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Lab 10 Physiology of the Circulatory System
Introduction:
The human circulatory system is a collection of structures thorough whichoxygen and nutrient rich blood flows to all tissues of the body for metabolism andgrowth, and to remove metabolic wastes. The blood is pumped to these tissues by theheart through a circuit composed of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.Oxygenated blood is pumped to the tissues from the left side of the heart, whereasdeoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs from the right side of the heart. This circuitwhere gas exchange takes place within the alveoli of the lung is very important and isknown as the pulmonary circuit. When the body is exercised changes can take place inthe circulatory system that allow more blood to pass to actively respiring muscle cells andless to nonmuscular tissue. Increased heart rate, arterial pressure, body temperature, and breathing rate also occur during exercise.Arterial blood pressure is directly dependant on the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute and the resistance to blood flow through the arterioles. This is an importantmeasurable aspect of the circulatory system and it is measured using asphygmomanometer. This device has an inflatable cuff that connects to a hand pump anda pressure gauge, graduated in millimeters of mercury, by rubber tubing. The cuff iswrapped around the upper arm and inflated, the person taking the pressure then listens for two sounds and observes the gauge to determine what the blood pressure is. The systolicnumber is determined by the first noise heard as the cuff is deflated, and the diastolicnumber is determined by the last distinct noise heard.
Hypothesis:
From this experiment it is expected that a subject’s heart rate and blood pressure will change during rest and exercise based on how physically fit they are. If thesubject is in good shape the heart rate will not increase significantly and the blood pressure will increase. The opposite is true of someone in poor shape.
Materials:
The materials used in this experiment include a blood pressure kit, alcoholswabs, a stopwatch, two depression slides, a cotton ball, four rubber bands, a pipet, a petri dish, a
 Daphnia
culture, a stereomicroscope, and some ice.
Methods:A. Measuring Blood Pressure:
To measure blood pressure, one member of the lab groupsat down in a chair, rolled up his sleeve, and then the sphygmomanometer cuff was placed around his upper left arm at heart level. The cuff was then pumped to 200mm Hg,which is safely higher than the blood pressure of the subject. The stethoscope was then placed in the well of the subject’s elbow, where the brachial artery is located, and pressure was slowly released as the taker listened for a pulse. The pressure on the gaugewas noted when first sound of Korotkoff was heard, which is the pressure that blood isfirst able to pass through the artery during systole, representing systolic pressure. Thesounds of Korotkoff are heard between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The
 
diastolic pressure is the reading of the gauge at the time the sounds of Korotkoff can nolonger be heard. The subject’s blood pressure was taken two more times and an averagewas calculated and recorded in Table 1.
Average Blood Pressure
 
Systolic PressureDiastolic Pressure
Age in YearsMenWomenMenWomen10103103697011104104707112106106717213108108727314110110737415112112757616118116737217121116747218120116747219122115757120-24123116767225-29125117787430-34126120797535-39127124807840-44129127818045-49130131828250-54135137838455-59138139848460-64142144858565-69143154838570-741451598285
B. Physical Fitness Test:
The first numbers recorded from this section of the experimentwere those of standing vs. resting blood pressure. To do this a member of the lab grouphad to lie down on a table for five minutes. After five minutes the subject’s blood pressure was taken while he was still lying down and the numbers were recorded in Table2. The subject remained lying down for another two minutes, stood up, and their blood pressure was taken again. The standing systolic pressure was subtracted from the restingsystolic pressure and recorded in Table 2. A chart was used to determine the number of  points received by the subject and recorded in Table 3.
 
The next part of this section is where the subject’s standing heart rate was determined.Taken by the subject was the radial artery pulse by counting the number of beats for 30seconds. That number was multiplied by 2 to obtain the number of beats per minute. Thatnumber was recorded in Table 3. Another chart was used to determine the amount of  points the subject received for this section and that number was also recorded in Table 3. Next the resting heart rate was determined by having the subject lie down on a table for five minutes. After five minutes the subject’s pulse was taken and recorded in Table 3.Once again a chart was used to determine the number of points the subject received for this section of the experiment and the number was recorded in Table 3. Next the Baroreceptor reflex test was given to the subject. The subject had to lie down for five minutes, stand up quickly, and record the pulse. From this number the resting heartrate was subtracted and recorded in Table 3. A chart was then used to determine thenumber of points the subject received for this section and recorded in Table 3.The endurance test was the last leg of this section of the experiment. To do this thesubject stepped up with one foot onto an 18 inch high surface and then brought up theother foot onto the surface. This was continued for 15 seconds, and then his pulse wastaken at several intervals. First the pulse was taken right after the exercise for 15 secondsand multiplied by four. This was repeated one more time after that as well. Then the pulsewas taken every 30 seconds for 120 seconds after that. The data was recorded in Table 4.The amount of time it took for the subject’s heart rate to return to normal was figured anda chart was used to award points. These heart rates were then compared to the standingheart rate. Next, the standing heart rate was subtracted from the rate taken right after exercise, and yet another chart was used to award points.
C. Investigating Heart Rate in
 Daphnia
:
Two depression slides were obtained and asmall piece of cotton was placed in the center of one of the slides. Several Daphnia were placed on the slide with a pipet and the other slide was placed on top of this slide andwrapped together with a rubber band on each end. A petri dish was filled with room-temperature water, 1cm deep and the slides were placed into it. The heart of the largestDaphnia was then located under the stereomicroscope and the number of beats in 15seconds was determined, multiplied by four, and the results placed in Table 5. Into thedish was then added ice water and the same Daphnia’s heart rate was determined andrecorded in Table 5. Gradually warm water was added and the heart rate was taken at fiveminute intervals until the normal heart rate is noted. These results were put in Table 5.
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deleted_fbuser_1308695675

Can you have an experiment base on the effects of varying pH on Daphnia Magna, I need to know some sources of error

reply04 / 15 / 2011
Joshua Villanueva

you wouldnt happen to have 12, dissolved oxygen and aquatic primary productivity would you?

reply09 / 28 / 2010
wheeltowheel

A little too concise for my taste, but it makes for easy reading. Thanks for posting!

reply05 / 02 / 2010
dragon99117

U DA Best Mang !!! U deed it!! -IW-

reply03 / 15 / 2010
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