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Contemporary Moral ProblemsThe Review

2/28/2009Monica Frances Hao

Monica Frances T. Hao ITETHIC00BBook: Contemporary Moral ProblemsAuthor: James E. WhiteLibrary Reference: N/AAmazon Link:http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-James-White/dp/0534517242 Quote:“No one, it is commonly believed, would have such iron strength of mind as to stand fast in doingright or keep his hands off other men’s goods, when he could go to the market-place andfearlessly help himself to anything he wanted, enter houses and sleep with any woman he chose,set prisoners free and kill men at his pleasure, and in a word go about among men with the powersof a god. He would behave no better than the other; both would take the same course.”Learning Expectation:In this chapter of the book “

Contemporary Moral Problems

” I want to learn what does egoism andmoral scepticism is. What will this ethics help me in realizing the good things and bad things that I havedone wrong in the IT industry? I also want to learn in this chapter if what does the information societymeans? How does it help the industry? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this? What is thebasis of these moral problems?Review:This chapter tells us about egoism and moral skepticism. But before I discuss the facts about thisI would tell you a brief description about the author of the egoism and moral scepticism. Well, the authorof this book is James Richels is a university professor of philosophy at the University of Alabama atBirmingham. He is also the author of “The End of Life: Euthanasia and Morality”, “Created from Animal:The Moral Implications of Dawinism”, and “The Elements of Moral Philosophy”.When I hear the word egoism, the first thing that comes in my mind is selfishness, lack ofconsideration to others and insensitive. While moral scepticism is the view that there is no such thing asmoral knowledge, either because there is no moral ‘world’ to know about or because even if there is adomain of moral truth, we are not adapted for knowing about it.There are types of egoism and these are psychological egoism and ethical egoism. Psychologicalegoism is the view that all men are selfish in everything that they do, that is that the only motive fromwhich anyone ever acts is self interest. It is said that psychological egoism is the act that is done bypeople that would just benefit them self even if they help other people in doing the thing/s. While ethicalegoism is a normative view about how men ought to act. Well the ethical egoism is the act of man with hisinterest which means that they have no obligation to do anything except for their own interest.Lessons Learned:I have learned that we should not hold on our ego because they are not good for us. I alsolearned the difference between the psychological egoism and the ethical egoism. I am happy that I havemet my learning expectation.5 integrative questions:

1. What is egoism?2. Who will use the ring unscrupulously and do anything necessary to increase his own wealth andpower. He will also re-organize no moral constraints on his conduct and, since the cloak ofinvisibility will protect him from discovery, he can do anything he pleases without fear of reprisal?3. What is moral scepticism?4. Who used the power of the ring to gain entry to the Royal Palace where he seduced the Queen,murdered the king, and subsequently seized the throne?5. If Smith stays behind to help his friend that only shows that he wanted to help his friend morethan where he wanted to go?Review questions:1. Explain the legend of Gyges. What questions about morality and are raised by the story?- The legend of Gyges is about a son of shepherds where they serve the king of the Lydia.After an earthquake a cave was revealed, the son of the shepherd found a magic ring in acrack. Which he used to seduce the queen and kill the king. The question about morality hasbeen raised in this story and that question is, is it right to seduce the queen and at the sametime kill the king?2. Distinguish between psychological and ethical egoism.- The difference between psychological and ethical egoism is that in psychological egoism isthe view that all men are selfish in everything that they do, that is that the only motive fromwhich anyone ever acts is self interest. It is said that psychological egoism is the act that isdone by people that would just benefit them self even if they help other people in doing thething/s. While ethical egoism is a normative view about how men ought to act. Well theethical egoism is the act of man with his interest which means that they have no obligation todo anything except for their own interest.3. Rachel discusses two arguments for psychological egoism. What are these arguments, and howdoes he reply to them?- Well the first argument would be “the agent is merely doing what he most wants to do”, andthe second argument is “since so-called unselfish actions always produce a sense of selfsatisfaction in the agent”. As we can see the second argument is better than the first onebecause the first argument is purely a selfish act while the second shows some self interestto one more than other.4. What three common place confusion does Rachels detect in the thesis of psychological egoism?- The first is the confusion of selfishness with self interest. Second, the assumption that everyaction is done either from self-interest or from other regarding motives. Third, the commonbut false assumption that a concern for one’s own welfare is incompatible with any genuineconcern for the welfare of others.5. State the argument for saying that ethical egoism is inconsistent. Why doesn’t Rachels’ acceptthis argument?- “To say that any action or policy of action is right (or that it ought to be adopted) entails that itis right for anyone in the same sort of circumstances.” He doesn’t accept this argumentbecause he thinks that this argument is unnecessary.6. According to Rachels, why shouldn’t we hurt others, and why should we help others? How canthe egoist reply?