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NITROGEN
General
 Name, symbol,number nitrogen, N, 7Element categorynonmetalGroup, period, block15, 2, pAppearancecolorless gasStandard atomicweight14.0067(2)g·mol
−1
Electron configuration1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
Electrons per shell2, 5
Physical properties
PhasegasDensity(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)1.251 g/LMelting point63.15 K (-210.00 °C, -346.00 °F)Boiling point77.36 K (-195.79 °C, -320.3342 °F)Critical point126.19 K, 3.3978 MPaHeat of fusion(N
2
) 0.360 kJ·mol
−1
Heat of vaporization(N
2
) 5.56 kJ·mol
−1
Specific heat capacity(25 °C) (N
2
)29.124 J·mol
−1
·K 
−1
Vapor pressure
 P 
/Pa1101001 k10 k100 k at
T 
/K374146536277
Atomic properties
Crystal structurehexagonalOxidation states5, 4,
3
, 2, 1,[1], -1, -3(strongly acidic oxide)Electronegativity3.04 (Pauling scale)Ionization energies(more)1st: 1402.3 kJ·mol
−1
2nd: 2856 kJ·mol
−1
3rd: 4578.1 kJ·mol
−1
Atomic radius65 pmAtomic radius (calc.)56 pmCovalent radius75 pmVan der Waals radius155 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic orderingdiamagneticThermal conductivity(300 K) 25.83 ×10
−3
W·m
−1
·K 
−1
Speed of sound(gas, 27 °C) 353 m/sCAS registry number7727-37-9
 
•
 Nitrogen was first discovered in 1772 by Daniel Rutherford, a Scottish physicianand chemist.
•
Elementary nitrogen constitutes three-forth of air by weight
•
It is also abundant in the combined state as salpetre(KNO3),sodium nitrate (chilesalpetre) and ammonium salts.
•
 Nitrogen (Latin
nitrogenium
, where
nitrum
(from Greek 
nitron
) means "saltpetre", and
 genes
means "forming") is formally considered to have been discovered byDaniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it
noxious air 
or 
 fixed air 
.
•
 Nitrogen is an essential constituent of all vegetable and animal proteins
•
NITROGEN GROUP
*The elements N , P, As, Sb, Bi , Uup Constitute the fifteenth group of periodic table.thisgroup is called nitrogen group* This group consists of nitrogen (
N
), phosphorus (
P
), arsenic (
As
), antimony (
Sb
), bismuth (
Bi
) and ununpentium (
Uup
) (unconfirmed)* The general E.C of the group is ns 2 np 3*This group has the defining characteristic that all the component elements have 5electrons in their outermost shell, that is 2 electrons in the s subshell and 3 unpairedelectrons in the p subshell* These electrons are equally distributed as px1 py1 pz1 which correspond to half filledconfiguration*These elements are also noted for their stability in compounds due to their tendency for forming double and triple covalent bonds*When these substances react with various chemicals of the body, they create strong freeradicals not easily processed by the liver, where they accumulate. Paradoxically it is thisstrong bonding which causes nitrogen and bismuth's reduced toxicity (when inmolecules), as these form strong bonds with other atoms which are difficult to split,creating very unreactive molecules. For example N
2
, the diatomic form of nitrogen, isused for inert atmosphere in situations where argon or another noble gas would be prohibitively expensive*As we go round the group , the two electrons present in the valence s-orbitol becomesinert and only the three electrons present in the outer most p-orbitols are involved inchemical combinations
 
*this is known as inert pair effect* as we move from nitrogen to bismuth, the penta valency becomes less pronouncedwhile trivalency becomes more pronounced
FIXATION OF NITROGEN IN NATURE
* Nitrogen fixation
is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its natural, relativelyinert molecular form (N
2
) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds(such as ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide).
MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA
•
Joseph priestly was the first one to prepare hydrogen in 1744 by heating slakedlime with sal ammonic
•
Ammonia is an important chemical that is used to manufacture fertilizers such asammonium sulphate, and ammonium phosphate.
•
It is also used in the preparation of plastics, nylon etc;
•
A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen in the ratio 1:3 under pressure (200-900 atm)is passed over a catalyst finely divided iron and molybdenum as promoter,heatedto about 770k 
•
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
•
The ammonia so manufactured can be oxidised to nitric oxide by passing amixture of ammonia and air over heated platinum guaze at 1070k.
•
 Nitric oxide combines with more of oxygen to give nitrogen dioxide which whenobserved in water in the presence of exess of air, gives nitric acid(Ostwald’s process)
•
4NH
3
+ 5O
2
4NO+6HO2
•
2NO+O2 2NO2
•
4NO2+2H20+O2 4HNO3
•
Ammonia and nitric acid manufactured above may be converted into ammoniumsalts and nitrates suitable as fertilizers.Thus these meathods of nitrogen fixationare of vital importance to the agriculturists.
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bravesridhar

this is use full for me

reply03 / 02 / 2009
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