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DevelopmentalPsychology
Chapter 10
 
1. Emotional & PersonalityDevelopment
Middle and Late Childhood 
SELF
Development of Self-Understanding
-8-11 years old: increasingly describe themselves with psychological characteristics (nice,popular) and traits in contrast to more concrete self-descriptions of younger children-Likely to recognize social aspects of self -Include reference to social groups in their self-description-Increasing reference to social comparison-Distinguish themselves from others in comparative rather than in absolute terms, morelikely to think about what they can do in comparison with others-Middle and late childhood: self description increasingly involves psychological and socialcharacteristics, including social comparison
Understanding Others
-
Increase in PERSPECTIVE TAKING: ability to assume other people’s perspectives and
understand their thoughts and feelings-Begin to understand that others may have a perspective because they have more accessto information-Perspective taking is important in whether children develop prosocial or antisocialattitudes and behavior -
Taking another’s perspective improves children’s likelihood of understanding and
sympathizing with others when they are distress or in need-Children who have low level of perspective-taking skills engage in more antisocialbehavior than children at higher levels
 
1. Emotional & PersonalityDevelopment
Middle and Late Childhood 
Self-Esteem and Self-Concept
-Self-Esteem: global evaluation of self (self-worth or self-image)-May reflect perceptions that do not always match reality-High self-
esteem may refer to accurate, justified perceptions of one’s worth as a personand one’s success but can also refer to an arrogant, grandiose sense of superiority over 
others-Low self-
esteem: either accurate perceptions of one’s shortcomings or distorted insecurity
 -Self-Concept: domain-specific evaluation of self (academic, appearance etc)-Only moderate correlations between school performance and self-esteem-Children with high self-esteem have greater initiative but can produce BOTH positive or negative outcomes-Over time aggressive children with high self-esteem increasingly valued the rewards thataggression can bring and belitted their victims-Too many children grow up receiving praise for mediocre performance and thus haveinflated self-esteem
Increasing Children’s Self 
-Esteem
-Identify the causes of low self-esteem-Provide emotional support and social approval-Help children achieve-Help children cope
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