Scanning electron micrograph of the surface of the small intestine, showing infection with the parasitic protozoan Cryptosporidium

parvum, causes severe diarrhea

THE DISINFECTION METHODS USED FOR CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

By: PINAR ERYUVA
http://urbaneangel.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/cryptosporidium_parvum_012.jpg http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=771120103

OVERVIEW

What is Cryptosporidium parvum? History What does it do? Why is it important?

What are the methods to disinfect it?

WHAT IS CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

Cryptosporidium is a genus of protozoan parasites C.parvum has oocytes which can resist to hard conditions (high/low temperature, acidic environment, chlorine etc.) C. parvum is the most frequently found species in mammals such as humans and livestock animals.

HISTORY

Ernest Edward Tyzzer described C. muris as a new genus and the type species in 1910. In 1912, He published his findings about Cryptosporidium parvum. In 1971, the first Cryptosporidium case related to bovine diarrhea was reported. During the time, even though the potential danger of Cryptosporidium parvum was known, in 1993, this microorganism played its role at the largest outbreak occurred In 1993,the largest outbreak caused by this microorganism has occured in Milwaukee, WI, USA. During this outbreak, the estimated number of people who contracted the disease was 403,000.

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WHAT DOES IT DO?

The only stage of this microorganism found outside the host is the oocyst stage, which may remain in water for over 140 days To infect the microvillus border of the gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelium of a wide range of hosts To infect many organisms and to transfer from animal to animal, animal to human, or human-tohuman

WHAT DOES IT DO?

Effects

on Humans

median duration of 915 days watery diarrhea associated with abdominal cramps, anorexia, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and low-grade fever in the immunocompromised host, the symptoms are more severe sometimes it cause death of the hosts.

Effects

on Animals

Mostly seen in the young animals For daily calves, the age of infection is 8 15 days The age of infection of beef calves is between 1-2 months Weakness, weight loss, diarrhea

LIFE CYCLE OF C. PARVUM

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

The main source at developing and developed countries is the contaminated drinking water The reason is the higher need of livestock according to the population. Public areas and urban areas comes closer and it increases the risk of contamination of drinking water by feces of livestock animals. The groups with higher risks of infection can be listed as farmers, animal handlers, children and staff in day care centers, and health care workers.

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WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

TREATMENT AND DISINFECTION METHODS

For

humans

The only FDA approved medicine for the treatment is AliniaTM for pediatric diarrhea
Nitazoxande for adult diarrhea

For healthy hosts only treatment is fluid and electrolyte replacement.

In the immunocompromised host, anti-retroviral therapy can be applied.
For

animals

The short-term feeding (23 days) of young calves by the ionophore polyether antibiotic with relatively high levels (615 mg/kg/day)

DISINFECTION AND CONTROL METHODS

to limit and to decrease the contact between public and urban areas to build live stocks away from public drinking water supply animal facilities should be away from also streams and rivers Water purification and filtration

Testing the water quality periodically 1 micron filter Boiling water for public usage

Public should be educated Personal hygiene should be considered (washing hands etc.) Ultraviolet portion of the sunlight should be researched a as a disinfection method

CONCLUSION

Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that may infect animals and humans It has been discovered in 1912 and recognized as a human pathogen since 1976. The disease caused by C.parvum is Cryptosporidiosis. The main source of this microorganism is the water supplies. There is no effective therapy or chemical disinfection methods. Government should control the quality of water supplies and live stocks periodically.

REFERENCES
Fayer, R. (2004). Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Veterinary Parasitology , 126.

Fernando Mendez-Hermida, E. A.-M. (2007). Disinfection of drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under natural sunlight and using the photocatalyst TiO2. ournal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology , 88.
Lihua Xiao, R. F. (2004). Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews . Rebecca A. Dillingham, A. A. (2002). Cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology and impact. Microbes and Infection , 4. C.M. Carey, H. L. (2004). Biology, persistence and detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocyst. Water Research , 38.

Gordon J Leitcha, Q. H. (2011). Cryptosporidiosis-an overview. Biomedical Research , 25.

C. Gorospe : Updates on the Environmental Risks and Control of Cryptosporidiosis . The Internet Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2006 Volume 5 Number 1

Rennecker JL, Marinas RJ, Owens JH, Rice EW. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone. Water Res 1999;33(11):24818

Thanks for your attention!

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