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THE GRAPHICAL METHOD
 
The universe is governed by four forces and that is the Electromagnetic force, Newton’sgravitational force, Galactic or weak nuclear force and lastly the Strong nuclear force. Allthese forces depend on the inverse square law. A part from the Galactic or Weak nuclear force which varies inversely as the square of energy ( E = mc
2
= Einstein’s mass energyequivalent ) all other forces vary inversely with the square of distance R between anytwo particles. This can be shown from the given graphs
Figure 1 variations with distance R Figure 2 variations with energy
openlearn.open.ac.uk
2
 
ANALYTICAL METHOD
The galactic or weak nuclear force =
(a/E
2
)
The gravitational force =
(c/R 
2
)
The electromagnetic force =
(b/R 
2
)
The strong force =
d/R 
2
The equation behind the graph is thus given by,
(a/E
2
)(b/R 
2
)(c/R 
2
) = d/R 
2
 
Where a,b,c and d are constants to be determined.From the equation you obtain the product of the energy and distance as
ER = ( abc/d)
1/2
= β
Hence the relationship between energy and distance can be given as
E = β/R , β= G
2
m
5
ke
2
/nђ
This shows that Energy is also inversely proportional to distance. This implies that thelarger the distance between two particles the smaller the energy and the smaller thedistance the lager the energy.G – Universal gravitational constantm- Mass of the particleђ- Reduced planck constante- Elementary chargek- Coulombs constant
Note:
The constant β is determined under laboratory conditions.
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