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World War IChapter XXITHE CAUSE AND FALLOUTJune 28

, 1914 – ASSASINATION OF FRANZ FERDINAND



Heir to Austrian Hungarian Empire



FRANZ FERDINAND

went to Sarajevo, Bosnia, on an inspection tour when he and his wifewere capped.

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This was the spark which set everything ablaze1914 – AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARES WAR ON SERBIA

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Serbia was partially responsible for the assassination

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This relatively minor flare-up should have ended quickly. BUT...1914 – GERMANY DECLARES WAR ON RUSSIA

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This feeds the fire and the war is on.>ALLIANCES FORMEDCentral PowersAlliesGermanyFranceAustria HungaryEnglandTurkey**RussiaBulgariaSerbiaJapanItaly (1917)United States of America (1917)>KEY RIVALRY – GERMANS vs FRENCH

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A LOT of bad blood in the rivalry

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Germans were blamed for starting the war 1914-1917 – AMERICA STAYED NEUTRAL

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Woodrow Wilson wanted nothing to do with the war

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But yellow journalism riled up the masses and turned the United States towards the allies.1914-1917 - THE WAR AT SEA: THE UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR

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The English began blockading German merchant ports

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The Germans: “To hell with you guys”

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They filled the ocean with armed submarines, their signature weapons, and begin to mercilesslysink any passing ship, merchant or combat.

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UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE

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The Germans say that they can do whatever they please with their submarines.

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Wilson warns the Germans: “Knock it off!”

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The Germans ignore Wilson; they sink the luxury passenger ship

Lusitania

off the coast of Ireland.

■

The blast kills 12,000 people; 128 Americans went down with the ship.



America was outraged and wanted Germany's blood. Wilson, however, declines to take anyaction against Germany.



1916-1917 - SUSSEX PLEDGE



The Germans promise to give any unarmed ship fair warning well in advance of shootingher down.



America feels that is fair enough and the outrage dies down for a while.



**In

The Arabic Pledge,

the Germans pledged not to shoot down any passenger ships.



BRITISH GET REVENGE



The English begin to disguise their warships as unarmed “Q-Ships”.

■

These seemingly harmless ships would be encountered or encounter German subs.

■

The German submarine would come up to the surface.

■

Obviously, it's “so long” German submarine.



America is stunned at the antics of the English.



The Germans get pissed; they start up unrestricted submarine warfare again.



UNITED STATES FINALLY GETS INVOLVED



On January 31

, 1917, the Sussex Pledge was dropped.



On March 1

, 1917, the British intercept a coded note: The Zimmerman Note. This notewas a note between a German ambassador in Mexico and the Foreign secretary of Germanaffairs which encouraged Mexico to attack and invade the United States. This was intendedto keep the United States busy while the Germans continued their unrestricted submarinewarfare. They would have preferred the United States stay out of the whole affair.



They knew that if the United States entered the war, they were going to get their asseshanded to them.



Wilson says: “That's enough”, and asks Congress for permission to go to war on April 2

,1917. Four days later on April 6

, 1917, Congress opens the gates to let America into WorldWar I.

World War IChapter XXIA WAR OF TWO FRONTS19

CENTURY TACTICS WITH 20

CENTURY WEAPONS

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The war was fought mainly through trench warfare, a relatively derelict and anachronistictactic. It worked in the American Civil War, but not here.



Some of the most notable technological advances used included:

■

The machine gun and repeating rifle

■

Hand grenades

■

Flamethrowers

■

Land mines

■

Noxious gases (used sparingly as they were greatly affected by wind and temperature)

■

British tanks

■

American planes (towards the end of the war)



Trench warfare was mainly man vs. machine.



Machine usually won.



The death toll reaches 6,000 killed in action each day.1918 – TREATY OF BREST LITOVSK



The Russians signed a treaty with the Central Powers agreeing to pull out of the war.



Thus, much of their territory went to the Germans.

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The Germans would send 500,000 to the Western Front to further strengthen their efforts.1918 – SPRING OFFENSIVE



GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING

, the only person in United States military history to be promoted to General of the Armies during his lifetime, controlled the AEF, or the AmericanExpedition Force. The Force was two million strong by July 1918.

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The Spring Offensive was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the Springof 1918. Two main battles were part of this series:

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CHATEAU THIERRY

■

For the first time in their history, the United States is stuck defending a foreign capital(in this case, Paris) on foreign turf (France.)

■

The Americans become sandwiched between a rock and a hard place.

■

They are stuck between the attacking Germans and Paris.

■

They are able to hold the Germans off. Until this point, the Germans had actually beendoing quite well.

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BELLEAU WOOD

■

One of the bloodiest battles the Americans were involved in, this battle involved,obviously, the Germans and the United States. The Germans would be mercilesslydefeated and this was the beginning of the end for them.

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Trabocco - February 28th, 2009 - Chapter XXI and XXII Notes

Notes corresponding to Chapter XXI and XXII in Mr. Trabocco's fourth period Honors US History class.

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