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TECHNICAL MANUAL
A SANITATION SYSTEM FOR A SMALL COMMUNITY
PANDUAN TEKNIS
SISTEM SANITASI UNTUK KOMUNITAS KECIL
Based on Alumni Demonstration Project The Construction of Simple Sanitation System for Small Community Implemented by Center of Analysis for Public Management Policy Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta Indonesia Berdasarkan pada Proyek Demonstrasi Alumni Pembuatan Sistem Sanitasi Sederhana untuk Komunitas Kecil Dilaksanakan oleh Pusat Kajian Kebijakan Manajemen Publik Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Indonesia
SEA-UEMA
CIDA-AIT Partnership
Technical Manual
Original Text by: Achmad Nurmandi and Kamarudin Yusuf Rewritten by: A.S. Permana Editor: Dr. Ranjith Perera and Niken Prilandita Cover Design: A.S. Permana Text Lay-out: A.S. Permana
ii
Preface
Prakata
Panduan Teknis ini ditulis berdasarkan This Technical Manual is based on the implementation of Alumni Demonstration Project, Proyek Demonstrasi Alumni mengenai PemThe Construction of Simple Sanitation System bangunan Sistem Sanitasi Sederhana untuk for Small Community in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Komunitas Kecil di Yogyakarta, Indonesia. TuIts objective is to provide a general overview of juan utamanya adalah memberikan arahan the planning and implementation processes of umum mengenai proses-proses perencanaan the project which can be a practical basis for dan pelaksanaan proyek, yang bisa dijadikan the implementation of similar projects with dasar untuk pelaksanaan proyek sejenis, dengan modifikasi menurut kondisi setempat. modification according to local conditions. This manual does not contain complicated technical directions, rather practical guidelines for the construction of a simple sanitation system in a small community. With this nature, the replication of similar projects to other areas would be easier. Manual ini tidak mengandung arahan teknis yang sulit, melainkan hanya memberikan arahan umum untuk pelaksanaan sistem sanitasi sederhana untuk komunitas kecil. Dengan demikian, replikasi untuk proyek sejenis di lain tempat akan lebih mudah.
Acknowledgements
Penghargaan
Publication of this manual would not be possible without financial support from the Southeast Asia Urban Environmental Management Application Project under the partnership of the Canadian International Development Agency, Canada and the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. The authors gratefully acknowledge this support.
Publikasi manual ini tidak mungkin terlaksana tanpa bantuan keuangan dari Southeast Asia Urban Environmental Management Application Project di bawah kerjasama Canadian International Development Agency dengan Asian Institute of Technology. Para Pengarang sangat menghargai bantuan ini.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DAFTAR ISI
5 Project Implementation
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Site Preparation Choice of Technology Supply of Materials Project Staff and Workers
5 Pelaksanaan Proyek
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Persiapan Lapangan Pilihan Teknologi BahanPenyediaan Bahan-bahan Staf dan Pekerja Proyek
Introduction
Pendahuluan
One of the great issues in urban environmental Salah satu isu besar dalam permasalahan pengelmanagement is water supply and sanitation. Water olaan lingkungan perkotaan adalah air minum supply and sanitation in Indonesia is mainly charac- dan sanitasi. Di Indonesia, permasalahan ini ditanterized by poor levels of access and service quality. dai dengan akses dan kualitas pelayanan yang buOver a 100 million people in Indonesia still lack ac- ruk. Lebih dari 100 juta rakyat Indonesia masih kecess to safe water and more than 70 percent of the kurangan akses terhadap air minum yang aman, country's 220 million population relies on water ob- dan lebih dari 70 persen dari220 juta tergantung tained from potentially contaminated sources. pada sumber yang terkontaminasi.
National Socio-economic Survey (SUSENAS) 2004 Sensus sosial-ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) 2004 reveals that only about 47 percent of the popula- mencatat bahwa hanya 47 persen penduduk yang tion have access to water from improved sources dapat mengakses air minum dari sumber yang that are considered safe. This includes 42 percent of aman. Jumlah ini termasuk 42 persen penduduk di the urban and 51 percent of the rural populations. perkotaan dan 51 persen penduduk di perdesaan. During an 8-year period, from 1994 to 2002, this Selama periode 8-tahun (dari 1994 to 2002), angka figure increased by 10 percent in rural areas and 9 ini meningkat hingga 10 persen di perdesaan dan 9 percent in urban areas. At this rate, by 2015, about persen di perkotaan. Dalam tahun 2015, sekitar 56 56 percent of the rural population can be expected persen dari penduduk perdesaan diharapkan dato have access to safe water supplies, while the Mil- pat mengakses air minum yang aman, sementara lennium Development Goal (MDG) target for the itu target Millennium Development Goal untuk whole country is 73 percent. Population access to negeri ini adalah 73 persen. Akses penduduk terhaimproved sanitation in rural areas remains stagnant dap sanitasi di perdesaan tetap sekitar 38 persen at around 38 percent since 1985. More than 40 per- sejak 1985. Lebih dari 40 persen rumah tangga di cent of rural households use unsanitary open pits or perdesaan menggunakan cubluk terbuka untuk defecate in fields, beaches and water bodies. buang air, atau juga tegalan dan badan air.
Poor sanitation and lack of access to safe drinking Sanitasi yang buruk serta kurangnya akses pada water, as discussed above, lead to various impacts, air minum, seperti didiskusikan di atas, berujung particularly water-borne diseases in urban and ru- kepada berbagai akibat, terutama yang berral areas. Sanitation is one of the sectors that the hubungan dengan penyakit yang berasal dari air, South-east Asia Urban Environmental Management baik di perkotaan maupun di perdesaan. Sanitasi Application Project is targeting, along with other adalah salah satu sector yang menjad sasaran sectors such as water supply, air pollution and solid proyek penerapan SEA-UEMA, bersama penwaste management. yediaan air dan pengelolaan sampah.
4.1 Rationale
Unsafe drinking water is a major cause of diarrhea, Air minum yang tidak aman adalah penyebab the second leading killer of children under five years utama diare, yang juga merupakan pembunuh old in the country, which accounts for about 20 per- kedua balita di Negara ini, tercatat sekitar 20 percent of the total child deaths each year. According sen kematian anak setiap tahun. Ada paling tidak to the Ministry of Health, at least 300 out of 1,000 300 dari 1000 warga Indonesia per tahun mendeIndonesians annually suffer from water-borne dis- rita penyakit yang berasal dari air, termasuk koleases, including cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fe- era, disentri dan demam tipes, ini menurut inforver. masi dari Departemen Kesehatan.
Poor sanitation in cities and small towns is posing Sanitasi yang buruk di kota besar dan kecil memhealth hazards to the population through the pollu- bahayakan penduduk melalui polusi air tanah dan tion of both ground and surface water sources used air permukaan yang digunakan oleh masyarajat by urban populations for various purposes. Despite perkotaan untuk berbagai keperluan. Walaupun this situation, urban sanitation is the least addressed demikian, masalah sanitasi perkotaan dianggap isu of major policy issues in Indonesia. It ranks below yang tidak penting pengambilan kebijakan di Incommunication and transportation in a develop- donesia. Prioritasnya masih dibawah isu komuniment priority agenda. Disposal and treatment of kasi dan perhubungan. Pengolahan limbah hanya sewage is available for less than 2 percent of the mencakup sekitar 2 persen dari seluruh jumlah population. penduduk.
These conditions are encountered by the citizens of Situasi seperti itu dihadapi oleh masyarakat YogyaYogyakarta (see Map in Figure 1), who live along karta (Peta Yogyakarta terlihat pada Gambar 1) bank of Code river, and have limited access to yang hidup di sepanjang Kali Code, karena mereka clean drinking water. One of the communities along hidup dalam keterbatasan akses dalam memthis river was later selected as the location of the peroleh air minum. Salah satu komunitas di pinggiproject. Since sustainability is also a main concern of ran sungai ini dipilih menjadi lokasi proyek. Karena this project, the principle of from community, by masalah keberlanjutan juga menjadi perhatian community, and for community is adopted. The proyek ini, maka dipakai prinsip dari masyarakat, participatory approach is then mainstreamed in this oleh masyarakat dan untuk masyarakat. Dalam particular case. Participation of citizens at large is hal ini, pendekatan partisipatif menjadi alur greatly encouraged. Citizens are involved in differ- utama. Partisipasi masyarakat sangat diharapkan. ent phases of planning, implementation, operation Masyarakat dilibatkan dari perencanaan, pelakand maintenance. saan, sampai operasi dan pemeliharaan.
Figure 1 Yogyakarta
Gambar 1 Yogyakarta
Water supply and sanitation are ubiquitous issues in Penyediaan air minum dan sanitasi selalu menjadi urban and rural areas. Solving these problems re- masalah, baik perkotaan maupun perdesaan. Penquires a comprehensive identification of local condi- yelesaian masalah ini memerlukan identifikasi yang tions. menyeluruh atas kondisi setempat.
To achieve a well-functioning system, the involve- Agar sistem berfungsi dengan baik, keterlibatan ment of users and all relevant stakeholders from the pengguna dan seluruh pihak yang berkepentingan beginning is essential. The probability of success will sejak awal sangatlah penting. Kemunginan untuk increase if the future users are todays participants sukses akan meningkat apabila para calon pengof planning and are given a sense of ownership of guna juga turut merencanakan sehingga ada rasa the project. memiliki dari mereka.
To identify sanitation problems in a small commu- Langkah-langkah berikut diperlukan dalam mennity, the following steps are required:
Tentukan komunitas yang menjadi target Libatkan seluruh yang berkepentingan dan calon pengguna Identifikasi aspek budaya dan kebiasaan dari calon pengguna dalam masalah sanitasi
Involve all relevant stakeholders and future us- Identify the culture and habits of the future us- ers on sanitation
Identify the present sanitation system in the community Identify possible alternative solutions for the sanitation system in the community and their viability
Identifikasi masyarakat
sistem
sanitasi
yang
ada
di
With those steps, Center of Analysis for Public Man- Dengan langkah-langkah tersebut, Pusat Analisis agement Policy of Muhammadiyah University of Kebijakan Manajemen Publik, Universitas MuhamYogyakarta (PKKMP UMY) serving as project facili- madiyah Yogyakarta (PKK UMY) sebagai fasilitatator cum executor invited a prominent community organization of PKK (Empowering for Family Welfare) and the board of the neighbourhood units of a selected community, to discuss and prepare an action plan regarding environmental issues within their community (Figure 2). The discussion concluded that the main issues in the community are poor sanitation and the lack of safe drinking water. They agreed to propose a technological intervention on their community sanitation system to the SEA-UEMA Project.
Figure 2 Participatory Planning Meeting
jahteraan Keluarga) dan para Pengurus masyarakat yang terpilih, untuk membicarakan dan menyiapkan rencana kerja masalah lingkungan di masyarakat ini (Gambar 2). Pembicaraan itu menyimpulkan bahwa masalah utama di masyarakat ini adalah sanitasi yang buruk dan masalah air minum. Mereka setuju untuk mengusulkan teknologi sistem kepada Proyek SEA-UEMA. intervensi sanitasi
It is important to note that the goal of this project is Penting untuk dicatat bahwa sasaran proyek ini to improve health and environmental conditions of adalah meningkatkan kondisi kesehatan dan lingthe community through development of a simple kungan masyarakat melalui system sanitasi yang but sufficient sanitation system. sederhana tetapi memenuhi syarat.
From the discussion with stakeholders, who are also Dari diskusi dengan pihak-pihak yang berkethe future users of this project, the objectives of this pentingan, yang juga merupakan calon pengguna, project were agreed upon, among the participants telah disepakati bahwa tujuan dari proyek ini as the following:
adalah sebagai berikut: Mengembangkan kepedulian dan kesadaran masyarakat tentang polusi air, terutama akibat aliran permukaan. Merangsang antusiasme masyarakat dalam mengadopsi teknologi sanitasi. Membangun kapasitas masyarakat dalam perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengoperasian dan pemeliharaan system sehingga pelayanannya memuaskan segenap lapisan masyarakat, serta meingkatkan keberlanjutan sistem. Mengurangi polusi air sepanjang Kali Code, satu sungai yang melalui Kota Yogyakarta.
To develop the concern and consciousness of citizens regarding water pollution, particularly runoff-generated water pollution.
To build the capacity of community in planning, implementing, operating and maintaining the systems in such a way that the services benefit and satisfy all strata of the society, and promoting the sustainability of the systems.
To reduce water pollution in the Code River, the river that passes through Yogyakarta city.
The above objectives were then used as a basis for Tujuan di atas selanjutnya menjadi dasar dalam the selection of the system as well as selection of the menentukan sistem yang dipilih dan lokasi yang suitable site. cocok.
In order to improve the sense of ownership of the Untuk meningkatkan rasa memiliki dari calon future users, the selection of project location shall pengguna, pemilihan lokasi proyek pada prinsipprincipally be agreed upon by all stakeholders. nya harus disetujui oleh pihak yang berkepentinHowever, in this particular case, the site selection is gan. Dalam hal ini, pemilihan lokasi didasarkan based on the following considerations:
atas pertimbangan berikut: Antusiasme yang tinggi dari masyarakat dalam menerima proyek, Keinginan dari masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi sebelum, pada saat dan setelah proyek, terutama dalam masa operasi dan pemeliharaan,
Willingness of the community to participate in the project at pre-, during and post-project particularly at operation and maintenance periods,
A community with high prevalence of water- borne diseases and health problems,
Di komunitas dengan tingkat penyakit keairan tinggi dan juga masalah kesehatan lainnya, Di komunitas dengan kemiskinan absolut tetapi kemauan berpartisipasi yang tinggi.
With those considerations along with the stake- Berdasarkan pertimbangan di atas dan dengan holders approval, the project site was selected at persetujuan pihak yang berkepentingan, lokasi RW 18th (Rukun Warga, a unit of community), in proyek ditetapkan di RW 18, Prawirodirjan, KePrawirodirjan, Mergangsan sub district, Yogyakarta camatan Mergangsan, Kota Yogyakarta (Gambar City (Figure 3). In this community, an adequate 3). Di komunitas ini, tidak terdapat sistem sanitasi sanitation system is absent. Many households dispose yang memadai. Banyak rumah tangga yang memtheir waste directly into the rivers. Heavy rainfall buang kotoran langsung ke sungai. Dengan peand inadequate maintenance lead to combined meliharaan sistem sanitasi yang tidak memadai, sewer overflows or sanitary sewer overflows and apabila terjadi hujan akan terjadi luapan air kotor backs to residential areas, which harm the commu- yang menggenai permuahan, yang berbahaya nitys health. At the same time, citizens also enthusi- bagi kesehatan. Dalam waktu yang sama, penastically expect the project implementation in their duduk sangat berantusias mengharapkan proyek community. ini dilaksanakan.
Project Implementation
Pelaksanaan Proyek
This project does not involve oversized materials, Proyek ini tidak memerlukan material yang besar, heavy equipment or lots of workers, but rather a alat berat atau tenaga kerja yang banyak, hanya spot site, common construction materials, and small bahan bangunan biasa dengan jumlah kecil number of workers. The project, therefore, does not require complicated site preparation. However, the following steps are recommended:
pekerja, sehingga proyek ini tidak memerlukan lapangan berikut penyiapan gity
The system should be located at least 30 meters from drinking water sources, 15 meters from streams or ponds and 3 meters from water lines
rus berlokasi minimal 30 meter dari sumber air minum, 15 meter dari sungai atau kolam air dan 3 meter dari saluran air kecil lainnya
Slope the drain-fields away from houses, buildings and water supply
Figure 4 Site Preparation
harus
dari pepohonan/belukar
Terdapat cukup ruang untuk pengembangan Septik tank dan salurannya tidak boleh tertutup jalan atau beton Tempatkan septik tank atau drainase jauh dari saluran air.
Because of its location, some demolitions and access Karena lokasi proyek, beberapa pembongkaran road preparation are required (Figure 4). dan jalan menuju proyek diperlukan (Gambar 4).
The RW 18th of Prawirodirjan has four smaller com- RW 18 Prawirodirjan membawahi empat Rukun munity units, which are also known as Rukun Tetangga (RT), dengan kebanyakan penduduknya
Tetangga (RT). The residents of this area mostly use melakukan aktivitas Mandi, Cuci dan Kakus di WC
the communal toilet for taking baths, washing clothes or dishes. Meanwhile, to dispose sewage is in public latrines or open pit latrines. The Chief of the neighbourhood unit takes responsibility for the maintenance of the communal toilet in his authority. Based on field observation, a simple septic tank or waste water storage with no treatment system ter are comDismonly used for wadisposal. charging waste water directly into the river is also comFigure 5 Tripikon-S System
Umum.
Aktivitas
buang air biasanya dilakukan di WC Umum RT jawab atau WC cubluk. Para Ketua bertanggung terhadap WC
pemeliharaan
umum di wilayahnya masing-masing. Dari hasil pengamatan bah, tank di lapangan, septic untuk buangan limsatu sederhana
atau jenis penampung lainnya tanpa dilengkapi dengan sistem pengolahan, sangat umum dipakai. Untuk buangan rumah tangga, masyarakat terbiasa dengan lang-
monly undertaken by households in the community. sung membuang ke dalam sungai. Keadaan ini This situation encourages a need of intervention. By mendorong perlunya satu intervensi teknologi. using Sewage Water Treatment for household Dengan menggunakan pengolah limbah rumah waste and Tripikon-S Technology for septic tank, tangga dan teknologi Tripikon-S, sistem sanitasi di the sanitation system in this area is expected to im- kawasan seems the best choice for local conditions. ini diharapkan dapat meningkat prove (Figures 5). This locally developed technology (Gambar 5). Teknologi yang dikembangkan secara lokal ini, nampaknya merupakan pilihan terbaik untuk kondisi setempat.
Based on the experiences of project implementa- Berdasarkan pengalaman pelaksanan proyek ini, tion, the supply of materials would be better if the following aspects are considered:
suplai bahan bangunan akan lebih baik bila mempertimbangkan berikut: hal
Use
locally and
Gunakan dan
ba-
available
Gunakan
ba-
Use materials that local citizens are familiar Use materials which require no specific handling and are easy to install.
han yang dikenal masyarakat Gunakan bahan yang tidak perlu penanganan khusus dan mudah dipasang.
During project implementation, local citizens par- Selama pelaksanaan proyek, masyarakat memticipated in providing materials and workers (Table bantu menyediakan bahan dan tenaga kerja 1) (Tabel 1)
Table 1 Contributions of the Community SN Activity 1 Instalment of three
Tripikon-S in two Public Toilets
Implementation
Apr 30-May 5, 2006
Labor
4
Materials
Sand and Stone
Others
Meal
2 Instalment of Sewage
Treatment
4 8
Meal Meal
3 Instalment of three
Tripikon-S in two Public Toilet
4 Instalment of three
Tripikon-S in two Public Toilet
Meal
5 Instalment of Sewage
Treatment
Meal
Project staff and workers are essential during pro- Staf dan pekerja proyek sangat penting selama ject implementation period. In order to carry out pelaksanaan kegiatan. Agar proyek dapat dilakeffective management of the project, a team which sanakan dengan baik, satu tim manajemen proyek consists of the following was established:
Project coordinator Administrative and Financial Coordinator Technical Coordinator Workshop and Documentation Coordinator Community Development Coordinator
Kordinator Proyek Kordinator Administrasi dan Keuangan Kordinator Teknis Kordinator Workshop dan Dokumentasi Kordinator Pengembangan Masyarakat
Workers are recruited from within the area; some Pekerja proyek direkrut dari kawasan sekitar, beskilled workers are hired on daily basis, while for berapa tenaga terampil dipekerjakan secara harnon-skilled workers, some community members are ian, dan beberapa warga masyarakat turut voluntarily involved. Voluntary involvement of the menyumbangkan tenaga secara sukarela. Keterlicitizens show their sense of ownership to the project. batan ini menunjukkan rasa memiliki dari mereka.
For the purpose of project sustainability training on Untuk keberlanjutan proyek ini, pelatihan tentang operation and maintenance of the project has been operasi dan pemeliharaan proyek dilaksanakan conducted with the users as trainees (Table 2). dengan pengguna sebagai peserta pelatihan (Table 2).
Table 2 Training on Environmental Issues and Project Operation & Maintenance SN Areas Training Date Man 1 Community 18th 2 Neighborhood 59 3 Neighborhood 60 4 Neighborhood 61 5 Neighborhood 58 6 Neighborhood 59 7 Neighborhood 61 (add) 8 River Community Organization 25 March 2006 27 March 2006 29 March 2006 1 April 2006 5 April 2006 10 April 2006 11 April 2006 20 April 2006 42 20 4 21 3 3 3 2
Participants Woman
25 16 29 22 29 30 29 8
Total
67 36 33 42 32 33 32 10
Project Evaluation
Evaluasi Proyek
Project evaluation is conducted by observing project Evaluasi proyek dilaksanakan dengan mengamati outputs and outcomes. The project output consists output dan outcome proyek. Output proyek terdiri of one unit of communal waste water treatment atas 7 unit WC Umum tipe Tripikon-S, 2 unit WC system. The number of households served by the rumah individu dan 1 unit sistem pengolahan limproject is shown in Table 3. Meanwhile, the number bah. Sedangkan jumlah rumah tangga dan peroof households and persons served by the project are rangan yang dilayani oleh proyek seperti terlihat shown in Table 3. pada Tabel 3.
Table 3 Number of Household and Person Served SN Installed System Served Community
Neighborhood 58, 59, 60 and 61 Neighbourhood 58 Neighborhood 58 and 60
Man
302 2 229 533
Woman
281 3 215 499
3 Instalment of Sewage
Treatment System TOTAL
In terms of the quantity of waste water treated, the Berdasarkan jumlah limbah yang diolah, kinerja project performance is shown in Table 4. proyek terlihat pada Tabel 4.
Table 4 Quantity of Waste Water Treated SN Installed System Served Community Person 1 Seven Tripikon-S in three
Communal Toilets Neighborhood 58, 59, 60 and 61 Neighbourhood 58 Neighborhood 58 and 60 281 5 215 501
3 Instalment of Sewage
Treatment System TOTAL
Performance of the project as exhibited in Table 3 Kinerja proyek seperti terlihat pada Tabel 3 dan 4 and 4 shows the contribution to the improvement of memperlihatkan kontribusi proyek atas perbaikan local environmental condition. kondisi lingkungan setempat.
Contribution of the project to the improvement of Kontribusi proyek terhadap peningkatan kondisi local environmental conditions can be seen from the lingkungan setempat dapat dilihat dari kuantitas quantity of waste water treated. It has obviously air limbah yang diolah. Hal ini tentu saja mengureduced water pollution in the Code River. A labo- rangi polusi air di Kali Code. Test laboratorium terratory test on drinking water sources shows that the hadap sumber air minum menunjukkan bahwa quality of water source have also improved (Table kualitas sumber air minum meningkat (Tabel 5). 5).
Table 5 Quality of Well Drinking Water SN Parameters (Unit) Maximum Value N 61 1 pH 2 Turbidity (NTU) 3 Color (PtCO) 4 Smell 5 BOD-5 (mg/l) 6 COD (mg/l) 7 Colibacteria (MPN/100
ml) 6.5-9 25 50 40 7 0.798 2.7 None 5.98 11.28 78
N 59
7 1.143 15 None 6.28 11.46 55
N 58
7 1.021 10 None 4.78 10.78 390
N 59 (add)
7 1.218 10 None 5.4 12.42 38
Other than colibacteria, other parameters show Selain colibacteria, parameter lainnya memperlithat the quality of the drinking water is acceptable. hatkan bahwa kualitas air minum dapat diterima. Despite the above maximum value, the colibacteria Selain di atas nilai maksimum, parameter colibacparameter generally shows an improvement from teria umumnya memperlihatkan peningkatan dari previous 1000 MPN/100 ml. The improvement of sebelumnya 1000 MPN/100 ml. Peningkatan kualiwater quality in particular and improvement of tas air khususnya, dan peningkatan kondisi linglocal environmental conditions, in general, demon- kungan setempat pada umumnya memperlihatstrates the achievement of the project. kan apa yang telah dicapai oleh proyek.
Project monitoring should be continued for several Pemantauan proyek harus dilakukan menerus unyears after the construction of the system to confirm tuk beberapa tahun setelah pelaksanaan untuk that the project continuously serves the users at an menjamin bahwa proyek tetap melayani pengacceptable standard of service. Periodic mainte- guna sesuai dengan standard yang dapat diterima. nance should be undertaken to ensure that the per- Pemeliharan berkala harus dilakukan agar kinerja formance of the systems does not fall below accept- sistem tidak di bawah standard yang diterima. Freable level. The frequency of maintenance depends kuensi pemeliharaan tergantung kepada kondisi on local conditions. setempat.
Conclusions
Kesimpulan
Yogyakarta, Indonesia dengan memakai
The development of a sanitation system in a small Pembangunan sistem sanitasi pada komunitas kecil community in Yogyakarta, Indonesia by employing di simple technology has been able to directly improve teknologi sederhana telah berhasil meningkatkan the drinking water quality in the community. Im- kualitas air minum masyarakat secara langsung. provement of waste water disposal from the com- Peningkatan kualitas air buangan dari masyarakat munity to the Code River was also achieved. These ke dalam Kali Code juga tercapai. Dua contoh hasil two outcomes show that the environmental quality ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas lingkungan di in the area has improved. kawasan ini meningkat.
There is a key factor that makes these activities suc- Terdapat satu factor yang membuat kegiatan ini cessful. This key factor is enthusiasm and support of sukses. Faktor ini adalah antusiasme dan dukungan the community. This support will not be possible dari masyarakat. Dukungan ini tidak mungkin ada without the active involvement of citizens at each tanpa keterlibatan aktif dari mereka pada setiap stage of the project activities, from planning to im- tahapan proyek, sejak perencanaan hingga pelakplementation. With this precondition, the operation sanaan. Dengan prakondisi ini, pengoperasian dan and maintenance of the system will also be effec- pemeliharaan proyek akan menjadi lebih berhasiltive. guna.
The Southeast Asia Urban Environmental Management Applications (SEA-UEMA) Project (2003-2008 and 2008-2010) is a partnership between the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). The projects goal is to contribute to the improvement of urban environmental conditions in the Southeast Asia (SEA) region covering the countries Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Timor Leste and Vietnam. It seeks to attain improved applications and sharing of sound urban environmental management policies and practices in the three key urban environmental sub sectors (water and sanitation, solid waste and air pollution) in SEA region with gender equality and environment as the cross-cutting themes. The target beneficiaries are the urban poor men and women in SEA. The Alumni Demonstration Project (ADP) component involves AIT Alumni and the projects subsectors network members to undertake demonstration projects based on UEM good practices, innovative ideas and those ideas arising out of successful action research and pilot projects. The purpose of ADPs is to demonstrate ways and means to improve environmental conditions in poor urban areas of SEA and to facilitate the adoption of good policies and practices. For more information on the SEA-UEMA Project and associated demonstration projects, please visit http://www.sea-uema.ait.ac.th This manual is published with the financial support of the Government of Canada provided through the Canadian International Development Agenci (CIDA)