• Embed Doc
  • Copy Link
  • Readcast
  • Collections
  • 12
    CommentGo Back
Download
 
AP Biology Lab 7 :Genetics of Organisms
Introduction
 Drosophila Melanogaster 
, the fruit fly, is a great organism for genetic use because it hassimple food requirements, occupies little space, is hardy, completes its life cycle in 12days, makes a large number of offspring, can be knocked out easily, and it has manytypes of hereditary variations that can be seen with low power microscopes.
 Drosophila
has a small number of chromosomes, four pairs. They are easily located in the largesalivary glands. The
 Drosophila
can be obtained from many places. Research of 
 Drosophilae
has led to a lot of knowledge about many of its genes.Many factors combine to affect the length of the
 Drosophila
life cycle. Temperatureaffects the life cycle the most. At room temperature the average life cycle of the
 Drosophila
is about 12 days. Eggs of the
 Drosophila
are small, oval shaped, and havetwo filaments at one end. They are usually laid on the surface of the culture medium, andwith practice, can be seen with the naked eye. After one day the eggs hatch into the larva.The larval stage of the
 Drosophila
eats all the time. Larvae tunnel into the culturemedium when they eat. The larva will shed its skin as it increases in size. In the last of thethree larval stages, the cells of the salivary glands contain giant chromosomes that can beseen under low power in a microscope.The pupal stage. Before a larva becomes a pupa it climbs the side of the container. Thelast larval covering then becomes harder and darker, forming the pupal case. Through thiscase the later stages of metamorphosis to an adult fly can be seen. In particular, the eyes,the wings, and the legs become visible.The adult stage. When metamorphosis is over, the adult fly emerges form the pupal case.They are fragile and light in color and their wings are not fully expanded. They get darker in about an hour. They live about a month and then die. A female refrains from mating for about 12 days after she emerges from the pupal case. After she mates her receptaclescontain large amounts of sperm and she lays her eggs. Make sure that the first flies youuse are virgins.The experiment will take several weeks. You will be assigned
 Drosophila
with well-defined mutant traits by your teacher. You will keep a close record of what happens aseach of these flies mate and pass there traits off to their offspring over a few generations.There are three types of crosses that are studied in this lab. In monohybrid crosses themode of inheritance is determined when a single contrasting pair of characteristics isinvolved. In a dihybrid cross the mode of inheritance is determined when the two pairs of contrasting of characteristics are considered simultaneously. In a sex-linked cross themode of inheritance is determined when the mutant characteristic is associated with the Xchromosome.
 
Hypothesis
In the sex linked cross of 
 Drosophila Melanogaster,
a phenotypic ratio of 1:1 will beobtained.
Materials
The materials used in this lab are as follows: a vile of Drosophilia with c designated trait,vials containing a medium, a refrigerator, ice packs, Petri dishes, a light microscope, avial of wild type flies, an incubator, a pencil and paper.
Methods
Begin by obtaining a vial of wild type flies. Practice immobilizing and sexing these flies.Make sure to examine the flies and determine the characteristics of their eyes, wings, bristles, and antennae. Next, these are the steps for immobilizing the flies. Hold the vialcontaining the flies at an angle and place it in a refrigerator for several minutes. When theflies are immobilized, place them into a small plastic Petri dish. Then place the Petri dishon top of the icepack in order to maintain the cool temperature necessary to keep fliesimmobilized. Use the dissecting microscope to view the flies. Make sure to top the petridish on when viewing the flies.You can easily distinguish male flies from females by looking for the followingcharacteristics: males are usually smaller than the females, males have dark bluntabdomens and females have lighter pointed abdomens. The males have sex combs, whichare black bristles on the uppermost joint of the forelegs. Next, get a vial containingexperimental flies. Make sure to write down the number of the vial that you have. Theflies you now have are the P
1
generation. The females should have laid eggs. The eggsand larvae are the F
1
generation. Then after there are eggs present knock out remove theadult flies from the vial. Sex the adult flies and write down any mutations. Place the fliesin the morgue that contains alcohol. Make sure to label the vial with the symbols for themating.After about another week has passed knock out and record characteristics of theremaining F
1
flies and record the results in table 7.1. Then place the six pairs of these fliesin a new vial and place the remaining flies in the morgue. Label the new vial F
1
, and tellthe cross, date and your name.After another week has passed, remove the F
1
flies and put them in the morgue. The F
2
generation are the eggs and larvae in the vial. Place the vial back into the incubator. Onceagain, after another week has passed remove the F
2
flies and record their sex andcharacteristics and place the results in Table 7.2. Recording a greater number of F
2
flieswill make your results more accurate. Try to collect at least 200 flies. In order to analyzeyour data you will first have to be able to be able to complete Chi-Square Analysis.
 
Results
Table 7.1 F
1
Generation
Phenotypefemalesmales
Red eyes
330
White eyes
031 
Table 7.2 F
2
Generation
PhenotypeMale Female
Red eyes
5052
White eyes
5667
1. Describe the observed mutations?
In the F
1
generation the males had white eyes andthe females had red eyes. In the F
2
generation the males and females could have hadeither red or white eyes.
2. Write a hypothesis which describes the mode of inheritance of the trait youstudied. This is your null hypothesis ( as described in the Statistical AnalysisSection).
For a sex linked cross there will always be a one to one ratio of the phenotypes.In the F
1
generation there will be a one to one ratio of red eyed females to the number of white eyed males. In the F
2
generation there will be a one to one ratio of red eyed femalesto white eyed females. There will also be a one to one ratio of red eyed males to whiteeyed males.
3. Refer to a textbook and review Punnett squares. In the space below construct twoPunnett squares to predict the expected results of both the parental and F
1
crossesfrom your null hypothesis.
of 00

Leave a Comment

You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...
Watson Yaḥyà Lewis

Yeah I'm thrilled to say that you are one cool asian dude.

reply04 / 10 / 2012
Rose Buyet

your work is amazing it helped me quite a bit! thanks :)

reply03 / 27 / 2012
Laura Monti

Nice- at least one wrong answer.

reply12 / 15 / 2011
deleted_fbuser_1325133197

cool asian dude you are so cool.

reply04 / 13 / 2011
Show More
You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...