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CWIT, PUNE SUBJECT- GeneralEngineering
Practical 7: MACHINE TOOLS
Introduction:
Lathe machine was invented in 1740. Even today, though this lathe operates withthe help of motor, it is known as Engine lathe. Various attachments and accessoriesare used with the lathe machine. The worker working on lathe machine, i.e. theoperator of lathe is called as Turner because on lathe machine many operationssuch as plain turning, facing, taper turning, drilling, reaming, tapping, boring,knurling, screw cutting etc are carried out.
Figure showing LATHE MACHINELATHE COMPONENTS:
1.
Bed:
Usually made of cast iron. Provides a heavy rigid frame on which all themain components are mounted.
2.
Ways
: Inner and outer guide rails that are precision machined parallel to assureaccuracy of movement.
3.
Headstock:
mounted in a fixed position on the inner ways, usually at the leftend. Using a chuck, it rotates the work.
4.
Gearbox:
inside the headstock, providing multiple speeds with a geometric ratio by moving levers.
5.
Spindle:
Hole through the headstock to which bar stock can be fed, whichallows shafts that are up to 2 times the length between lathe centers to be workedon one end at a time.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGPage 1
 
CWIT, PUNE SUBJECT- GeneralEngineering
6.
Chuck:
3-jaw (self centering) or 4-jaw (independent) to clamp part beingmachined.
 
Chuck:
allows the mounting of difficult workpieces thatare not round, square or triangular.
7.
Tailstock:
Fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide towards any positionthe headstock to fit the length of the work piece. An optional taper turningattachment would be mounted to it.
8.
Carriage:
Moves on the outer ways. Used for mounting and moving most thecutting tools
.9.
Cross Slide:
Mounted on the traverse slide of the carriage, and uses a handwheel to feed tools into the workpiece.
10.
Tool Post:
To mount tool holders in which the cutting bits areclamped
11.
Compound Rest:
Mounted to the cross slide, it pivots around the tool post.
12.
Apron:
Attached to the front of the carriage, it has the mechanism and controlsfor moving the carriage and cross slide.
13.
Lead Screw:
For cutting threads.The purpose of a lathe is to rotate a part against a tool whose position it controls. Itis useful for fabricating parts and/or features that have a circular cross section. Thespindle is the part of the lathe that rotates. Various work holding attachments suchas three jaw chucks, collets, and centers can be held in the spindle. The spindle isdriven by an electric motor through a system of belt drives and/or gear trains.Spindle speed is controlled by varying the geometry of the drive train. Thetailstock can be used to support the end of the workpiece with a center, or to holdtools for drilling, reaming, threading, or cutting tapers. It can be adjusted in position along the ways to accommodate different length workpieces. The ram can be fed along the axis of rotation with the tailstock hand wheel. The carriagecontrols and supports the cutting tool. It consists of:• A saddle that mates with and slides along the ways.• An apron that controls the feed mechanisms.• A cross slide that controls transverse motion of the tool (toward or away from theoperator).• A tool compound that adjusts to permit angular tool movement.• A tool post T-slot that holds the tool post.
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CWIT, PUNE SUBJECT- GeneralEngineering
Lathe tool postsMachining operations:FACING
Facing is the machining of the end surfaces and shoulders of a workpiece. Inaddition to squaring the ends of the work, facing provides a way to cut work tolength accurately. Generally, only light cuts are required since the work will have been cut to approximate length or rough machined to the shoulder.
TURNING
Turning is the machining of excess stock from the periphery of the workpiece toreduce the diameter. In most lathe machining operations requiring removal of largeamounts of stock, a series of roughing cuts is taken to remove most of the excessstock Then a finishing cut is taken to accurately “size” the workpiece.
PARTING
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