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PROBLEMS WITH WARP DRIVE EXAMINEDBY: Doctor Paul Karl HoilandEmail: paultrr2000@yahoo.comAbstract: In a short examination of some of the major problems raised asobjections to Doctor Alcubierre’s original proposal of warp drive within GeneralRelativity(1) by many author’s in both peer review publication and archive articlesone discovers that solutions to these problems do exist if one is willing toconsider a modified version of that original proposal. It is the findings of thisAuthor that Warp Drive cannot be properly ruled out at this time at least as apossible future method of sub-light propulsion with the possible added benefit of working as a superluminal field propulsion drive.PROBLEM ONE: The Weak Energy Condition ViolationObjection originally raised by Doctor Forward and others(2).When Kerr Spactime is set so angular momentum is set to a=0 the result is theSchwarzchild space. Mathematically this space is defined with the followingequation:ds
2=-a2dt2+v2(df-wdt)+(r2/D)dr2+r2dq2 [1]If graphed the geometry of the Kerr geometry would somewhat resemble Figure 1 as seen below.Figure 1Generic representation of Kerr Spacetime in one dimension as viewed from the z plane, also note the horizons andsingularity are not drawn to scale. a: represents the direction of angular momentum, A: outer horizon, B: inner horizon, C:singularity, D: "wormhole throat."If the Schwarzchlid geometry were graphed in the similar fashion one would have only horizon, and the ring singularitywould be replaced with a point singularity. Now before we get a head of ourselves to much let us look at the SchwarzchildWarp Drive as seen in the previous section:ds2={1-(2GM)'A'(r's)[vsr' 1-f'(r's)]2}-{dr'2/1-(2GM/r)'}-r'2 2df'2-dz'2. [2]For brevity we will now assume that this also the solution of the Kerr spacetime when a=0, and the egrosphere hasminimal frame dragging so that it corresponds to a photon sphere of Schwarzchild black hole. From the last section weknow if the Kerr spacetime is set with a=0 we may conclude that0=R00-T00=(1/2)[T11+T22+T33] [3]However if R00-T00>0, for the proposed spacetime that would imply that it is given by a Kerr geometry. This is alsoreveals a problem with the Kerr spacetime the geodesics of photons no longer remain symmetric. However under ideal
     E     X     T  -     2     0     0     4  -     1     1     0
     0     9     /     0     9     /     2     0     0     4
 
 
cases it is somewhat easy to calculate the stress-energy associated with angular momentum tensors bya=GJ/Mc3which would alter the noted energy density from the previous section of T00=-[1/A2]2[vs2/4][sinq2][dg(rs)/drs]2. [4]The problem with this method is that it will only yield the total angular momentum of the system.Dynamic Frame DraggingNow for the interesting part the inner horizon of the Kerr Spacetime would have an inner egrosphere, which would act toframe drag the space located between the outer and inner horizons, resulting from the fact that inner horizon has a higher angular momentum via conservation laws. This is a simple supposition to make when one understand the properties of the Kerr spacetime and that of angular momentum (to aid in further exploration refer to figure 2 below through thisdiscussion).Figure 2The Kerr Spacetime moving through space.However, what becomes interesting is when one considers the Kerr Spacetime moving in the the x coordinate, asdepicted with dx in figure 2. The region between the outer horizon (A') and inner horizon (B'), which is labeled as E, inregion E the inner frame dragging egrosphere (not depicted), would be forced to fold on itself in the direction of travel.Thus the frame dragging effect begins to compress in front of the inner horizon, and from A' is forced to expand in theopposite direction, this is the property associated with the warp drive spacetime. From the graph it is seen that if a particletravels in region B' it is allowed to escape back into region E through the warp drive space, and from quantum theory hasto potential to interact with the outer egrosphere again (possibly generating a new kind of quantum pressure), but this isspeculation. One potential problem as seen from figure 2 is that there appears to exist a double coordinate transformationwhen one the compares Kerr metric with the Schwarzchild Warp Drive. The first being r(vs2*1-f(rs))1/2-->r' and thesecond coordinate transformation corresponding to x(vh21-f(x))1/2-->x', before I go into that problem I would like todiscuss how the Kerr spacetime effect to geodesics such that light traveling to or from a Kerr horizon is manipulated by alapse function. As light enters the horizon the light becomes ever more blue shifted, while a light beam attempting to leavebecomes ever more red shifted the magnitude of this lapse function is given by:a=(r/S)(D)1/2.Manipulation of Intertia
Let’s consider the case where T
00
is zero. Since T
00
has the interpretation of shipframe energy density and so there is zero ship frame energy requirement. Thematter shell that could physically be constructed will have mass, but this is arequirement of materials, not of the inertia manipulation characteristics of thespacetime.Taken as it, is has negative energy density. T
mn
U
m
U
n
is less than zero for some
 
 
time-like vectors, but there is a way around the WEC violation. Consider theweak field approximationds
2
= (1 + 2f/c
2
)dct
2
- ds
2
[5]The exact gravitational potential for the above spacetime is f = a fcosq . Theaddition of enough spherically symmetric mass into the T
00
term will eliminateany WEC violation altogether, while in the weak field approximation it will merelyadd a term to the potential that is a function of r.f 
new
= afcosq +V(r) [6]This potential still has the inertia manipulating characteristics of the old potential,but has the addition of a central attraction.The crew of such a ship would not be crushed against the hull of the ship for anyamount of acceleration, but would instead accelerate with the ship in aweightless state of free fall. All fuel requirements would also then be eliminated.Consider the spacetime interval given byds
2
= [1 + y/c
2
]
2
[1 + 2F/c
2
]dct
2
- dr 
2
/[1 - 2r(dF/dr)/c
2
] - r 
2
dq
2
- r 
2
sin
2
qdf 
2
[7]where y is a function of z and F is a function of r.y and F correspond to Newtonian gravitational potentials.In the case that y = arcosq and F = - GM/r, where a is a function of time, theinterval is a vacuum field solution to first order in the potentials. If either a or M iszero as well, it exactly reduces to a vacuum field solution.One can use this spacetime as a means of gravitational self propulsion in thefollowing way. Let y and F vary in the matter shell according toy = afcosq and Ñ
2
F
 
= 4pGr. In the hollow interior, y = 0 and F = constant. The hollow interior will bethe a vacuum field solution with a zero Riemann tensor and to first order in thepotentials, the stress energy tensor of the shell will beT
00
= rc
2
/g
00
all other T
mn
= 0. [8]This means that if this stress-energy is physically produced, to first order in thepotentials it will have the desired spacetime interval above as its solution. (a) willbe the proper acceleration of the ship and the crew will accelerate with the ship ina weightless state of free fall. Given a large enough r for a given a , this stress-
of 00

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