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Research Team Lorens Holm Cameron McEwan Krisztina Mszly Kaissa Tait

G e d d es Task Part A:

Institute on

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1. Introduction 2. Plan List (for Plans see Part B) 3. Notes on the Selected Housing Sites in the Perth/Central Area Local Plan 4. Notes relating to design, abridged from the Perth & Kinross Local Plan 5. Reference documents 6. Bibliography 7. Acknowledgements

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Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

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This project is a pilot study for research in sustainable planning in Scotland, with a particular focus on sustainable housing development. We have an opportunity to collaborate with European partners in Spain, Hungary, and Norway, and hence to broaden the scope to a European-wide study of sustainable development. It is almost universally recognised that the quality of our natural and built environment is under pressure from population growth and the market forces that determine most decisions concerning development. In order to accommodate its growing population, the Scottish Government has plans to build 35,000 new houses per year over the next 10 years, which at present densities would cover an area the size of Edinburgh. It is also recognised that there is a critical need to identify and adopt sustainable strategies for development in order to address this pressure. Additionally, there have been recent changes in planning law and recent publication of Government planning policy documents calling for sustainable development that maintains and protects the qualities of the natural and built environment.

issues with respect to sustainable development: climate change, transport, energy, waste, biodiversity, new technologies. It also announces on its inside cover five headlines that will shape Government policy in delivering its vision of Scotland for the year 2030: wealthier and fairer, greener, smarter, safer and stronger, healthier. Health and wealth - creating environments that promote the health and healthy lifestyles of its inhabitants and that offer opportunities for wealth creation are perhaps the overarching concerns of sustainability.

Although Scotland is committed at a policy level to sustainable development, this policy has not yet robustly impacted upon planning design guidelines, at least not at the level of urban and rural design, not in other words at the level of the aggregation, arrangement, and scaling of housing units on a site. While considerable research has gone into the development of green technology and green housing, relatively little has gone into green or sustainable ways of arranging such units on a site, in relation to public transport, in relation to resource, waste, and energy flows, in relation to natural and man-made features

The Planning (Scotland) Act 2006 calls for the replacement of local authority Structure Plans by new Strategic Development Plans. To deliver this change Scottish Government has grouped local authorities into larger Strategic Development Planning Authorities (SDPAs) and tasked them with preparing Strategic Development Plans (SDPs) for their areas. The Tayplan SDP is currently being developed by the four local authorities of Perth & Kinross, Dundee, Angus, and Fife. These plans are intended to be 20 year projections a spatial strategy and vision of Scotland in 20 years time - as opposed to the 5 year projections of the current Structure Plans. It is also intended that the local authorities work together for the mutual benefit of their constituents rather than compete for the same resources and development income. In its document Designing Places (2001), the Government promotes sustainability to the forefront of the section The qualities of successful places. The National Planning Framework for Scotland (2009) lists five critical

of the environment, in relation to each other. There is in other words - little in the way of studies of sustainable development morphologies.

In this two week scoping and feasibility study, we began by producing survey plans of Scotland, which collected information on transport and energy (roads, railroads, power stations), natural features (rivers, forests, mountains, national forests and parks, coastlines), and settlements. In order to limit the scope and go into greater detail, we produced plans of the Tayplan Area with similar information.

We compared settlements with respect to size, density, and proximity to transport in the area of the Perth central local plan, which is one of the components of the Tayplan area. This is intended to be the scoping study and background information gathering for

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a much larger study in which we compare design guidelines and their implementation in developments across all 32 local authorities of Scotland. We were asked to do this by Architecture + Design Scotland, who are interested in measuring the degree to which local authority design guidelines reflect the bio and cultural diversity of Scotland a key feature of sustainability - or the degree to which they reflect an imposed sameness across these diverse regions. This is not simply about maintaining diversity for diversitys sake. If development is going to be sustainable, it must be purpose designed to fit each niche landscape, and to take advantage of local resources and conditions including but not limited to climate, weather, materials, building skill and practices. For our part, this is the preliminary study for prototyping a series of models for development that reflect the three generic development situations (inner city densification, edge of town radial expansion, out of town/newtown developments) applied to local conditions across Scotland. If we are going to be sustainable, we cannot have more of the same. We must imagine new ways of living.

We used a simple graphic to represent low, medium, and high density development on each site (10, 30, and 100 units/hectare). We placed 100 square metre rectangles on the sites to produce simple demographic arrays of rectangular dots that visualise the implications of the different densities (no claim is here made to respond to site conditions and hence to propose schematic site design solutions). Then we identified low, medium, and high density areas of Perth and montaged these at the same scale into our sites with no effort to graft them into their context. In this way we were able to visualise the densities with a credible sense of urban texture.

As seemingly serendipitous as this montage process may seem, it raises questions that go to the heart of any urban design process. It raises the question of where we get our imagery from, on both the individual and institutional level: the archive of sources, references, and stock solutions, that drive our design thinking, decisions, and choices. Indeed, as one would expect, the Perth Local Area Plan refers to Perth itself as a baseline

We then selected 4 sites in the Perth Central Area Plan which are scheduled for new housing. Our intention was to select at least one site from each of the three generic urban conditions, hence one inner city site, two edge of town sites, and one out of town or village site. For each site, we produced plan diagrams for land use, housing densities (low, medium and high), and relation to transport. We have included in this report an abridged selection of the design guidelines and policy statements in the local plan relating to housing development. We focused on density, because the information was accessible and easily represented, and because density has the capacity to become an overarching measure encompassing most other issues including relations to transport, open space and other amenities, etc. Also the UK cities are among the least dense in Europe, and arguable, a policy on efficient land use has to address the tendency of modern cities to sprawl, and what may be the UKs particular predilection for sprawl.

in too many places to cite: our montage plans are the visual counterpart to this. More fundamentally, it raises the question of an appropriate cartography - a cartographic language of forms and structures - for studying sustainability and then implementing it at the urban design level. To use Perth to repopulate itself with housing is to appropriate a basic recursive grammar that any rap star or dj-vj in any club would instantly recognise as fundamental to his/her creative process. A key component of sustainability is the incorporation of local context and conditions into the morphologies of new developments, and hence to maintain bio and cultural diversity across a diverse region. In this regard montage is nothing if not a graphic technique incorporating forms and structures. We propose here tentatively, speculatively, as is appropriate for such early stages - to use Perth or any region to regenerate itself, by developing montage techniques for using local form to generate new form.

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This work was limited by time and resources; no claim is made on its behalf to being comprehensive or conclusive in either scope or the number of design determinants that we looked at. Indeed, we have not yet reached conclusions. Our aim, not yet arrived at, is to produce a catalogue of urban and rural design morphologies for sustainable development. Future research will: address the A+D S brief, for which we need at least one comparator in another

reproduced below - we also referenced: Scottish Government, Pan 67 Housing Quality and Pan 76 New Residential

Streets, which should be read together, both of which follow on from: and Department of Environment Transport and Regions (DETR) and Commission for Scottish Government, Designing Places: a policy statement for Scotland (2001),

local authority like the Highlands and Islands, which has a different local climate, geography, geology, culture, and different patterns of development; or even a comparator within our present local authorities, the highlands identified within our Tayplan area plans; look at such crucial determinants as patterns of financing and other market forces,

Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE), By Design: Urban design in the planning system: towards better practice (2000).

local resources for energy and building materials, energy distribution, density of road use, employment (i.e. commuting), and the like; look at other aspects of development morphology, including patterns of Lorens Holm 24 July 2009

development and housing unit aggregations, and the structure of public and open space; enable us to visit the different locales and sites to record their qualities, and to

liaise more closely with local authorities.

The current study has set out a baseline for future research, in the sense that it has set out areas that need to be examined, and it has made a firm commitment to the graphic nature of the project: visualising quality as well as quantity; and begun to develop graphic techniques and strategies for comparison. It has also indicated the magnitude of the project, in terms of time, file sizes, processor speeds, printing costs, and the like. For instance, if three junior researchers produced this amount of work in two weeks, using digimap file resources, we would probably need these three researchers for 20 weeks to cover the whole Tayplan area in the depth indicated in the bullet points above.

In addition to the design policies in the Perth Central Area Plan some of which is

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2. Plan List

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2.1. Plan: UK & Ireland location of Tayplan area within Scotland

ket settlements

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2.2. Plans: Scotland road network lakes and rivers minor urban settlements major urban settlements composite plan 3 4 5 6 7

2.5. Plans: Perth Central historical maps of city centre 1850, 1902, 1950 Perth City figure ground 19 20

2.6. Selected Housing Sites in the Perth/Central Area Local Plan: location plan of city centre & edge of city sites CH1 Bus Station/Leonard Street (Kaissa Tait) 21 22 28 35 41 42

2.3. Plans: Tayplan Area local authority boundaries major roads + minor roads track roads + railways lakes and rivers + woodlands water & coastline + national parks & sssi minor urban settlements + major urban settlements place names + composite plan power & transport 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

PH1 Murray Royal Housing Hospital Development (Krisztina Mszly) PH3 & PH4 Oakbank Road & Cleeve Gardens Housing Developments (KT) location plan of village site VH 37 & VH 38 St Madoes/Glencarse (Cameron McEwan)

2.4. Plans: Perth & Kinross perth & kinross area of study + local boundaries within perth & kinross major roads + minor roads track roads + railways minor urban settlements + major urban settlements lakes & rivers + woodlands place names + composite plan 16 16 16 17 17 17

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3. Notes on the Selected Housing Sites in the Perth/Central Area Local Plan

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CH1 Bus Station/Leonard Street (p44, Perth City Centre, ref. Map 1 Perth City Centre) 60 affordable houses on 0.6ha. 100% affordable housing at high density. PH1 Murray Royal Housing Hospital Development (p59, Perth City, ref. Map 2 Perth City) (KT) 58 Affordable and a total of 232 houses on 14.4ha. Mixed density. PH3 & PH4 Oakbank Road & Cleeve Gardens Housing Developments (p60, Perth City, ref. Map 2 Perth City) (KM) Oakbank Road: 48 houses and 18 flats on 3.6ha. & Cleeve Gardens: 17 houses and 15 flats on 2.3ha. VH 37 & VH 38 St Madoes/Glencarse (p128, Map 35, p129, Village, Landward Area, ref. Map3 Perth Landward Area) (CMcE) VH 37 The Glebe: 10 houses on 0.8ha. Housing site at low density. & VH 38 Western Entrance: 6 flats on 0.1ha, Housing site at high density. 12.36 The village has seen significant expansion during the life of the existing Local Plan with 205 additional houses being constructed. Two housing sites remain undeveloped. The landscape and open space framework in the village is identified. (p128)

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4. Notes relating to design, abridged from the Perth & Kinross Local Plan

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Part 2: Perth City Centre


CH 1 Bus Station/Leonard Street Housing

Part 2: Perth City Excluding City Centre


PH 1 Murray Royal Housing PH 3 Oakbank Road Housing

Overview
9.5 The thrust of the Plan for the central area is to build upon past successes and to consolidate the role of Perth City Centre as the heart of the Council area and a wider hinterland. 9.6 In particular this means: developing detailed design policies for new buildings. (pp37-8)

PH 4 Cleeve Gardens Housing

Overview
10.3 The key issues within the city are: To provide sufficient land capable of early development in the right locations for employment purposes. To make best use of windfall and brownfield sites, recognising the need to protect

Policies
9.7 The policy framework identified in this section seeks to promote mixed-use development and establish a balance between potentially conflicting uses. It recognises four distinct land use zones within the central area: City centre prime retail area,. City centre mixed uses, . City centre residential uses, where encouragement will be given to ground floor residential uses (residential uses are encouraged on the upper floors elsewhere in the city centre) and the protection of residential amenity. Retail Park, retention of the large retail units. (p38) Policy 4 City Centre Residential Areas Insert Map 1 identifies areas where residential use and amenity will be protected and encouraged at both ground floor level and above. There will be a presumption against nonresidential uses in these areas. (p40)

employment land and land for affordable housing. The Plan proposes a mixed-use zoning on key sites to respond to changing market conditions. To protect the amenity of the city as a whole by resisting proposals which would change the amenity of established residential areas and result in town cramming and the loss of valuable open space. To protect the existing pattern of neighbourhood shopping centres. To address traffic issues, especially at the A9/A85 interchange, where radical road solutions are likely to be required. (p50)

Policy 14 Residential Areas General Inset Map 2 identifies areas of residential and compatible uses. Ancillary development such as corner shops and community facilities will be permitted in residential areas. Changes from such ancillary uses will be resisted unless there is demonstrable market evidence that the existing use is no longer viable. Open Space Small areas of private and public open space will be retained where they are of recreational

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or amenity value. (p51)

Policy 47 The Council will normally only support proposals for the erection of individual houses in

Policy 18 Mixed Use Areas Inset Map 2 identifies mixed land use areas which are suitable for a variety of compatible uses including: . Note: Residential development may also be an acceptable use providing it is a subordinate component of a mixture of uses on a site and it is compatible with adjoining land uses. (pp52-3)

the countryside which fall into at least one of the following categories: 1. Building Groups (i) Development within existing small groups where sites are contained by housing or other buildings (ii) Development within or adjacent to established building groups which have compact nucleated shapes creating an identifiable sense of place. 2. Renovation or Replacement of Houses

Policy 23 Open Space/Recreation Inset Map 2 identifies areas of public and private open space, which are to be retained. (p54)

3. Conversion or Replacement of Non-Domestic Buildings Note: The design principles set out in the Councils Guidance and Design of Houses in Rural Areas will be used as a guide for all development outwith Perth City.

14 Landward Area (Proposals Map) The Landward Area includes Green Belt around Perth
VH 37 & VH 38 St Madoes/Glencarse

15 Policies Applicable to the Entire Local Plan Area (pp179ff)


Policy 50 Development Criteria All developments will be judged against the following criteria:

14.2 The key objective of the Plan is to manage the countryside in a way that helps to sustain the rural economy and services, protect important landscapes, including the Perth Green Belt, from inappropriate and irreversible development, recognising the pressures for development in the vicinity of the cities of Perth and Dundee.

(a) the sites should have a landscape/townscape framework capable of absorbing or screening the development; (c) the development should be compatible with its surroundings in land use terms and should not result in a significant loss of amenity to the local community; (d) the local road, path and public transport network should be capable of absorbing the

14.4 The Plan gives encouragement to proposals for rural development including agricultural diversification and tourist development and particular encouragement is given to reusing brownfield sites in the countryside (such as former sawmills) for a variety of uses.

additional traffic; (e) where applicable, there should be sufficient spare capacity in drainage, water and education services to cater for the new development; and (f) buildings and layouts of new developments should be energy efficient.

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Policy 51 Design and Landscaping The Council will require high standards of design: (a) incorporating energy-efficient technology and materials; and (b) avoiding the use of extensive under-building on steeply sloping sites. Note: the Councils Guidance and Design of Houses in Rural Areas for all development outwith Perth City.

Infrastructure Recommendation 1 Scottish Water is requested to ensure that drainage capacity is available to serve the current and future development needs of Perth. Recommendation 2 [T]he Council recommends to Scottish Water that improvements are carried out to the following waste water treatment facilities:.

Policy 52 Design Statements Design Statements will normally be required to accompany a planning application Note: Further guidance is contained in Pan 68 Design Statements Policy 65 Affordable Housing {T]he preferred type of affordable housing, in order of preference, is: Policy 53 Landscape Treatment Details of landscape treatment should be submitted with development proposals including, where appropriate, boundary treatment, treatment of settlement edge, and impact on key views. Policy 70 Open Space Provision Policy 58 Noise Pollution The location of sources of high noise levels near to existing or proposed noise-sensitive development or uses will not be permitted. [P]roposals for noise-sensitive development will not be allowed in areas exposed to excessive noise. Note: noise-sensitive development is defined as housing, hospitals, educational establishments, offices and hotels. The Council will seek the provision of appropriate areas of informal and formal recreational open space as an integral part of new housing development. Formal [M]eet the minimum standards of the National Playing Fields Association of 2.43 ha per 1,000 population,. Informal The appropriate level of informal recreation open space and creation of access networks Policy 59 Light Pollution The Council will not grant consent for proposals that would result in unnecessary and intrusive light pollution. will need to be assessed for each site,. carried out under Policy 4. Off Site Provision It may be appropriate for open space provision to be made on land outwith the development site;. (a) social housing either for rent, or through shared equity schemes; or (b) subsidised or discounted housing for sale; or (c) private sector rented accommodation,.

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Maintenance

adverse effect on sites of local nature conservation or geological interest. Policy 85

Policy 74 Roads and Transport Suitable provision for parking and, public transport must be made in all new developments. The Councils Roads Development Guide. Policy 75 Roads and Transport The Council will monitor public transport and it will encourage and promote the improved use of the rail network for both passenger and freight traffic.

The Council will seek to protect and enhance habitats of local importance to nature conservation, including grasslands, wetlands and peat-lands and habitats that support rare or endangered species. The Council will take account of the Tayside Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP).

Policy 76 Cycling The Council will encourage proposals which make cycling, with particular attention being paid to the provision of appropriate access and parking facilities.

Environment and Nature Conservation Policy 81 Development will only be permitted on a site designated under the Habitats or Birds Directives (Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas) or a Ramsar Site, where the appropriate assessment indicates. Policy 82 The Council will not grant consent on: sites supporting species mentioned in the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981; the European Community Habitats Directive or the European Community Wild Birds Directive;. Policy 83 Development which would affect a National Nature Reserve or a Site of Special Scientific Interest will not normally be permitted except. Policy 84 The Council will not normally grant consent for any development that would have an

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5. Reference planning documents (compiled by Kaissa Tait)

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PERTH & KINROSS http://www.pkc.gov.uk/

Strathearn Area Local Plan 2001 Maps Affordable Housing Guide Aug 2007

2001 Policy Policy Policy Economic Plan

Local Plan Area Maps Documents>TAYPlan>Perth &K

Document Towards Better Design P&K Structure Plan FinalPlanAppraisal Perth Area Map Reports Survey Perth Local Plan (Draft) Perth Centralmap Perth Local Plan 1997 HALP Local Plan Highland Full Landward Map Draft Eastern Area Local Plan EALP Landward Map EALP Blairgowrie Map EALP Alyth Map Eastern Area Local Plan Eastern Area Local Plan Map Kinross Local Plan Strathearn A Local Plan

Date Dec 2005 June 2003 July 2002 1995 June 2003 Dec 2004 Dec 1997 Dec 1997 2000 2000 2005 2005 2005 2005 1998 1998 2004 2001

Subject

Location Housing Countryside Revised Environmental Report EcDev Stragey Errol Development Plan InchtureBrief Dec 2005 Dec 2008 Jan 2007 Dec 2002 Unknown

Design Guidelines Documents>TAYPlan>Perth &K Structure Plan Structure Plan

Map of Structure Plan Area Sustainable Plan Local Plan Map of Perth City Local Plan Local Plan Local Plan Local Plan Local Plan Map Local Plan Map Local Plan Map Local Plan Local Plan Map Local Plan Map Local Plan Map 2001 Documents>TAYPlan>Perth & K> Perth Area Documents>TAYPlan>Perth & K>Highland Area

Development Plan Documents>TAYPlan>Perth & K> Perth Area Development Plan

ANGUS http://www.angus.gov.uk/

Document

Date

Subject Local Plan Local Plan Review

Location Documents>TAYPlan >Angus

Angus Local Plan Finalised Feb 2005 Angus Local Plan Review Feb 2009 March 2009 March 2009 June 2004

Documents>TAYPlan>Perth & K>Eastern Area Documents>TAYPlan>Perth & K>Kinross Area Documents>TAYPlan>Perth & K>Strathearn Area Local Plan Area Map

Angus Development Plan Scheme Street Design Sustainability Strategy Summary

Development Scheme Design Guidelines Sustainable Report

FIFE http://www.fife.gov.uk

Document Fife Development Plan

Date April 2009

Subject Development Scheme Design Guidelines Structure Plan

Location Documents>TAYPlan>Fife Scheme

Fife Masterplan Handbook Feb 2007 Fife Structure Plan 2006 April 2006

Strathearn Area Local Plan 2001 Map

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Fife Structure Plan 2002 Fife Urban Design Guide Local Plan Areas

July 2002 Dec 2005 2005

Structure Plan Design Guidelines Local Plan Area Map

Document Scottish Sustainable Communities In Scottish Ex Design

Date 2008

Subject Sustainable Guidelines

Location

Aug 2003

Design Guidelines for Scotland

DUNDEE http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/

Statement Scottish Ex Housing Feb 2003

Design Guidelines for Scotland

Document Dundee City Vision Urban Design Guide Dundee Local Plan

Date Unknown Unknown Aug 2005

Subject

Location

Quality Map 1 & 2 etc Unknown

Design GuidelinesDocuments>TAYPlan >Dundee Design Guidelines Local Plan Documents>TAYPlanLocal >Dundee>Local

Survey of Maps Scotland

Documents>TAYPlan >Scotland guidelines >Scottish Settlements Urban http://www.gro-scotland. gov.uk

Development Plan Scheme March 2009 Map Written Statement Key Diagram Aug 2005 Oct 2002 Unknown

Development Scheme Local Plan Map

Aberdeen SPDA

Feb 2009

Structure Plan

Dundee & Angus Documents>TAYPlan Structure Plan >Dundee>Structure Structure Plan Map Glasgow SPDA April 2008

Documents>TAYPlan >Scotland Guidelines >Other Regional Plans http://www. aberdeencityandshiresdpa.gov.uk http://www.gcvcore.gov. uk/

SCOTLAND GUIDELINES

http://www.scotland.gov.uk Scottish Ex Planning for Homes Scottish Ex Housing Quality Standard Scottish Ex Planning for Transport Scottish Ex Role of Architecture and D 2005 Feb 2005 2008 2004

Document A Policy on Architecture for Scotland Design Places Part 1 Design Places Part 2 Planning Advice Notes Scottish Settlements Urban and Rural

Date Unknown 2001 2001 2008 2000

Subject

Location

Policy Guidelines Documnents>TAYPlan >Scottish Guidelines Letter about Policy Guidelines Policy Guidelines

Design Guidelines Documents>TAYPlan for Scotland >Scotland Guidelines Design Guidelines for Scotland

Survey of Scotland http://www.gro-scotland. gov.uk

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TAYPLan http://www.tayplan-sdpa.gov.uk/

Document Tay Plan Biodiversity Developers Guide Tayside Area Waste Plan ADS TAYPlan Brief Windfarms Tayplan

Date March 2009 Unknown

Subject Tay Plan Developers Guide Waste Plan AD+S Design Brief Windfarms Map

Location DoccumentsTayside >TAYPlan http://www. taysidebiodiversity.co.uk/ www.sepa.org.uk

Unknown July 2009 April 2008

FURTHER READING

Document By Design Firm Foundations Sarah Brown Thesis Layout Renewable Trends 2008

Date 2000 2007 2009

Subject Design Guidelines

Location Documents>Further Reading www.cabe.org.uk

Housing Guidelines www. scotland.gov.uk Micro Macro Thesis 2008 Documents>Further Reading>Micro Macro Analysis Report Documents>Further Reading>Energy www.snh.org.uk/ www.snh.org.uk Documents>Further Reading>SSSI www.snh.org.uk/ www.snh.org.uk/

Windfarms Facts & Figures Report

April 2008 2002/03

Windfarm Map Scottish Natural Heritage

Wf_map01 etc

2009

SNH Maps

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6. Bibliography (compiled by Deepak Gopinath Town & Regional Planning) emphasis on European Context G e d d e s I n s t i t u t e S t u d i e s i n S u s t a i n a b l e P l a n n i n g : T a y P l a n A r e a
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1.

Archibugi, F. 1997. The ecological city and the city effect : essays on the urban

a planning tool for sustainable urban form. Sustainable City V: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability 117:85-94. 13. Dempsey, N. 2009. The Sustainable Development Paradox: Urban Political

planning requirements for the sustainable city, Studies in green research. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2. Baker, Susan, and Katarina Eckerberg. 2008. In pursuit of sustainable

Economy in the United States and Europe. Geographical Journal 175:161-162. 14. Dolven, Arne Ed, and Toivo Ed Ma\0308ngel. 1996. Societal planning in Europe :

development : new governance practices at the sub-national level in Europe. London: Routledge. 3. Barredo, Jose I. 2003. Sustainable urban and regional planning : the MOLAND

interaction of human development and sustainable economic growth: AS Vastus. 15. Fidelis, T., and S. M. Pires. 2009. Surrender or resistance to the implementation

activities on urban scenario modelling and forecast. [Italy?]: Joint Research Centre, Commission of the European Communities. 4. Watts. 5. 6. Beriatos, E. lias. 2003. Sustainable planning and development. Southampton: WIT. Blanes, J. P. 2009. Key governance principles underpinning urban sustainable Belmont, Helen. 2007. Planning for a sustainable future. London: Franklin

of Local Agenda 21 in Portugal: the challenges of local governance for sustainable development. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 52 (4):497-518. 16. Great Britain. Office of the Deputy Prime, Minister. 2002. Sustainable communities

: delivering through planning: Great Britain, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. 17. Guedes, M. C., M. Pinheiro, and L. M. Alves. 2009. Sustainable architecture and

urban design in Portugal: An overview. Renewable Energy 34 (9):1999-2006. 18. Guinchard, Claes Go ran. 1997. Swedish planning : towards sustainable

development planning and management. Sustainable City V: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability 117:55-65. 7. Bobylev, N. 2009. Mainstreaming sustainable development into a citys Master

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7. Acknowledgements

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With thanks to Cameron McEwan and Kaissa Tait in the School of Architecture for all their efforts, who volunteered their time and energy to this project. Many thanks also to Emma Hickey and Alex Wilson in the School of Architecture, Dairmaid Lawlor of Architecture + Design Scotland, and to Krisztina Mszly who comes to us via the British Council.

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