hot)
Temperature(cold)

Pressure

Different parts of the body have different sensitivity to touch Sensitivity in touch
Depends on Concentration of receptors Parts with more receptors are more sensitive to touch Depth of receptors Parts with thick epidermis are less sensitive to touch

More sensitive parts of the body fingertips tongue nose lips

Less sensitive parts of the body soles of the feet legs elbow back of the body

forearm

hip

Sensory organ Stimulus detected

nose smell (chemicals in air)

The nose has many smell receptors/sensory cells to detect smell

For example:

Smell the durians

1. The nose is the sensory organ of smell. 2. The sensory cells or smell receptors are located at the roof of the nasal cavity . 3. This position allows maximum exposure to the air that is flowing in through the nasal cavity.

How does the nose detect smell?

Smell (chemicals in air)

Dissolve in mucus lining

The smell receptors are stimulated to produce impulses

To the brain

The brain interprets them as a smell

1. The nasal cavity is kept moist by a layer of mucus. 2. Smells (chemicals in the air) must first dissolve in the mucus. 3. The smells then stimulate the sensory cells to produce nerve impulses which are sent to the brain for interpretation.

Sensory organ Stimulus detected The tongue can detect 4 basic tastes
Sweet Salty

tongue

taste (chemicals in food)

Sour

Bitter

Different areas of the tongue are sensitive to different tastes.

Bitter Sour Salty Salty Sour

Sweet

There are many taste buds on the tongue. Each taste bud has many taste receptors. Taste receptor Nerves to the brain There are 4 types of taste buds one for each taste

Different areas of the tongue have different types of taste bud.

Food can only be tasted when it dissolves in the saliva.

Taste (chemicals in food)
Dissolve in saliva

The taste receptors(in taste buds) are stimulated to produce impulses

To the brain

The brain interprets them as taste(s)

Some food has only one taste.

Stimulated areas

Stimulated area

Some food has more than one taste.

An orange

Stimulated areas

Sense of taste and sense of smell are both chemical senses, separate but closely linked. Sense of smell improves the sense of taste.

Chemicals in food Dissolve in saliva Stimulate taste receptors Nerve impulses Move into nasal passage Dissolve in mucus lining Stimulate smell receptors The brain interprets impulses Taste of food Nerve impulses

Chemicals in food

Dissolve in saliva

Does not occur

Move into nasal passage Dissolve in mucus lining Stimulate smell receptors

Why does food taste less tasty when you have a cold?

Stimulate taste receptors

Nerve impulses

The brain interprets impulses Taste of food

Nerve impulses

Sensory organ
Stimulus detected

ear sound

Ossicles

Oval window

Semicircular canals Auditory nerve

Pinna Ear canal Eardrum

Cochlea Eustachian tube

Parts of the ear Outer ear Pinna Ear cannal

Middle ear
Eardrum Ossicles Oval window

Inner ear Semicircular canals Cochlea Auditory nerve

Filled with air

Eustachian tube
Filled with air

Filled with fluid

How do we hear?

EAR PINNA

AUDITORY CANAL

EARDRUM

LIQUID IN COCHLEA

OVAL WINDOW

OSSICLE

RECEPTORS IN COCHLEA

AUDITORY NERVES

BRAIN

1.6 understanding the structure

of human eye

1. The eyes are the sensory organs of sight.

2. Each eyeball is made up of three layers-the sclera, choroid and retina.

Structures of human eye

Ciliary body
Conjunctiva Iris

Cornea
Pupil Lens

Sclera Choroid Retina

Yellow spot
Blind spot

Aqueous humour
Vitreous humour Eye muscle

Optic nerve

How do we see?

3. How do we see: (a)As the light rays from an object pass through the eyeball, they are refracted (bent) by the cornea, aqueous humour, lens and vitreous humour onto the retina.
(b)The

upside down image that is formed on the retina stimulates the photoreceptors to produce nerve impulses which are sent to the brain through the optic nerve.

(c)

The brain interprets the impulses and allows us to see the object the right way up.

cornea

Aqueouse humour

pupil

lens

Vitreous humour

brain

Optic nerve

retina

Unit 1.7:Understanding light and sight Reflection of light 1. Objects can be seen by the light they emit, or more often, by the light they reflect. 2. Reflection of light occurs when light bounces off the surface of an object. 3. If the object has a very smooth surface, such as a mirror, all of the light will be reflected back in exactly the same pattern that it came in with.

4. This is why you see a clear image. Light is first reflected off you. Then it is reflected off the mirror and comes back to you in the same arrangement.
5. You can see your own image on a stainless steel plate, stainless steel spoon or compact disc.

6. According the LAW OF REFLECTION,

a. The light ray, reflected ray and the normal line are all on the same line.
b. the angle of light ray is equal to the angel of reflection ray.

*show how to state the reflection law.

7. The Law of reflection is obeyed only if the parallel light rays fall onto a uniform surface. The reflected light rays are also parallel and in order. *show the reflected light ray on the smooth surface. 8. If the parallel light rays fall on a rough surface, the reflected light ray will not be parallel. *show the reflected light ray on the rough surface.

Refraction of light
1. When light moves from one medium to another, its speed can change . 2. Light travels fastest in vacuum. The denser the medium, the slower the light in it. 3. The change in speed can result in a change in the direction of motion of the light.

4. The bending of a light ray when it enters a medium of different density is known as refraction of light .
5. The following shows the three situation of the movement of light rays through two different media.

b. When light travels from a denser medium (glass) to less dense medium (air), the light ray would bend away from the normal.
*show the figure

c. The light ray is directed to the surface of a medium and passes into a different medium. The light ray moves from straight along the normal through the medium.
*show the figure 6. Example: *students state the refraction light. a. the light ray moves from the water to the glass. b. The light ray moves from the glass to the water media.

Date Day:

Title
Aim:

A. Reflection of light Material/ apparatus: Procedure : 1. These items are placed in front of you. plane mirror, spoon, compact dissc Can I see my own image on the items?

2. Each of the items are tested that we used in step 1. Can it reflect light? 3. All my observations are recorded in my Experiment Report. Observation: Items
Plane mirror spoon Compact disc Can I see my own image?

B. Refraction of light between two media of different densities

1. The light ray is directed into the semicircular glass block as shown in figure 1.21(a).

2.
3.

The ray of light is moved along the straight edge and the ray coming out is saw of the glass block.
Step 1 and step 2 are repeated by directing the ray of light into a rectangular transport plastic container that has been filled with water containing fluorescein as shown in figure 1.21(b) All my observation are recorded in my Experiment Report

4.

Observation: * Draw figure 1.21 (a) and figure 1.12(b) with the light ray Question :

Conclusion:

Defects of vision and ways to correct them

1. The common defects of vision include short-sightedness, long- sightedness, presbyopia, astigmatism and colour blindness. Short-sightedness or myopia 1. Defect of vision in which far objects appear blurred but near objects are seen clearly.

2.

Because the eyeball is too long or the refraction of light through the eye s lens is too large, the image is focused in front of the retina rather than on it.

3. Short-sightedness can be corrected using concave lenses, contact lenses or laser corneal surgery.
*text book pg.22 draw (figure 1.24)

Far object

Near object

Light from far distant and near distant object can focus exactly on the retina.

Far object.

Light from a distant object is focused in front of the retina

Short sightedness is caused by either the eyeball is being too long or the lens is being too thick.
Short-sightedness can be corrected by a concave lens
Negative Lens for Correction

Corrected

The lens diverges the light before it enters the eye so that the image is formed exactly on the retina.

Uncorrected

Long-sightedness or hyperopia 1. Defect of vision in which far objects can be seen easily but there difficulty in near vision.
2. Image is focused behind the retina rather than on it. 3. It can be due to a short eyeball or thin lens. *text book, pg 23 draw figure 1.25

Near object

Light is focus behind the retina.

Longsightedness is caused by either the eyeball is being too short or the lens is a being too thin.
Positive Lens for Correction

Long-sightedness can be corrected by a convex lens

Corrected

The lens converges the light before it enters the eye so that the image is formed exactly on the retina.

Uncorrected

Presbyopia 1. A similarly faulty vision, is attributed to physiological changes in the lens brought about by age. Corrective eyeglasses with convex lenses is used to converge light before it enters the eye so that the image is formed exactly on the retina.

2.

Astigmatism 1. is a type of faulty vision caused by a nonuniform curvature on the surface of the cornea, less frequently the lens. 2. As a result, light rays do not all come to a single focal point on the retina. 3. Instead, some focus on the retina while others focus in front of or behind it. 4. The condition may be congenital, or it may result from disease or injury; it can occur in addition to short-sightedness or longsightedness.

Colour blindness
1. is the inability to distinguish colours.

2. Colour blindness is usually an inherited characteristic.

3. Most of those with defective colour vision are only partially colour-blind to red and green,that is they have a limited ability to distinguish shades of red and green.

Limitation of sight
1. The optic nerve carries messages from your eyes to your brain. 2. This bundle of nerve fibres passes through one spot on the retina.

3. In this spot, the retina has no photoreceptors to detect light. This spot is known as the blind spot .

What are the differences between animals with stereoscopic vision and monocular vision?

Most animals with stereoscopic vision have both eyes at the front of the head.

Visual field of right eye

Overlapping Overlapping visual fields

visual field

Visual field of left eye

For animal with stereoscopic vision, the visual fields of both eyes overlap

This helps the animals to judge distances accurately.

Animals with monocular vision have both eyes at the side of the head.

Visual field of right eye

Visual field of left eye

Overlapping visual field

For animals with monocular vision have little or no overlapping visual fields.

This helps the animals to detect their enemies from a wide range of directions..

Visual field of right eye Overlapping visual fields

Visual field of left eye

Animals with monocular visions are preys.

Animals with stereoscopic visions are mostly predators or hunters.

SOUND AND HEARING

Production of sound

1.Sounds are produced by the vibrating bodies.

2.You can feel the vibrations in your throat by touching the throat while you talk. 3.The vibrations of the vocal cords in your voice box give rise to sound.

4. When a tuning fork is struck, its prongs vibrate and a sound can be heard. 5. The stretched string of a musical instrument produces sound when it vibrates. 6. The musical sounds from piano, guitar and violin are produced by the vibrations of the strings.

Need of a medium for sound to travel

1. Sound needs a medium for transmission.

2. It cannot propagate through a vacuum.

3. Sound can travel through solids, liquids and gases.

4. Sounds from distant sources reach our ears through the air.

Reflection and absorption of sound

1. Sound can be reflected by large, hard surfaces such as buildings, walls and cliffs.
2. If the reflected sound is heard after an interval of silence, it is called an echo. 3.
4.

Echoes can be a nuisance.

In empty rooms, cinemas and concert halls, reflected sounds can take so long to die away that it is sometimes difficult to hear anything clearly.

5. 6.

Carpets, curtains and soft chairs help to solve this problem. Modern concert halls are designed so that sounds are neither muffled nor echoing around.

Defects of hearing and ways to correct them

1. The most common hearing defect is deafness.

2. Deafness is a hearing defect that is caused by damage to some part of the ear, for instance: a. b. c. d. e. Tearing Damage Damage Damage Damage of to to to to the the the the the eardrum ossicles auditory nerve cochlea hearing centre of the brain

3. In some cases, the hearing defect can be corrected through surgery or by using a hearing aid
4 Damaged ossicles can be replaced and torn eardrums can be patched. 5. Some cases of hearing defects cannot be reminded. example: damage to the nerve, cochlea or hearing centre of the brain

1.A normal person hearing range is around 20 to 20 000 Hz (hertz). 2.Different people have different ranges of hearing. 3.There is also a limit as to how far our ear is able to hear sound from a distance. 4.We also cannot hear very soft sound like our heartbeats.

5. Instrument that can amplify weak sounds a. A stethoscope

The stethoscope amplifies the heartbeat or the pulse

b. A microphone

the microphone sends the weak sounds to the loud speaker to be amplified

c. Hearing aid

Hearing aid are used by people with hearing defects

Stereophonic hearing 1. Stereophonic hearing is hearing using both ears 2. Stereophonic hearing enables us to determine the direction of the sound accurately 3. The direction of the sound is difficult to determine if only one ear is used for hearing.

Hearing aids

Experiment 1.1 Date :

Day

Tittle : Stimuli and responses in plants Aim : to investigate and identify a. stimuli detected by plants b. the parts of plants that are sensitive to stimuli Problem: Can plants detect water? Hypothesis : The roots of all seedling grow towards water

A.

Variable : a. Manipulated variable : Position of seedling b. Responding variable : Direction of root growth c. Fixed variable : Gravity, absence of light, growth staged of seedling (age) Materials : Green been seedlings, sawdust, water, plasticine, Apparatus: small clay pot, basin, card box Procedure: 1. The hole in the small clay pot is sealed with plasticine and water is filled it. 2. The pot is placed in the centre of a basin of dry sawdust. The pot is kept aside for 3 hours.

3. After 3 hours, some seedlings are placed in the moist sawdust as shown in figure 1.34
4. The basin is covered by a cardboard box to shield off the light 5. The covered basin is kept for two days. 6. After 2 days, the seedlings are took out carefully, Note the direction of growth of the shoots and roots to the water source. Observation:

Discussion and question:

Conclusion :

B. Problem Hypothesis

: Can plants detect the pull of gravity? : Roots of the seedlings grow downwards whereas their shoot grow upwards.

Materials
Apparatus

: green been seedlings, moist cotton wool, plasticine

: Rubber bands, petri dishes

*draw figure 1.35 (pg 33)

Procedure: a.The three sets of apparatus shown in figure 1.35 are prepared

b.The positions are kept as shown in A, B and C.

c. After one day, the shoots and roots of the seedlings are observed.

c.After one day, the shoots and roots of the seedlings are observed d. The appearance is sketched in experiment report. Observation: Discussion and questions: Conclusion: