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Sherwin E. ValdezITETHICMr. PajoContemporary Moral Problems Chapter 1: James Rachels – Egoism and Moral ScepticismQuote:
“The moral institution of our life is very different than what we normally think. The majorityof mankind is grossly deceived about what is, or ought to be, the case, where morals areconcerned”
What I expected to learn:
In this chapter James Rachels discuss how’s important the ethical theories for us. JamesRachels is a professor at university of Alabama Birmingham. For what james Rachels do in thischapter is that he want to share his knowledge about ethical theories, also his insights and howethical theories help the values of people. James Rachels already have three significant booksabout morality based on him ethical theories were divided into five types namely: theory of theright, theory of the good, virtue theory. Each and everyone already hear the words “ego” but Idon’t know the true meaning of “ego”, as I read this chapter I find that egoism is consideringoneself before the others it is like a defending your self to other. Even though it sound so bad butfor me it’s quite good because nobody can help your self you are only what if all them is in yourposition do you think there’s a people will help you just what you did before? For me in this timeyou need to be more practical so that no one can blame you.
What I learned:
I’ve learned the different types of ethical theories and also what egoism is and how it canhelp and what its part in the ethics.
Integrative questions
1) What is ethical egoism?2) What is psychological scepticism?3)Egoism is bad or good? 4) What is psychological egoism?5) Can ego affect our ethics?
Review Questions
:1. Explain the legend of Gyges. What questions about morality are raised by the story?- Gyges found the ring of invisibility he used that ring to gain wealth andpower.2. Distinguish between psychological and ethical egoism.- Psychological egoism is how’s people act to their own interested while ethicalegoism is how people is ought to be self interested.
 
3. Rachels discusses two arguments for psychological egoism. What are thesearguments, and how does he reply to them?- Based on Rachels both arguments are false he wanted to proof that in all thepeople that are the reason why he wants to change ethical theories.4. What three commonplace confusions does Rachels detect in the thesis ofpsychological egoism? - Selfishness and self-interest can affect any genuine concern for the welfare ofothers.5. State the arguments for saying that ethical egoism is inconsistent. Why doesn’tRachels accept this argument? - He tried to proof to people that the different between the two different types ofegoism.6. According to Rachels, why shouldn’t we hurt others, and why should we help others?How can the egoist reply? - Because based on egoist other people will benefit for that.
Discussion Questions:
1. Has Rachels answered the question raised by Glaucon, namely, “Why be moral?” Ifso, what exactly is his answer? - Based on what I’ve understand in the essay from the start to the end he hasapproved being moral.2. Are genuine egoist rare, as Rachels claims? Is it a fact that most people care aboutothers even people they don’t know?- I think it is rare because if it is not, people will whatever they want.3. Suppose we define ethical altruism as the view that one should always act for thebenefit of others and never in one’s own self-interest. Is such a view immoral or not?- For me it is moral because it can be benefit us.
Contemporary Moral Problems
 
Chapter 1: John Arthur – Religion, Morality, and Conscience Quote
: “Morality is a virtue”
What I expected to learn:
I want to learn what is the important of religion.
 
Review
:John Arthur is a professor and director of the program in Philosophy, Law, and Politics inBinghamton University. In this chapter John Arthur trying to shared some knowledge andinteresting insight about morality and religion. As John Arthur is a good professor in Binghamton Itrusted him. Many people now believe that the Religion will motivate the people to do good butbased on John Arthur people doing right thing because they were raised to do good and beingafraid about the consequences. I agree to what John Arthur beliefs because it is not in yourreligion it is how you make an actions based on your beliefs it is not is don’t believe in Catholicbut because even other religion can do good even the people don’t have religion. In this chapter Irealize that we have all different morality and we all have different beliefs because of differentupbringing. John Arthur says that Religion is not the basis to do right and wrong. For me it is hardto determine of what is the real religion because they have different belief even they are allreligion right?
What I learned:
I’ve learned that not the religion will make me do right but I make right because I’m afraidof what is the consequence of that.
Integrative Questions:
1) What is the essence of religion?2) What is the role of religion in the Ethics?3) What is the true Religion?4) Why there are different beliefs even they are all Religions?5) What do we need to as people?
Review Questions
:1. According to Arthur, how are morality and religion different?- Religion is how you believe of what is right and wrong while morality is your basisto do right and wrong.2. Why is religion necessary for moral motivation?- People will do right because they have a fear of what is the consequence of theirdo.3. Why is religion necessary for moral motivation?- Because the religion itself is unclear and why we have many religion if we allsame people.4. What is the divine command theory? Why does Arthur reject this theory?- Divine Command theory believes in God because based in this chapter withoutGod there is no good and bad.
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