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1.Acid-Base Theories1.1.1.Arrhenius Acids and BasesIn 1887, according to Swedish chemistSvante Arrhenius,acids are compounds containing hydrogen that ionize to producehydrogen ions (H
+
) in aqueous solution. On the other hand, basesare compounds that ionize to produce hydroxide ions (OH
-
) inaqueous solution.
1.1.2.
Br
Ø
nsted-Lowry Acids and BasesIn 1923, Danish chemist Johannes BrØnsted(1879-1947),and English chemist Thomas Lowry(1874-1936) independentlyproposed a new theory. Br
Ø
nsted-Lowry acid
is defined as ahydrogen-ion donor, and a Br
Ø
nsted-Lowry base
is defined as ahydrogen-ion acceptor.1.1.3.Lewis Acids and Bases The third theory was proposed byGilbert Lewis(1875-1946). He focused on the donation or acceptance of a pair of electrons during a reaction. A Lewis acid is a substance that canaccept a pair of electrons to form covalent bond. A Lewis base isa substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form covalentbond. Table 1. Acid-Base Definitions TypeAcidBaseArrheniusH
+
producerOH
-
producerBrØnsted-LowryH
+
donorH
+
acceptorLewisElectron-pair acceptorElectron-pair donor
2.
ArrheniusArrhenius acids are compounds that contain hydrogen that ionize toyield hydrogen (H
+
) ions in aqueous solution.Monoprotic acid is an acid that contains one ionizable hydrogen.Nitric acid (HNO
3
) is an example. Sulfuric acid (H
2
SO
4
) or any acid thatcontains two ionizable protons is called diprotic acid. A tripotic acid isan acid that contains three ionizable protons like in phosphoric acid(H
3
PO
4
).However, not all compounds containing hydrogen are acids orhydrogens in an acid are released as hydrogen ions. Only hydrogens invery polar bonds are ionizable.
Excemptions are made to methane (CH
4
) because the fourhydrogens are in weakly C-H bonds. Aside from that, ethanoic acid(CH
3
COOH) is a monoprotic acid though it contains four hydrogens.H OI IIH-C-C-O-H ethanoic acid (C CH
3
COOH)IH The structural formula shows that the three hydrogens are in weaklypolar bonds. Table 2. Some Common AcidsNameFormulaHydrochloric acidHClNitric acidHNO
3
Sulfuric acidH
2
SO
4
Phosphoric acidH
3
PO
4
Ethanoic acidCH
3
COOHCarbonic acidH
2
Co
3
Arrhenius bases are compounds that ionize to yield hydroxide ions(OH
-
) in aqueous solution. Table 3. Some Common BasesNameFormulaSolubility inwaterPotassium hydroxideKOHHighSodium hydroxideNaOHHighCalcium hydroxideCa(OH)
2
Very lowMagnesium hydroxideMg(OH)
2
Very lowBoth potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are ionic solids. They dissociate completely into the metal ions and hydroxide ionswhen dissolved in water. Elements in Group 1A (alkali metals), such assodium and potassium, react with water to produce alkaline solutions.Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)
2
], and magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)
2
], areboth hydroxides of Group 2A metals. They are not very soluble inwater. Thus, their solutions are always very dilute, even whensaturated. The concentration of hydroxide ions in such solutions is verylow.
3.
Br
Ø
nsted-Lowry
A Bronsted-Lowry acid is defined as a hydrogen-ion donor, while aBronsted-Lowry base is a hydrogen-ion acceptor.Let’s have ammonia as an example. When ammonia dissolves inwater it acts as a base because it accepts a hydrogen ion from water.NH
3
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
→
NH
4+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq)In this reaction, ammonia is the Bronsted-Lowry base. Water,on the other hand, is the Bronsted-Lowry acid. Hydrogen ions aretransferred from water to ammonia.Heating an aqueous solution of ammonia drives off ammoniagas. As the ammonia gas moves out of solution, the equilibrium inthe ammonia dissolution equation moves to the left. The ammoniumion (NH
4+
) reacts with OH
-
to form NH
3
and H
2
O. When the reactiongoes from right to left, NH
4+
gives up a hydrogen ion; it acts as aBronsted-Lowry acid. The hydroxide ion accepts a H
+
; it acts as aBronsted-Lowry base. Then we have two acids and two bases.NH
3
(aq) + H
2
O (l)
→
NH
4+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq)
Base acid conjugate conjugateacid base
A conjugate acid is the particle formed when a base gains ahydrogen ion. A conjugate base is the particle that remains when anacid has donated a hydrogen ion. A conjugate acid-base pair is twosubstances that are related by the loss or gain of a single hydrogenion.Water can either donate or accept hydrogen ion. A substancethat can act both is called amphoteric.4.Common Acid & Base Table 4. Common Acids and Bases
NameFormulaLocationsAcidsAcetic acidHC
2
H
3
O
2
Vinegar(aqueous solution)Acetylsalicylic acidHC
9
H
7
O
4
AspirinAscorbic acidH
2
C
6
H
6
O
6
Vitamin CCitric acidH
3
C
6
H
5
OLemon juice, citrus fruits
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