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Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited

*FM 5-428Field Manual

HEADQUARTERS

No. 5-428

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Washington, DC, 18 June 1998

CONCRETE AND MASONRY

Table of Contents

Part One. Concrete

PagePREFACE......................................................................................................................................viCHAPTER 1. GENERAL.............................................................................................................1-1Section I. Basic Consideration................................................................................................1-1Concrete Composition........................................................................................................1-1Concrete As a Building Material.........................................................................................1-3Section II. Desirable Concrete Properties...............................................................................1-4Plastic Concrete..................................................................................................................1-4Hardened Concrete.............................................................................................................1-5CHAPTER 2. CONCRETE COMPONENTS...............................................................................2-1Section I. Cements..................................................................................................................2-1Portland Cements...............................................................................................................2-1Section II. Water.....................................................................................................................2-4Purpose...............................................................................................................................2-4Impurities.............................................................................................................................2-4Section III. Aggregates............................................................................................................2-6Characteristics....................................................................................................................2-6Impurities...........................................................................................................................2-15Handling and Storing........................................................................................................2-16Section IV. Admixtures..........................................................................................................2-17Definition and Purpose......................................................................................................2-17Air-entrained Concrete......................................................................................................2-17CHAPTER 3. PROPORTIONING CONCRETE MIXTURES......................................................3-1Section I. Method Considerations...........................................................................................3-1Selecting Mix Proportions...................................................................................................3-1Basic Guidelines.................................................................................................................3-1Section II. Trial-Batch Method................................................................................................3-6Basic Guidelines.................................................................................................................3-6Example Using the Trail-Batch Method..............................................................................3-6Section III. Absolute-Volume Method.....................................................................................3-9Basic Guidelines.................................................................................................................3-9

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.*This publication supersedes FM 5-742, 14 March 1985.

Example Using the Absolute-Volume Method..................................................................3-10Variation in Mixtures.........................................................................................................3-13Adjustments for Moisture on Aggregates..........................................................................3-14Summary...........................................................................................................................3-19CHAPTER 4. FORM DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.............................................................4-1Section I. Principles................................................................................................................4-1Importance of Form Design................................................................................................4-1Form Characteristics...........................................................................................................4-1Form Materials....................................................................................................................4-2Forming...............................................................................................................................4-3Section II. Design....................................................................................................................4-5Design Considerations........................................................................................................4-6Basis of Form Design..........................................................................................................4-6Panel-Wall Form Design.....................................................................................................4-6Bracing for Wall Forms.....................................................................................................4-18Overhead Slab Form Design............................................................................................4-22Concrete Slab on Grade Thickness Design......................................................................4-29Column Form Design........................................................................................................4-35Section III. Construction........................................................................................................4-37Foundation Forms.............................................................................................................4-37Column and Footing Forms..............................................................................................4-41Panel-Wall Forms.............................................................................................................4-42Stair Forms.......................................................................................................................4-46Steel Pavement Forms.....................................................................................................4-46Oiling and Wetting Forms.................................................................................................4-47Safety Precautions............................................................................................................4-48Form Failure......................................................................................................................4-48Section IV. Joints and Anchors.............................................................................................4-49Joints.................................................................................................................................4-49Anchor Bolts......................................................................................................................4-55CHAPTER 5 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES.......................................................................5-1Section I. Reconnaissance.....................................................................................................5-1Determining Possible Difficulties........................................................................................5-1Specific Considerations......................................................................................................5-1Section II. Site Preparation.....................................................................................................5-2Building Approach Roads...................................................................................................5-2Clearing and Draining the Site............................................................................................5-2Ensuring Adequate Drainage..............................................................................................5-2Locating the Building Site...................................................................................................5-2Stockpiling Construction Materials......................................................................................5-2Locating Batching Plants....................................................................................................5-3Constructing Safety Facilities.............................................................................................5-3Section III. Excavation............................................................................................................5-3Excavation and Shoring Considerations.............................................................................5-3Section IV. Formwork..............................................................................................................5-5Management Aspects.........................................................................................................5-5Time Element......................................................................................................................5-5Section V. Mixing....................................................................................................................5-5Principles............................................................................................................................5-6Measuring Mix Materials.....................................................................................................5-6Hand Mixing........................................................................................................................5-7Machine Mixing and Delivery..............................................................................................5-8Section VI. Handling and Transporting.................................................................................5-14Principles..........................................................................................................................5-14