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Aerospace IndustryResearch Credit Audit Technique Guide
January 28, 2005
This document is not legal precedent and should not be relied upon as such.
http://www.getirshelptoday.com
http://www.getirshelptoday.com
 
Aerospace R&E Audit Technique GuideJanuary 28, 2005
Page iI.
 
Introduction............................................................................................................................................1
 
A.
 
Focus of Aerospace ATG...............................................................................................................1
 
B.
 
Applicability of Aerospace ATG....................................................................................................1
 
C.
 
Industry Overview/Description......................................................................................................1
 
II.
 
Contracting.........................................................................................................................................1
 
A.
 
General...........................................................................................................................................1
 
1.
 
Government Contracting................................................................................................................2
 
2.
 
Commercial Contracting.................................................................................................................2
 
B.
 
Contract Types................................................................................................................................2
 
1.
 
Fixed-Price Family of Contracts.....................................................................................................3
 
2.
 
Cost-Plus Family of Contracts........................................................................................................3
 
3.
 
Other...............................................................................................................................................4
 
C.
 
Standard Sections of a Contract......................................................................................................4
 
III.
 
Contracting Activities.........................................................................................................................5
 
A.
 
Contracting Stages..........................................................................................................................5
 
1.
 
Request for Proposal.......................................................................................................................5
 
2.
 
Bid & Proposal...............................................................................................................................6
 
3.
 
Awards / Authorization..................................................................................................................6
 
B.
 
Development Activities..................................................................................................................7
 
1.
 
Design Phase..................................................................................................................................7
 
2.
 
Development Testing......................................................................................................................7
 
3.
 
Certification....................................................................................................................................8
 
4.
 
Preparation for Production..............................................................................................................8
 
5.
 
Deliverable Production Units per CLIN.........................................................................................8
 
IV.
 
Rules of Law.......................................................................................................................................9
 
A.
 
Research & Experimental Expenditures IRC § 174 Overview.......................................................9
 
B.
 
Qualified Research Expense & Activities Flowchart (IRC § 41(b) & (d))...................................11
 
C.
 
Computation Flowchart (IRC § 41(c) & (f))................................................................................13
 
V.
 
Issues Peculiar to the Aerospace Industry........................................................................................14
 
A.
 
Funded Research..........................................................................................................................14
 
1.
 
Two-Part Test...............................................................................................................................14
 
2.
 
Funded Research Considerations..................................................................................................15
 
B.
 
Cascading Credit..........................................................................................................................18
 
1.
 
Prime Contractor Level................................................................................................................19
 
2.
 
Subcontractor Level......................................................................................................................20
 
C.
 
Other Issue Analysis.....................................................................................................................20
 
1.
 
After Commercial Production.......................................................................................................20
 
2.
 
Adaptation / Duplication (e.g. Reverse Engineering)...................................................................23
 
3.
 
Business Component....................................................................................................................24
 
4.
 
IRC § 174 Consideration..............................................................................................................25
 
5.
 
Multiple Prototypes......................................................................................................................25
 
6.
 
Mock-ups and Models..................................................................................................................26
 
7.
 
Special Tooling & Special Test Equipment..................................................................................26
 
8.
 
Tooling-up....................................................................................................................................27
 
9.
 
Testing..........................................................................................................................................27
 
D.
 
IRC § 41(d) – Qualified Research................................................................................................28
 
1.
 
Bid & Proposal Cost.....................................................................................................................28
 
2.
 
Program Management...................................................................................................................28
 
3.
 
Safety............................................................................................................................................28
 
4.
 
Training........................................................................................................................................28
 
5.
 
Technical Writing.........................................................................................................................28
 
6.
 
Research Outside the United States..............................................................................................29
 
7.
 
FAA Certification Costs...............................................................................................................29
 
E.
 
IRC § 41(b) Expense Items..........................................................................................................29
 
1.
 
Wages-Direct Supervision............................................................................................................30
 
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http://www.getirshelptoday.com
 
Aerospace R&E Audit Technique GuideJanuary 28, 2005
Page ii2.
 
Wages-Direct Support..................................................................................................................30
 
3.
 
Wages- Employee Benefits...........................................................................................................30
 
4.
 
Wages-G&A, Marketing & Sales, Information Technology........................................................31
 
5.
 
Supplies-Overhead.......................................................................................................................31
 
6.
 
Supplies-Tooling..........................................................................................................................31
 
7.
 
Supplies-Extraordinary Utilities...................................................................................................31
 
8.
 
Contract Services Independent Contractors...............................................................................31
 
9.
 
Self-Constructed Supplies............................................................................................................31
 
VI.
 
Computational Aspects.....................................................................................................................32
 
A.
 
Computational Regimes...............................................................................................................32
 
B.
 
Base Year Records........................................................................................................................33
 
C.
 
Base Amount Issues......................................................................................................................33
 
1.
 
Gross Receipts..............................................................................................................................33
 
2.
 
Consistency Rule..........................................................................................................................34
 
3.
 
Aggregation..................................................................................................................................34
 
4.
 
Acquisitions / Dispositions...........................................................................................................34
 
D.
 
Claims...........................................................................................................................................34
 
1.
 
 Notice 2002-44 - Research Credit Claim vs. Original Return Filing...........................................35
 
2.
 
IRC §280C Election......................................................................................................................35
 
3.
 
Amended Refund Claims (Pre-Statute of Limitations Expiration)...............................................36
 
4.
 
Amended Refund Claims (Post-Statute of Limitations Expiration).............................................36
 
5.
 
General Claims/Waiver................................................................................................................36
 
6.
 
Lockheed Martin Decision...........................................................................................................37
 
VII.
 
Examination Tools & Records..........................................................................................................38
 
A.
 
Anatomy of Proposal (B&P) Effort..............................................................................................38
 
B.
 
Flow Chart of Audit Tasks...........................................................................................................38
 
C.
 
Documents....................................................................................................................................39
 
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http://www.getirshelptoday.com
This information has been provided to you courtesy of:Springer Jones, Enrolled AgentAdmitted to Practice before the Internal Revenue ServiceIf you have been notified that your personal and/or business tax returnsare under examination or being audited by the Internal Revenue Service,professional representation is highly recommended. More than 80% of IRSaudits result in additional taxes, penalties and interest with the averageface-to-face audit additions exceeding $9,500.Mr. Jones may be reached via his website:http://www.getirshelptoday.com
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