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SET-1- LEGAL GK
1.In which of the following Case, the Supreme court upheld reservations in
excess of 50 per cent on the rationale that panchayats in scheduled areas
warrant exceptional treatment?
(a) Union of India Vs Rakesh Kumar
(b) Nagaraj Vs union of India
(c) Unnikrishnan Vs union of India
(d) None of the above
2.When a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that
…………………lies on that person.
(a) presumption
(b) evidence
(c) burden of proof
(d)None of the above
6. Who among the following author conferred with the Law Day Award
2009 for her book on Cyber laws titled 'Cyber laws In the Information
Technology Age'?
(a) Rodney Ryder
(b) Apar Gupta
(c) Karnika Seth
(d)None of the above
8. "Law is not made by Judge alone, but by Judge and Company". The
above observation is made by
(a) William Brennan
(b) Lord Atkin
(c) Blackburn
(d)None of the above
10. The nature of the relationship between the Supreme Court and High
Courts is explained by the Supreme Court in
(a) Judges Transfer Case
(b) Bank Nationalization Case
(c) Tirupati Balaji Devolopers Pvt Ltd Vs State of Bihar
(d)None of the above
12. Following the 26/11 Mumbai attack in 2008, the government had
amended the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act and increased the pre-
charge detention period of an accused to
(a) 100 days
(b) 120 days
(c) 180 days
(d) 150 days
The word constitution is derived from the Latin word ‘Constituere’, con-together
stature-to make to stand. Constitution means bringing together fundamental Principles, which
makes a system of Govt: to stand
The cabinet Mission Plan laid down the procedure for framing the constitution in
1946. A constituent Assembly was formed and doctor Sachidanand Sinha was elected as the first
chairman or pro-term chairman of the constituent Assembly. He died after 8 months Dr.
Rajendra Prasad was elected as the permanent chairman of constituent Assembly. On the 29th
August 1947 a drafting committee was constituted under the chairmanship of Dr.B.R.Ambedkar.
The other members of the committee were Alladi Krishna Swami Ayyer, K.M.Munshi,
Muhammad Sedullah, M.Madhava Rao and B.P.Khaithan. The Constitutional advisor to the
drafting committee was Dr.B.M.Rao. The draft was completed in February 1948. Constitution of
India was finally adopted in November 1926, 1949 and came into price on January 26, 1950
Salient Features of Indian Constitution
The constitution of India is the lengthiest written constitution in the world. The original
constitution had 395 Articles (444), 22 parts (24) and 8 schedules (12).
1. Flexible and Rigid constitution
The constitution of India can neither be considered flexible like that of British
constitution rigid like that of constitution of USA. Our constitution has accomplished a
combination of rigidity and flexibility.
Article 368 of the constitution provides for amendment of the constitution. According to
Article 368, there are some provisions, which can be easily amended by simple majority certain
other provisions can be amended only by 2/3rd majority. There are still other provisions, which
not only require 2/3rd majority but also require rectification (approval) by majority of the states.
2. Establishment of a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, democratic, Republic
The preamble of the constitution declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular,
democratic Republic. The word sovereign emphasizes that India is no more dependent on any
outside authority. The words socialist and secular have been inserted in the Preamble by 42nd
amendment,1976 .Preamble was amended only once .The term socialism has no definite meaning.
In general it means some form of ownership and distribution by the state .The term secularism
means state has no religion of its own as religion of the state and non- interference of state in
religious matters. It treats all religions equally. The term democracy means the rulers are elected
by the people and are responsible to them. The term ‘Republic’ signifies that there shall be an
elected head of the state.
3.Combination of Unitary and federal feature
According to Article X-1 of the constitution of India. India is a union of states. India is a
centralized federation- center has a strong control over the states. The parliament can change the
boundaries of the states, create new states, appoint Governor’s etc. The center can declare
emergency in the states. So we can say that India is Quasi-federal state.
4. Parliamentary System of Government
In India both at the center and the states there is parliamentary system of Government.
The president is the constitutional head and the real power is in the council of ministers headed
by the Parliamentary System.
5. Fundamental Rights
The incorporation of a formal declaration of fundamental rights in Part-III of the
constitution is a distinguished feature. The state cannot make a law, which takes away the
fundamental rights of a citizen. They are prohibitions against the state. Fundamental Rights are
not absolute. They are subject to reasonable restrictions imposed by the state.
Part-III of the constitution is known as Magna Carta (1215) of Indian constitution. There
are 5 types of writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights.
They are: -
1. Habeas corpus
2. Mandamus
3. Prohibition
4. Quo-Warranto
5. Certiorari
Article 12-35 deals with fundamental Rights. Article 14-18 Right to equality, Article 19-22 Right
to freedom. Article 23 and 24 right against exploitation. Article 25-28 Right to freedom of
Religion. Article 29-30 deals with Right to cultural and educational Rights of minorities. Article
31-35 constitutional Remedies
Supremacy of the Constitution: -
Constitution of the country is the permanent law and no law can be enacted in violation
of the constitution.
1. Assertion (A) :- Assertion (A): The Preamble of the Constitution starts with 'We, the people of
India'
Reason (R): It implies that the Constitution is created by the entire nation. Ans. (b)
2. Assertion (A):- The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and 30 other Judges.
Reason (R):- The Judges of the Supreme Court draw such salaries and allowances as are
specified in the second schedule of the Constitution. Ans. (c)
3. Assertion (A):- Under Article 141, the decision of the Supreme Court is binding on all courts
within the territory of India.
Reason (R):- The Supreme Court is bound by its earlier decisions. Ans. (c)
ENGLISH
Glossary of English Grammar Terms
Active Voice
In the active voice, the subject of the verb does the action (eg They killed the President).
See also Passive Voice.
Adjective
A word like big, red, easy, French etc. An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.
Adverb
A word like slowly, quietly, well, often etc. An adverb modifies a verb.
Article
The "indefinite" articles are a and an. The "definite article" is the.
Auxiliary Verb
A verb that is used with a main verb. Be, do and have are auxiliary verbs. Can, may, must
etc are modal auxiliary verbs.
Clause
A group of words containing a subject and its verb (for example: It was late when he
arrived).
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
6. …….the house tops the kite flew until it got lost……. the cloud
(a) by, in (b) from, in (c) on, among (d) over, among
.
. COMPREHENSION
Direction : Read the following passages carefully and then answer the questions that are
based on what is stated or implied in the passage.
Passage. 1
Aristotle's attitude to law and equity was not simply a theoretical fiction. There is evidence that it
both shaped legal practice and, even more clearly, built on an already developed and developing
tradition of Athenian legal thought. We have of course, almost no records of the actual outcomes
of jury trials, and no record at all of the deliberation, as each juror cast a separate vote after
hearing the various arguments, apparently without much mutual consultation. We do, however,
have many examples of persuasive speeches delivered to juries. And because the orator's
reputation rested on his ability to persuade a jury of average citizens, chosen by lot, we can rely
on these speeches for evidence of widespread popular beliefs about legal and ethical concepts.
These -speeches show the orators relying on a concept of law and even of justice that is very
much like the one that Aristotle renders explicit and systematic. Thus litigants frequently call for
justice tailored 'to the circumstances of their own case, and they frequently use the expression ta
dikaia ("those things that are just") in that sense. And they often proceed as if the written law is
understood to be a set of guidelines with gaps, to be filled in, or corrected, by equity
argumentation. In this process, frequent appeal is made to the juror's sense of fairness, as if, once
the particular circumstances of the case are understood, they can be expected to see that justice
consists in an equitable determination.
1. The above passage suggests that
(A) It is not wrong to make a simple contrast between justice and equity.
(B) We have to choose between justice and equity and the rule of law as understandings of
what justice demands.
(C) Law and equity, according to Aristotle's standards, are inter-woven in legal
practice.
(D) None of the above.
Passage 2
How do you react to the term `pars-psychology'? Does it fill you with excitement? Or does it give
you a sense of vague discomfort when confronted with something which does not have its basis in
the faculty of reason? Para-psychology or pars-normal is a branch of psychology which deals
with phenomenon which are beyond the realm of the five senses. Experiments show that the
human mind can operate from another plane, the faculty of intuition. We have all experienced at
some time or the other that gut feeling is invariably correct. There is no rational explanation as to
why you feel what you do but there it is. It would be a rare person who has never felt a sense of
foreboding or a sense of relation which was justified later as some information unfolded itself and
one could connect the feelings with the fact. It is usually a hindsight which tells you that what
you experienced was an intuitive flash. Your unconscious mind is constantly giving you
messages. You meet a person and you like or dislike him/her for no apparent reason. You hear a
telephone ring and you know who is calling. You receive a letter and you know what it contains.
All these are instances of intuition in which reason has no role. Some rationalists have tried to
explain such instances as coincidences but there is too much evidence to the contrary.
Russia is a pioneer in conducting research in the area of intuition. They have conducted several
experiments under laboratory test conditions to understand this faculty. In her prize winning
book, Psychic Discoveries Beyond the Iron, Curtain Shroider records an experiment that was
conducted on rabbits. A mother rabbit was kept on a boat connected to a monitor which recorded
her respiration, pulse, heartbeat and blood pressure. Her six babies were taken under water in a
submarine and killed one by one at every 20 minutes interval. It was discovered that the mother
rabbit showed signs of distress every 20 minutes corresponding exactly with the killing of the
babies.
Several experiments are conducted involving human beings too to prove the validity of intuition.
The faculty of intuition is present in all species. In some human beings it is more acute and they
can tune in to this faculty more easily. Kit Pedlar in his book, Mind OverMatter, says that the
mind is capable of going beyond the limitation of time, space and matter.
There are various phenomena that can happen when intuition comes into play. They are
precognition, telepathy and clairvoyance and they are all parts of extra sensory perception.
Precognition is knowing the future events. Nostradamus, the 16th century French astrologer,
predicted events right up to the 21st century. He had foretold in quatrains about the World Wars,
the rise and fall of Hitler, the alliance of the superpowers of America and Russia, the killing of
Kennedy, the rise of Khomeini, the earthquake of San Francisco, etc. More than 70 per cent of his
predictions have been proved correct. How could a man in the 16th century predict things four
centuries away? He has also made predictions for the coming years. Unfortunately, they are
dismal. According to Nostradamus, the last decade of the 20th century will be filled with global
disasters and natural calamities. There will be famine, earthquakes and a nuclear holocaust. There
will also be a rise in corruption, crime rates, anarchy, racial hatred, divisions and destruction. The
only thing that can save mankind is the emergence of a world teacher who will unite the world
and direct a movement towards spirituality. We have experienced that a lot of this is true. There is
already a shift towards spirituality. In India too there have been various seers who have predicted
events much before they actually happened. Our shastras abound in such examples.
Telepathy is also very interesting. It means mental communication. People who are sensitive
make good receivers or senders of telepathic signals. Hasn't it so happened that you've thought of
a person and he/she calls? Or you need something desperately and someone gives it to you as a
gift? However, when people are bound by ties of love and blood and are in tune with each other,
they experience this much more. Take this example. During the Second World War, the Germans
had bombarded a passenger ship. All the passengers and the crew were declared dead. But despite
the official declaration, a wife of one of the men on the ship could not accept the verdict that her
husband was dead. She felt very strongly that he was alive, in great pain and asking for help. She
pursued the matter relentlessly against all odds and discovered that it was possible that there
might have been some survivors. The next step was to find out where the ship could have
reached. After pinpointing two islands she flew down there to find her husband alive in a native
hospital. He was delirious and constantly asking for her. He was in great pain for his leg had been
amputated. They were united.
1. As per the author
(a) there is no difference between telepathy and precognition.
(b) telepathy is common place.
(c) precognition needs extra-ordinary intuition capabilities.
(d) none of these.
2. As per the passage,
(a) some traces of para-psychology are always found in all humans.
(b) para-psychology needs special faculties.
(c) para-psychology can be rationalised.
(d) none of these.
3. As per the passage, the faculty of intuition is
(a) equally developed in all human beings.
(b) equally developed in all living beings.
(c) present in all living beings.
(d) always futuristic.
4. For telepathy to be successful
(a) the communicating minds need not be human.
(b) the communicating minds need to be very sensitive.
(c) the communicating minds need to be logical.
(d) none of these.
5. Gut feeling is
(a) always correct.
(b) invariably correct.
(c) never correct.
(d) cannot be said.
LEGAL REASONING
Indian Penal Code
Lord Macauly drafted the IPC in the year 1869. It is divided into 23
chapters and 511 sections.
The First Law Commission was appointed in India in 1835. The
commission has four members. Lord T.B.Macaulay was the Chairman of
the First Law Commission. The Commission was directed to prepare a draft
of penal code for India. The commision prepared the draft and submitted it
to the Government in 1837. This draft was enacted into law in 1860 by the
Legislative Council. It received the assent of the Governor General on 6th
October, 1860. By this enactment Muslim Criminal law was completely
abolished and a uniform penal law for India was introduced.
The fundamental principle of penal liability is contained in the maxim"
actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea". The maxim means an act does
notamount to a crime unless.! done with a guilty intention,., In other words
the act alone does not amount to guilt, it must be accompanied by a guilty
mind. The intent and the act must both concur to constitute the crime. Thus
there are two essential conditions of criminal liability. They are :-
(1) Actus reus; and (2) Mens rea
(1) Actus reus (Result of human conduct)
Actus reus is the first essential element or ingredient of a crime. An act is
any event which is subject to the control of human will. An act is a
concious movement. It is the conduct which results from the operation of
will. "Actus reus" refers to the result of human
conduct which the law seeks to prevent. If any human conduct (actus) is not
prohibited by law, the act or conduct will not be termed as a crime. A
person who comfits such an act is not liable for a crime. Any movement of
the body which is not a consequence of the determination of the will is not
an act. Thus involuntary actions will not become criminal act. If a
somnambulist sets. fire to a house during his sleepwalk, he will not be
liable under criminal law.
Actus reus may be negative or positive.
X' shoots 'Y' and kills him. It is a positive actus reus.
The mother of a child does not feed the child and causes the death of the
child by starvation. The actus reus is negative. Thus, actus reus in this
illustration is omission to act.
In order to be liable for crime the act or omission should be one prohibited
by law. The following illustrations will make the point more clear.
(i) 'A:,who is having sufficient means, failed to help a starving man. The
man dies due to starvation. A is not criminally liable since his ommision is
not prohibited by law.
(ii) 'N, who knows swimming , failed to save the life a drowining child and
the child died as a result of the omission. The omission is not prohibited by
law and 'A' is not liable for,crime. If 'A' was a coastguard the omission to
act would have been a crime.
(iii) A is a Jail warden. He failed, to supply food to the prisoners in the jail
and several prisoners died due to starvation. 'N is liable for murder as he
violated a prohibitted omission.
(iv) 'A' shoots 'B' and resulted in the death of 'B'. 'A' is liable for murder
since he violated a prohibited act.
(11) Mens rea (Guilty Mind)
A prohibited act will become a crime when it is accompanied by a certain
state of mind. There must be a mind at fault beforeany crime can be
committed. An act or omission alone is not sufficient to constitute a crime.
The act or omission should have followed by an evil intent. Thus we may
say,
A crime = A prohibited actor omission + guilty mind.
In England and India the general rule relating to criminal liability is that "an act is
not a crime unless it is done with guilty mind". This general general principle of
common law is contained in the maxim: " actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea".
There are certain enactments which define offences without mentioning the
necessity of mens rea. In those statutes offences are defined in absolute terms. The
Opium Act,1878
(It has been repealed by the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
Act,1985), the Foreign Ex-
change Regulation Act, 1947, the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, the
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act,1985 etc., are examples of such
enactments.
When an offence is defined in absolute terms ie., without mentioning the necessity
of mens rea, the question that would normally arise is:
Whether the courts can read in between lines the necessary mens rea?.
In former times it was thought that the legislature was not competent to over-ride
the established rules of common law. According to this view, even if the necessity
of mens rea. is not expressly mentioned in a particular statute, the judges should
read in between lines the necessary mens rea. In other words the necessity of mens
rea should be taken as granted. Thus even if the offence is defined without
mentioning the necessity of mens rea, the courts used to acquit the accused in the
absence of guilty mind. But the present view is that when the legislature defines an
offence in absolute terms the courts cannot read in between lines the. necessary
mens rea.
In State of Maharashtra v. M.H.George (AIR 1965 SC 722), the accused was
prosecuted for bringing gold into India in violation of the statutory prohibition.
Section 8(1) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act,1947 prohibits a person from
bringing gold into India without special or general permission of the Reserve Bank
of India. The Reserve Bank of India by a Notification issued on August 25;1948
granted a general permission to bring gold from places outside the territory of
India for transit to another country. But by a subsequent Notification dated
November 8, 1962, it was made clear that the person bringing gold for trasnit
should make a declaration in the "manifest" of the aircarft.
The accused was a passenger from Zurich to Manila in a Swiss plane which left
Zurich on27-11-1962. The plane-landed at the airport in Bombay on 28 th
November, 1962. On a search in the plane, 34 kilos of gold bars were found in the
possession of the accused,
who was still sitting in the plane. He had not made the declaration in the
"manifest" of the aircraft. The accused was prosecuted for bringing gold into India
in violation of the statutory prohibition.
The Presidency Magistrate sentenced him to rigourous imprisonment for one year.
On appeal the High Court of Bombay acquitted the accused for the reason that the
accused had no mens rea as he had brought gold into India for mere transit to
Manila. The State of harashtra appealed before the Supreme Court of India. The
Supreme Court set aide the judgement of acquittal of the.Bombay High Court and
restored the conviction of the accused.
Jurisdiction of IPC
There are 2 types of jurisdiction
1.Territorial
2.Extra Territorial
Territorial
In the territory of India IPC is applicable to every person irrespective
of nationality. It includes jurisdiction over sea up to 12 nautical miles.
Extra Territorial
IPC is applicable to Indian citizens who committed wrongs in
foreign countries. IPC is applicable to Indian ships and Indian aircrafts.
PROBLEM:- X' is a citizen of India. He commits a murder in England.
Whether he can be tried a convicted for murder in India?
Ans: 'X' being an Indian -citizen, can be tried and convicted in any place in India
in whirl he may be found. By s. 188 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
previous sanction of the Central Government is.to be obtained.
If a foreigner commits an offence under the Code on any ship or aircraft registered
in India, he may be tried and convicted in any place in India at which he may be
found. B virtue of section 188 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, previous
sanction of Central Government is to be obtained.
(2) 'X', a foreigner commits murder on board a ship registered in India while
the ship was lying in territorial waters of England. Can 'X' be tried and
convicted in .India for murder.?
Ans: X can be tried and convicted in India .
206 LEGAL REASONING PROBLEMS
Directions: Given below is a statement of legal principle, followed by a factual
situation. Apply the principle to the facts and select the most appropriate
answer among the alternatives given
FACT:-A, -along with eight others went to a near village to beat some of his
enemies. In this fight A was injured. The members of the opposite party ran away.
Thereafter A's friends followed the opponents and killed one of them.
(a) A and his companions are liable to be punished for the murder.
(b) Only A is liable ,others are liable for minor offences only
(c) No one is liable since they exercised the private defence
(3) PRINCIPLE- Whoever intentionally puts any person in fear of any injury to
that person, or to any other, and thereby dishonestly induces the person so put in
fear to deliver to any property or valuable security, or anything signed or sealed
which may be converted into a valuable security, commits "extortion".
FACTS:- X, a police officer tortures Y, to tell him where the stolen property was
kept by him. Has A committed any offence?
Using the standards of a reasonable man, the sound of typing cannot be said as
disturbing and hence it is a reasonable one.
LOGICAL REASONING
MATHEMATICS
MODEL TEST PAPER
&
MORE GK
LOGICAL REASONING
LOGIC:- The science of thought
The word 'Logic' is derived from the Greek noun 'logos' meaning ‘the word expressing thought'.
Thus, LOGIC is the 'science of thought as expressed in language'. The questions on logic are to be solved
based on the information given without any concern of the formal validity or truth of the statements i.e.
conclusion should follow directly from the statements given not based on the correctness of it.
LOGICAL REASONING
In Logic, any statement is termed as the Proposition. Thus, a Proposition is a statement expressing certain
relation between two or more terms, analogous to a sentence in grammar. Hence logical reasoning is the
process of arriving at a logical inference from a hypothesis through reasoning
Parts of a statement or proposition:-
A Proposition consists of three parts
2 Predicate is the part of the Proposition denoting that which is affirmed or denied about the
subject.
3 Copula Copula is that part of the Proposition which denotes the relation between the Subject
and the Predicate.
Here information is given about the Indians. So 'Indians' is the Subject. `Cultured' is the quality affirmed
for this Subject. So it is the Predicate.
`are' denotes the relation between the Subject and the Predicate. So, it is the Copula.
Types of propositions or statements
`Propositions' can be classified into four types
a) Universal Proposition : Universal propositions either fully include the
subject or fully exclude it. Examples are:
All books are papers.
No box is square-shaped.
Usually, universal propositions begin with "All", "Every",
"Any" etc. or "No", "None of the", "Not a single" etc.
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Here, the subject term 'Some people' is used not for all but only for some men and similarly the predicate
term 'foolish' is affirmed for a part of subject class. So, both are unaffirmed
'animal' is the predicate of the conclusion and so, it is the Major Term, P.
`Tiger' is the subject of the conclusion and so, it is the Minor Term, S.
`Dog' is the term common to both the premises and so, it is the Middle Term, M.
Major Premise: - the major premise is that in which 'the middle term is the subject Minor Premise: - the
minor premise is that in which the middle term is the predicate.
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EXAMINATION QUESTIONS – FORMAT-1
The major rules for deriving conclusions or deductive inference in syllogism are
enumerated below with examples :
1. A syllogism must have three and only three terms viz: the major term i.e. the predicate,
the minor term i.e. the subject and the middle term i.e. the copola or verb.
No inference can be drawn if there are more than three terms.
CURRENT AFFAIRS
OBJECTIVE GK
GK CAPSULES
CURRENT AFFAIRS
1. Name the Supreme Court Judge who withdraw from the bench hearing the case
between Ambani brothers saying that his daughter is associated with law firm
AZB & Partners, which has been an advisor to one of the parties in the case
(a) Justice Arijith Pasayat
(b) Justice Markandeya Katju
(c) Justice R.V.Raveendran
(d) Justice K.G.Balakrishnan
a) Afsal Guru
b) R.Govinda Swamy
c) Dhananjay Chatterji
d) None of the above
SET-3
1.Who among the following become the first sitting judge to make public his
assets,?
(a) Justice Kannan
(b)Justice Basant
(c)Justice Ravindra Bhatt
(d)None of these
2.Who among the following is recently elected as the third female judge in the
Supreme Court of USA?
(a)Rosalyn Higgins
(b)Sonia Sotomayer
(c) Asha rose Migiro
(d) None of the above
SET-4
(a) Ryadh
(b) New Delhi
(c) Doha
(d) None of these
SET-5
3. The new Member of Parliament from Amaravti, Rajendra Shekhavat is the son
of ….
(a) Sahrad Pawar
(b) Pratibha Patil
(c) Vilas Rao deshmukh
(d) none of the above
SET - 6
1. Name the first women to win Nobel Prize for Economics?
a) Elinar Ostrom
b) Herta Mullaer
c) Hillary mandal
d) None of these
GENERAL SCIENCE
1. Aspirin can be found in many household medicines. But what is it chemically?
a) Paracetamol
b) Acetylsalicylic acid
c) Acetaminophen
d) Ibuprofen
2. Scientist associated with the success of Green Revolution is
(a) J.C. Bose,
(b) V.R. Rao,
(c) S.S. Bahtnagar,
(d) Norman Borlaug.
3. Acoustics is the study of
(a) heat,
(b) magnetis
(c) light,
(d) sound.
INDIAN ECONOMY
14. In our country, which of the following affects poverty line the most ?
(a) Production quantum
(b) Per capita income
(c) Quantum of gold reserves
(d) Level of prices.
15. RBI has handed over the responsibility for the provision and supervision of finance for
agriculture to
(a) SIDBI
(b) NABARD
(c) EXIM Bank
(d) UTI
16. The Indian Income Tax is
(a) progressive
(b) direct
(c) income - elastic
(d) all the above
17. Companies pay Corporate Tax on their
(a) production:
(b) sales proceeds.
(c) income.
(d) investment.
18. RBI has handed over responsibility to EXIM Bank to provide finance to
(a) industrial sector
(b) agricultural sector
(c) foreign trade sector
This Booklet contains 200 objective questions. Each question carries one
mark. Every question contains four choices of answers. Select the most
appropriate answer and shade the corresponding oval in the O.M.R. sheet
with HB pencil only.
Answer all the questions.
English
3. She said I was the best boss they'd ever had. It was obvious she was
praising me sincerely.
(A) not appreciating me (B) befooling me
(C) buttering me up (D) disliking me
CLAT 2008
Held on 11.5.2008
QUESTION PAPER
SECTION - I: ENGLISH
PART - A
Instructions: Read the given passage carefully and attempt the questions that
follow and shade the appropriate answer in the space provided for it on the OMR
answer sheet.. Example.- If the appropriate answer is (a), shade the appropriate
oval on the OMR sheet.
I didn't get my first camera until after I'd graduated, when I was due to go diving
in Norway and needed a method of recording the sea creatures I would find there.
My father didn't know anything about photography, but he bought me an Exacta,
which was really quite a good camera for the time, and I went off to take my first
pictures of sea anemones and starfish. I became keen very quickly, and learned
how to develop and print; obviously I didn't have much money in those days, so I
did more black and white photography than colour, but it was all still using the
camera very much as a tool to record what I found both by diving and on the
shore. I had no ambition at all to be a photographer then, or even for some years
afterwards.
Unlike many of the wildlife photographers of the time, I trained as a scientist and
therefore my way of expressing myself is very different. I've tried from the
beginning to produce pictures which are -always biologically correct. There are
people who will alter things deliberately: you don't pick up sea creatures from the
middle of the shore and take them down to attractive pools at the bottom of the
shore without knowing you're doing it. In so doing you're actually falsifying the
sort of seaweeds they live on and so on, which may seem unimportant, but it is
actually changing the natural surroundings to make them prettier. Unfortunately,
many of the people who select pictures are looking for attractive images and, at
the end of the day, whether it's truthful or not doesn't really matter to them.
It's important to think about the animal first, and there are many occasions when
I've not taken a picture because it would have been too disturbing. Nothing is so
important that you have to get that shot; of course, there are cases when it would
be very sad if you didn't, but it's not the end of the world. There can be a lot of
ignorance in people's behaviour towards wild animals and it's a problem that more
and more people are going to wild places: while some animals may get used to
cars, they won't get used to people suddenly rushing up to them. The sheer
pressure of people, coupled with the fact that there are increasingly fewer places
where no-one else has photographed, means that over the years, life has become
much more difficult for the professional wildlife photographer.
EXPLANATORY ANSWERS
SECTION - II: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
41. In Ashok Kumar Thakur Vs Union of India and others ( 2008(6)SCC 1) the Supreme Court SC
uphold 27 Per Cent OBC quota and excluded 'creamy layer'. The five-judge constitution bench headed by
Chief Justice K. G. Balakrishnan unanimously held that "creamy layer" must be excluded from the socially
and educationally backward classes (SEBCs) and there should be a periodic review after five years on
continuing with the quota. The Bench upheld the validity of the Constitution (93rd Amendment) Act 2005
empowering the Centre to come out with the special law for OBC reservation in educational institutions of
higher learning. The Bench held that the exclusion of minority educational institutions from the ambit of
the Act was not violative of the Constitution as "they are a separate class and their rights are protected by
other constitutional provisions". "Creamy Layer" is to be excluded from SEBCs. The identification of
SEBCs will not be complete and without the exclusion of "creamy layer" such identification may not be
valid under Article 15(1) of the Constitution. "Creamy Layer" principle is not applicable to Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
42. Hedge fund is a type of investment fund where the managers are allowed to use riskier trading
techniques to try to gain a higher return on investment. For example, hedge funds are allowed to use short
selling, which other mutual funds are unable to do. Because of the higher risk involved in a hedge fund,
only wealthy individuals and companies are generally allowed investing and there is often a minimum
investment.
43. Balance of payments, (or BOP) measures the payments that flow between any individual
country and all other countries. It is used to summarize all international economic transactions
for that country during a specific time period, usually a year. The BOP is determined by the
country's exports and imports of goods, services, and financial capital, as well as
financial transfers. It reflects all payments and liabilities to foreigners (debits) and all
payments and obligations received from foreigners (credits). Balance of payments is one of
the major indicators of a country's status in international trade, with net capital outflow.
44. In February 2008, the Kosovo declared Kosovo's independence from Serbia. As of 16
January 2009, its independence is recognized by 54 UN member states
45. Morarji Desai has presented a record number of ten Budgets. He was the finance minister
from 1959 to 1964 and also from 1967 to 1970. He presented five annual and one interim
Budget during his first stint, and three final and one interim in his second term. In 1964 and in
1968 -- both leap years -- Desai presented the Budget on February 29, his birthday. R K
Shanmukhan Chetty, who served as the finance minister in Jawaharlal Nehru's Cabinet
between 1947 and 1949, presented the first Budget of independent India on November 26,
1947.
46. The Finance Commission is a Constitutional body set up every five years to make
recommendations relating to the distribution of the net proceeds of taxes between the Union
and the States, the principles which should govern the grants-in-aid of the revenues of the
States out of the Consolidated Fund of India and the measures needed to augment the
Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the Panchayats and the
Municipalities. In addition, any other matter may be referred to the Commission by the
President in the interests of sound finance. The recommendations of the Thirteenth Finance
Commission will cover the period of five years from Ist April, 2010 to 31st March 2015.
The Commission is expected to make available its report by 31st October, 2009
Ready for delivery