• Embed Doc
  • Copy Link
  • Readcast
  • Collections
  • CommentGo Back
Download
 
BOTANICAL MEDICATIONS AND SUPPLEMENTS
ARLENE MACEREN –DIAZ M.D
ECHINACEA (ECHINACEA purpurea )
Leaves contain flavanoids, poly-acetylenes & caffeoyl conjugates.
Mechanism of action
-activate cytokine ( increased interleukins and tumor necrosisfactor)- anti- inflammatory properties
Effect uses
-reduction in the duration of cold symptoms, alleviate influenza
Toxicities
- dizziness / headache Echinacea purpurea ( Cone flower)
FEVERFEW ( TANACEUM parthenium)
-leaves ,flowers ,roots- contains flavanoids glycosides, monoterpines, & parthenolides( a lactone that forms covalent bond with thiol grps protein ) 
Mechanism of action :
1.
decrease histamine release from mast cells
2.
inhibition of prostaglandin, 5ht and leukotriene3.decrease formation of tumor necrosis
Effects :
•
purgative [an agent that produces a vigorous emptying of the bowels, more drastic than a laxative or aperient]
•
anti-arthritic [eases symptoms of arthritis]
•
aperient[a mild stimulant producing a natural movement of the bowels; a gentle purgative]
•
bitter [applied to bitter tasting drugs which act on themucous membranes of the mouth and stomach to increaseappetite and promote digestion]
•
carminative [an agent for easing griping pains, colic andexpelling gas from the intestines]
•
emmenagogue [an agent that promotes menstrual flow]
•
laxative [an agent promoting evacuation of the bowels; amild purgative]
•
tonic [an agent that tones, strengthens and invigoratesorgans or the entire organism giving a feeling of well-being]
Feverfew is used fo:
Brain and Nervous System Conditions
•
delerium tremens (DT's) in alcoholics (given as a warminfusion)
•
dizziness
•
gives a sense of well-being
•
alleviates melancholy and weariness low spirits, 'down inthe dumps'
•
reduces frequency and severity of migraine headaches [bycontrolling inflammation that constricts the blood vesselsin the head]
•
reduces nervousness, hysterical complaints
•
promotes a restful sleepCardiovascular Conditions
•
lowers blood pressureGastrointestinal Conditions
•
colic (given as a warm infusion)
•
eases nausea and vomiting
•
expels worms
•
flatulence (gas/wind) (given as a warm infusion)
•
improves digestion
•
indigestion
•
stimulates appetite
•
stomach irritation (Feverfew extract, taken cold)Genitourinary Conditions
•
promotes adequate kidney functionFemale Conditions
•
expels afterbirth
•
induces menstruation
•
strengthens the wombInflammatory Conditions
•
diseases caused by chronic inflammation, such as arthritis
•
more effective than other non-steroidal anti-inflammatories(NSAIDS), like aspirin
•
relieves inflammation and painRespiratory Tract Conditions
•
asthma
•
colds (given as a warm infusion)
•
coughs
•
influenza
•
shortness of breathOther
•
antidote in opium over use
•
dermatitis , relieves insect bites
•
has a tonic effect (Feverfew extract, taken cold)
•
relieves skin perspiration associated with migraines(Feverfew extract, taken cold)
•
tinnitus
Toxities and drug interaction:
-mouth ulcers and git effects-may react with nticoagulants- should not be use in pregnant women
Chrysanthemum parthenium
(Fever few bachelor’s button)
GARLIC ( Allium sativum)
-contains organic thiosulfinates ,that can form
allicin
via theenzymes that are disrupted of the garlic bulb.
Mechanism of action
- inhibits hmg-coa reductase and ace- blocks platelet aggregation- increase nitric oxide- has antimicrobial and antifungal activity- reduces carcinogen activity
Uses:
- decrease atheroclerosis- decrease incidence of stomach cancer- adjuctdrug to lower serum cholesterol and b.p
Toxicities and drug interaction
- nausea, hypotension ,allergic reactions- interact with anticoagulant and anti-platelet agent 
GINKGO biloba (
maidenhair tree
)
- leavescontains flavone glycoside and terpenoids
Mechanism of action :
-has anti-oxidant and radical scavenging effects-increase formation of nitric oxide- reduces blood viscosity- reduces changes in neurotransmitters
Uses
•
Studies have shown it to be effective in increasingperipheral blood flow. This makes it especially useful intreating age-related brain disorders, cerebral and vascularinsufficiency, Raynaud's disease, chronic bronchitis,emphysema and to prevent strokes.
•
Ginkgo has demonstrated remarkable ability to improvememory. PREVENTS EARLY ONSET OF ALZHIEMER ANDDEMENTIA. increased energy, antioxidant effects,decreased blood clotting, better concentration, improvedhearing and others.
Toxicity
1. g.i. t effects2. anxiety3. insomnia4. headache
Drug interactions:
–React with anticoagulant, anti-platelet agent
GINSENG (PANAX GINSENG)
- contain multiple triterpenoid saponin glycosides ( ginsenosides).siberian or brazilian ginseng does not contain this chemicals 
Mechanism of action
- an adaptogen, improve mental and physical performance
Toxicity and drug interactions
- has estrogenic effects ( mastalgia ,vaginal bleeding )- insomnia , nervousness and hypertension
 
- use with caution in patient receiving anti-hypertensivehypoglycemic or psychiatric medicationsGinseng ( panax ginseng)
KAVA (
Piper methysticum)
-
roots contains kawain, mysthyticin, yangonin 
Mechanism of action:
- facilitates the actions of gaba in the cns( effect is comparable to oxazepam ) 
Uses :
- useful as anti-anxiety , and sedative
Toxicity:
- g.i.t efects -ataxia, paresthesia- “drunken feeling”- muscle weakness- tingling sensation of the mouth
Drug interaction:
potentiate effect of cns depressantshould be avoided in patient taking dopamine
 
MA-HUANG ( EPHEDRA)Mechanism of action :
- releases norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings
Uses :
1. nasaldecongestant 3. antiasthmatic2. pressor agent
Toxicities :
-dizziness- insomnia -tachycardia-anorexia- flushing - arrythmia- palpitations - marked increase in b.p- toxic psychosis
Contraindications:
1.
Anxiety
2.
Glaucoma3.hyperthyroidism
4.
diabetes5.heart failure6.hypertensionMa- huang (ephedra)
MILK THISTLE (
SILYBUM MARIANUM)
 – 
fruit and seeds contain flavonolignans (
silymarin)
Mechanism action:
- reduces lipid peroxidation, scavenges free radicals-enchances superoxide dismutase-inhibits formation of leukotrienes-increases hepatocyte rna polymerase activity 
Uses
- protect liver injury caused by alcohol, acetaminophen, amanitamushrooms, viral hepatitis
Toxicities:
none, no significant drug interaction 
ST. JOHN’S WORT (
HYPERICUM PERFORATUM)
 – 
dried flowers contain
hypericin , hyperforin
Mechanism of action:
-decrease activity of serotonergic re-uptake
Uses:
-treatment of mild depression ( anti-depressant)- antiviral , anti- cancer
Toxicities:
g.i t disturbances, photosensitization- synergistic effect with ssris & maoi
st. john’s wortSAW PALMETTO ( SERENOA REPENS or SABAL SERRULATA)
- berries contain phytosterols, aliphatic alcohol, polyprenes andflavonoids
Mechanism of action :
-inhibits 5 alpha reductase- has antagonistic effects on androgen receptor
Uses:
benign prostatic hyperplasia
Toxicity :
abdominalpain, g.i distressdecrease libido, headache and hypertension
Saw palmetto ( serenoa repens or sabal serrulata
) 
of 00

Leave a Comment

You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...
You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...