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History Study Guide
Early European Exploration and Settlement and IndiansI.exploration begins
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1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue; Columbus discovered America
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Indians were already there so Columbus is an European point-of-view, but not Viking
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Columbus hit the Bahamas in October 1492
A.events that make it possible
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 printing press: Marko Polo’s reports are spread
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compass: tool used in navigation
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 boat design improved: rudder, longer, leaner, faster 
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concentration of resources: created by Spain
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1492 Spain succeeded in pushing out the people of North African decent; with no war therewas new money
B.Spain explores and colonizes
Exploration:
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1471:sailors sail to the equator 
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1487: go to the tip of Africa
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1492:Columbus
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1522:ship sails around the world
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Spain is the most activeMotivation:
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riches – trying to trade with Asia (spices) and Indians (gold)
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raw material – need timber 
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Christianizing the Indians – Spanish missionaries
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improving shipping industry – expensive
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glory – wanted fame1514 – exploration of Florida: don’t find anything1519 – Cortez went to Central Mexico and defeated the Aztec Indians, and put themselves at thetop of the Aztec Empire1540 – widespread exploration of the south: don’t find much1560 – Spain explores the southwest: don’t find much; no richesCharacteristics of Spain’s Exploration:
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 bringing Native Americans to the Spanish Empire
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 bureaucracy – very complex but worked, Spain became very wealthy
II.columbain exchange
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old world meets new world after 10,000 years separation and there are fundamental differences between the groups
A.plants
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came to America:wheat, grapes, onions, sugar cane, peaches, oranges, weeds,Kentucky blue grass
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went to Europe:corn, tomatoes, squash, potatoes
 
B.animals
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came to America:horses, domesticated: chicken, cow, goats, hogs
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went to Europe:grey squirrel
C.disease
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came to America:small pox, measles, 80-95% Indians wiped out
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went to Europe:syphilis
III.IndiansA.diversity
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there were many different groups and they were really diverse; large and complex
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large groups – Aztecs
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some really small and peaceful
B.north American Indians
Middle:
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Mississippi valley
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mound buildersEast Coast:
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eastern woodland groups
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 big on farming
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lived in wigwamsPequots:
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lived in Connecticut
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wore moccasins
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fished
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lived in villages made of wigwams
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 part of the year they were together and part of the year they were separated
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chief was head but no absolute power 
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women had power about food
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family groups had power 
IV.Indian and European interactionA.differences and similarities
Differences:
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Indians moved seasonally and every few years; Europeans tried to stay put unless forced
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Indians had a lot of land by European standards; Indians thought they had just enough
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Indian women were in charge of agriculture and had some power; European men were incharge
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Hunting was for royalty in Europe so Europeans thought the Indians were lazy
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Indians didn’t have individual land ownership; Europeans did
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Indians didn’t have wealth accumulation drive; Europeans did
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Indians viewed he world as possessing spirits (didn’t think of themselves as in charge);Europeans view the world as God creating it and putting them in chargeSimilarities:
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came from small towns
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 practiced farming and hunting
 
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 practiced warfare and high levels of violence****Indians were not one with nature
B.balance of power
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in the beginning there was a relative balance of power 
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Europeans had technology, but didn’t know how to surviveChanges because of:
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disease – Indians died
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disruption of culture – because of trading the economy changed
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dependence – Indians rely on Europeans
C.Indian response to European domination
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initial response is fighting to annihilation
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used savvy diplomacy
Settlement of English ColoniesI.background to English colonizationA.broad trends in English colonial development
Differences from Spanish colonization to English:
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England had no central empire – different colonies, very independent, individual government;Spain had a big central empire
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Spain had no population transfer; England shipped its population over 
B.reasons England begins colonizing
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there is a push for it by the royal; they wanted more land
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England had a population problem; too many people
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England figures out how to fund colonization; nobility forms companies
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England feels the need to “catch up” with Spain
C.experience in Ireland
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English first attempt at colonization
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they view and treat the Irish the same as Native Americans
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the Irish used brutal force to keep the English out
II.VirginiaA.Roanoke
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the first attempt in North American colonization
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they didn’t know what they were doing
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the “vanished colony” because no one knows what happened to them
B.Jamestown
Beginning:
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disaster in its early years
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 poorly chosen sight
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colonists don’t work, they didn’t know what they were doing because they were jewelers, perfumers, minor nobility, etc
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not use to working all day
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colonists were there to make money all for themselves
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